History of the National Football League in Los Angeles

Professional American football, especially its established top level, the National Football League (NFL), has had a long and complicated history in Los Angeles, which is the center of the second-largest media market in the United States. Los Angeles was the first city on the West Coast of the United States to host an NFL team of its own, when the former Cleveland Rams relocated to Los Angeles in 1946 and played at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ("The Coliseum") from 1946 until 1979. The Rams, after moving to suburban Anaheim, California in 1980, were joined in the Los Angeles metropolitan area by the Los Angeles Raiders when that team moved into the Coliseum in 1982. A combination of a split fan base and earthquake damage to the Coliseum prompted both teams to leave Los Angeles simultaneously prior to the 1995 season: the Raiders returned to their original home of Oakland, California, while the Rams began a 21-year tenure in St. Louis, Missouri.

The two-decade span in which Los Angeles lacked an NFL team was brought on in part by the obsolescence of Los Angeles's existing stadiums, the unwillingness of the league to add expansion teams after 2002 (when the Houston Texans were founded) or relocate any other teams, and an inability to agree on a plan to build a new stadium, despite several proposals that received full regulatory approval but never landed a team willing to relocate under the developers' terms. The threat of a relocation to Los Angeles was, in that span, used as an effective bargaining chip for teams in other, smaller markets; a team could blackmail their home city into contributing more toward constructing or renovating a stadium by raising the specter of leaving for Los Angeles if their demands were not met. The league's absence from Los Angeles ended in early 2016, when the Rams received league approval to return to the area beginning at the start of the 2016 season. Currently, Los Angeles is the home of the NFL's Los Angeles Rams.

In addition to the NFL, Los Angeles has been represented by almost every other high-level professional football league: the PCPFL's Los Angeles Bulldogs, the AAFC's Los Angeles Dons, the 1960s AFL's Los Angeles Chargers (now the San Diego Chargers), the CFL's Orange County Ramblers, the WFL's Southern California Sun, the USFL's Los Angeles Express, the Arena Football League's Anaheim Piranhas, Los Angeles Cobras, Los Angeles Avengers and LA KISS, and the XFL's Los Angeles Xtreme.

Origins of football in Los Angeles

The first NFL team to name itself after the city of Los Angeles was the Los Angeles Buccaneers in 1926. However, this was a road team, based in Chicago, made up of Californians, primarily University of California and University of Southern California alumni. Historian Michael McCambridge said that the Buccaneers became a road team because the Los Angeles Coliseum Commission had banned pro teams from its stadium.^[1] However, the difficulty of transcontinental travel in the era before modern air travel must have also been a factor in the decision to base the team in the Midwest. The upstart American Football League also featured a similar Midwest-based road team of West Coast players, the Los Angeles Wildcats. Both Los Angeles teams performed respectably on the field but folded after the 1926 season amid league-wide overextension. Ironically, the Wildcats' last game was an exhibition in San Francisco against the Buccaneers in January 1927.^[2]

The first major professional football team to actually reside in Los Angeles was the Los Angeles Bulldogs, who operated both as an independent and as a member of several other leagues from approximately 1934 to 1948, in its later years reduced to minor status. The Bulldogs played most of their tenure at Gilmore Stadium, a stadium on the site of what is now CBS Television City. The NFL had actually admitted the Bulldogs to the league for the 1937 NFL season, but reneged on the agreement because of travel concerns (the great distance between the Bulldogs and every other team, plus having to cross the Rocky Mountains in an era when travel by airplane was still a rare and hazardous endeavor, proved to be too much of a risk for the newly stable NFL to be willing to take; the league had finally stabilized in the mid-1930s after a decade and a half in which teams were leaving and joining the league annually). The NFL would hold its first two All-Star Games in Los Angeles following the 1938 and 1939 seasons.

In 1946, the Los Angeles Dons of the All-America Football Conference started play, lasting four years before folding with the demise of the AAFC. In 1960, the American Football League (AFL) was formed, with a franchise at the region, the Los Angeles Chargers. After the inaugural season, the team moved to San Diego to become the San Diego Chargers, who joined the NFL during the NFL-AFL merger in 1970. The Continental Football League, a second-tier professional league active in the late 1960s, included the Orange County Ramblers among its teams.

NFL in Los Angeles: 1946–1994

Los Angeles Rams

In 1946, the defending NFL champions, the Cleveland Rams moved to Los Angeles.^[3] The other league owners were not pleased with the move, but the league relented due in large part to concern that Los Angeles could potentially become the nucleus of a rival league. The Rams played home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, at the time shared with two NCAA teams – the USC Trojans and the UCLA Bruins – and an AAFC franchise, the Los Angeles Dons. It was the establishment of the Rams in Los Angeles that prompted the league to lift its moratorium on African-American players that had been in place since the early 1930s: terms of the Rams' lease on the Coliseum required the team to integrate, and to do so, the Rams signed former UCLA stars Kenny Washington and Woody Strode. When the AAFC folded in 1950, the Dons went out of business, but the AAFC's San Francisco 49ers were admitted to the NFL. This provided the NFL with a workable pair of West Coast cities for travel.

Another AAFC franchise which moved over to the NFL in 1950 was the Cleveland Browns, who were based in the city the Rams had deserted. The Browns and the Rams met in three NFL championship games in six seasons -- in Cleveland in 1950 (Browns won 30-28) and in Los Angeles in 1951 (Rams won 24-17) and 1955 (Browns won 38-14).

The Rams quickly became established as an NFL power, winning 7 straight divisional titles from 1973 to 1979, with top quarterbacks like Roman Gabriel and the legendary Fearsome Foursome, consisting of Rosey Grier, Lamar Lundy, Merlin Olsen and Deacon Jones.

Rams move to Anaheim

By 1979 the Rams were a successful franchise, and made it to their first Super Bowl that year. However, they had long been dissatisfied with the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. For most of the Rams' tenure there, it was the largest stadium in the NFL, with over 90,000 seats. However, even in the Rams' best years, the cavernous venue sold out very infrequently, causing blackouts of Rams games on local TV. Additionally, it was located in South Central Los Angeles, which was perceived as being one of the city's more dangerous neighborhoods; it had begun going to seed from the 1960s onward. The Coliseum also lacked adequate nearby parking. At various times they shared the stadium with both the USC Trojans and UCLA Bruins football teams. Ownership (Carroll Rosenbloom, followed by his widow Georgia Frontiere) was unable to persuade the city to build a new stadium in Los Angeles, so they decided to move out of the Coliseum to Anaheim (28 miles southeast of downtown L.A.) in Orange County, which was then experiencing an enormous boom in population and construction.

Beginning in 1980, the Rams played in Anaheim Stadium, which already had a football press box built into the upper deck when it opened in 1966.^[4] Further renovations included enclosing the facility by extending the stadium's three decks (the stadium had previously been open to the outside), and building luxury suites in the mezzanine "club" level.

Los Angeles Raiders

The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum next received an NFL team in 1982, when the Oakland Raiders moved to Los Angeles to become the Los Angeles Raiders. Team owner Al Davis relocated there without the approval of his fellow owners or NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle. One major factor for Davis in moving to the Coliseum—despite its flaws as a football stadium—was his assumption that the NFL would eventually approve pay-per-view telecasts for its games; such a move would potentially have given the Raiders a virtual TV monopoly in Los Angeles, the nation's second-largest TV market. Davis also counted on being able to persuade the Los Angeles Coliseum Commission to renovate the facility, particularly by installing scores of luxury boxes.

The Raiders continued the success they had in Oakland after the move south, winning Super Bowl XVIII in January 1984 and reaching the AFC Championship Game after the 1990 season. But the team gained a controversial reputation off the field, as its silver and black colors became associated with L.A.'s notorious street gangs. More importantly, the Los Angeles Coliseum Commission never gave Davis the lucrative package of amenities he had been promised, and the NFL's broadcast contracts never instituted pay-per-view. Additionally, due to concerns about the area around Exposition Park and the Raiders' difficulty in selling out their home games (resulting in television blackouts in Los Angeles), the NFL scheduled all of the Raiders' appearances on Monday Night Football as road games after 1985,^[5] and would not even consider letting them play Monday night games in Anaheim. Eventually, Davis lost patience and entertained offer from Irwindale, California (east of downtown L.A.) in 1987, but did not move there.^[6][7]

1995: Both Los Angeles franchises leave

Rams move to St. Louis

In the early 1990s, Rams owner Georgia Frontiere began to shop around for a new home for her team, which was falling behind other NFL teams in luxury-box and other non-shared revenue. By the end of the 1994 season, talks had begun with St. Louis and Baltimore, two cities that had lost their original NFL franchises (the Cardinals and Colts, respectively), and had both been unsuccessful in efforts to obtain an expansion franchise the previous year; meanwhile, she was hoping that Anaheim and/or Orange County would also make an attractive offer. Anaheim, going through a recession, could not agree on a tax package to pay for the improvements that Frontiere insisted on, so they dropped out of the bidding. Rams fans, bothered by Frontiere talking to other cities about moving the franchise, voiced their anger by asking for her to sell the team, booing her and starting derogatory chants at games directed at her. Attendance began dwindling, due to frustration by the fans over ownership and the performance by the team on the field. Eventually, St. Louis gave Frontiere the offer she wanted, a brand-new $280 million domed stadium called the Trans World Dome (now known as the Edward Jones Dome) with a long-term lease and over 100 luxury boxes. The move was announced in February 1995 and approved by NFL owners that April. The Rams played their last game in Los Angeles on Christmas Eve in 1994, losing 24–21 to the Washington Redskins in front of only 25,750 fans in attendance at Anaheim Stadium. During the 2009 offseason, following Frontiere's death, it was announced the Rams were for sale. It was considered possible that the next owner of the Rams could potentially move the team back to Los Angeles;^[8] however, this prospect seemingly became much less likely when then-minority owner Stan Kroenke, a Missouri native and resident, acquired complete control in August 2010.^[9]

Raiders return to Oakland

Due in no small part to the decision by the Los Angeles Sports Commission to halt further planned renovations to the Coliseum due to repair costs generated by the 1994 Northridge earthquake, Al Davis gave up on Los Angeles, and decided to accept a new stadium renovation offer from Oakland, California and to return to his team's former home. The renovation expanded the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum to 63,000 seats and added 86 luxury boxes and thousands of club seats. The deal was announced on June 23, 1995 and approved by league owners on August 9 of that year. The Raiders, like the Rams, played their last game in Los Angeles on Christmas Eve in 1994, losing 19–9 to the Kansas City Chiefs in front of 64,130 in attendance at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum.

Two decades without a team

Los Angeles remained without an NFL franchise from 1995 to 2015.^[10] One key sticking point had been that a new team needed to play in the outdated Coliseum or Rose Bowl, or a lower capacity NFL-specific stadium should be built in the area.^[11] In November 2007, the then-Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa declared that the policy of requiring the NFL to relocate to the Coliseum would change and other options would be explored.^[12]

In March 1996, Seattle Seahawks owner Ken Behring moved office equipment and some athletic gear to the elementary school in Anaheim that once held Rams practices, hoping to get approval for a permanent move to Southern California.^[13] Because of an owners' revolt, Behring halted the process and moved the equipment back to Seattle. Eventually, Paul Allen bought the team and kept it in Seattle by building Seahawks Stadium, now known as CenturyLink Field.^[14]

Perhaps the closest Los Angeles came to regaining the NFL was in 1999, when the NFL approved a new franchise, the league's 32nd, for Los Angeles, on the condition that the city and NFL agree on a stadium site and stadium financing. Those agreements were never reached, and in October 1999, the franchise was awarded to a Houston ownership group instead, which formed the Houston Texans.^[15]

Then-Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger championed a new football stadium in Anaheim in tandem with a new L.A. Coliseum in 2006.^[16] There are reports, however, that NFL owners will not approve a return to the L.A. area until two teams commit to play in a single new stadium (similar to the New York Giants and New York Jets, first in Giants Stadium and since 2010 in MetLife Stadium).^[17] Due to worldwide increases in the prices of steel, concrete and fuel some cost estimates for new stadiums have exceeded $1 billion.^[18] As a result, it will be difficult for the league to privately finance one stadium, let alone two.^[19] In response to rising cost estimates for a new stadium, NFL commissioner Roger Goodell has said that returning the NFL to Los Angeles will require the league to consider unspecified "alternative solutions."^[20] The National Football League is not planning on expanding, so one or more teams would have to relocate to justify any new stadium projects.^[21]

The NFL still maintained a presence in the Los Angeles market through NFL Network, the in-house cable and satellite network which was founded in 2003, and is headquartered in nearby Culver City, to the point the very first episode of NFL Total Access had Rich Eisen say "welcome to the NFL in Los Angeles".^[22] The Coliseum was part of the 2005 opening weekend celebration,^[23] and is home of the NFL Players Association's "Rookie Premiere", in which first-year athletes pose for trading card pictures;^[24] The Dallas Cowboys also host their training camp in the Los Angeles suburb of Oxnard on a rotating basis.^[25]

Los Angeles as a bargaining chip

During the two decades, many NFL teams used Los Angeles as a bargaining chip in order to get their cities to build new stadiums in their existing cities.^[26][27] By 2015 more than half the league had threatened to move there,^[28] during negotiations for new or renovated stadiums, which cost hundreds of millions of dollars,^[29][30][31] and 27 NFL stadiums had been built or received at least $400 million in renovations.^[29] Owners would express interest in relocation and go as far as visiting Los Angeles to pressure city councils.^[14] According to NBC News,

The threat of moving a team to Los Angeles is more valuable for the NFL than actually placing a team there. It's the perfect bargaining chip for the league: Why would a franchise stay in, say, cold-weather, small-market Minnesota without a new stadium when big-market, celebrity-studded L.A. beckons?^[26]

Sports economist John Vrooman of Vanderbilt University stated:

It is entirely possible that the L.A. football market has been more valuable to the N.F.L. empty than if it had been occupied since 1995 ... It is standard operating procedure for the N.F.L. commissioner and other concerned owners to drop the not-so-veiled threat of relocation to L.A.^[32]

and a Yahoo! Sports contributor observed that:

The NFL doesn't necessarily use Los Angeles as a bargaining chip with other cities, but whenever there is a stadium issue in another city, that team suddenly ends up on a list of franchises that could relocate to sunny Southern California. Convenient.^[27]

Furthermore, there were opinions that even called relocation efforts a "way of playing with fanbases' feelings". In July 2015 HBO's show Last Week Tonight with John Oliver had a segment on stadiums in which, among several stories, took a look at one of San Diego Chargers' fans attempts to collect public money to build a new stadium to keep the team in town and Oliver also pointed about near half of the NFL threatening to relocate to Southern California at some point if they weren't offered a new stadium.^[33]

In December 2015 Drew Magary wrote for Deadspin in his characteristic tone:

They’ve pit... [an NFL team] against one another (sometimes encouraging them to forge alliances and gang up on each other) in an effort to secure the optimal L.A. deal, plus taxpayer-funded stadiums for whoever stays behind. They’ve unveiled stadium designs... It's been a slow, open, agonizing process, with the NFL dripping out rumors and veiled demands and "leaders in the clubhouse" to their lapdog beat reporters every Sunday morning like clockwork to help speed the process along, with no interest in the emotional impact of these potential relocations... None of this is new or surprising, of course... Pro sports teams have been more interested in exploiting fan loyalty than appreciating it.^[34]

Nevertheless, supporters of a Los Angeles NFL team agreed that their city had been, as Los Angeles City Councilman Bernard Parks said, "used as a pawn". He added, "L.A. always comes into the equation whenever a city is looking for a new stadium. Lo and behold, shockingly, the stadium gets built and L.A. is not in the equation."^[29] Fred Rosen said, "It's like the rabbit at the dog track. L.A.'s always chasing the rabbit, and the NFL has also used L.A. as the rabbit."^[35] The lack of an NFL-quality stadium also made moving a team to Los Angeles risky because of the possibility of being forced to play in the obsolete Coliseum or Rose Bowl, but building a stadium without a team would be financially and politically very difficult.^[29]

Civic disinterest

“	Everybody I know who moves out here, I go, Would you ever move back to Boston? and they go, "Never." Philly? "Never." Chicago? "Never." But who do you root for? "Boston ... Philadelphia .. Chicago."	”
— Kenneth Choi, 2015[36]

The NFL remains popular on television in Los Angeles; 18 of the 20 most-popular programs from September 2014 to early November were NFL games. Without a local team, residents can usually watch the most appealing games each week; sports bars show many games at once, and patrons and employees wear varying apparel. A Los Angeles team might lower TV ratings.^[32][37][36]

Residents choose teams around the country to support; David Carter, sports business professor at USC, compared area fans to "the NFL's version of the United Nations".^[37] Many are from elsewhere in the United States and tend to support teams from their previous cities.^[29][27][36] As of February 2015 10% of Los Angeles County residents who follow NFL Tweets follow the 49ers, 9% the Raiders, and 7% the Dallas Cowboys. In Orange County, the Chargers and Green Bay Packers are in second and third place. By contrast, in San Diego County 47% of NFL Twitter users follow the Chargers and no other team has more than 4.5%,^[37] despite the area having many loyal NFL fans of other teams (notably the Pittsburgh Steelers) due to the numerous military bases in the area.^[38]

Whether fans of other teams would support a new or relocated NFL team in Los Angeles is unclear.^[37][36] The area already has very popular USC Trojans and UCLA Bruins football games, with much greater attendance than the Raiders had during the team's time in Los Angeles.^[26] John C. Phillips of the University of the Pacific stated that "People in Los Angeles really do not have that sense of community and identity with sports teams. In Cleveland and Buffalo, people identify with the city; in Los Angeles, they don't".^[39] During the Cleveland Browns' relocation to Baltimore in 1996 owner Art Modell received death threats. NBC News wrote that by contrast, "when the Raiders and Rams departed in 1994, Angelenos yawned before going surfing."^[26]

In 2001, a proposal was floated for a new stadium near Staples Center. The stadium and team would have been owned by billionaire Phillip Anschutz and Hollywood scion Casey Wasserman, and the stadium would have been built with private funding. That died down quickly when it failed to get the support of the city council. In particular, Mark Ridley-Thomas, whose district includes the Coliseum, never supported it.

In 2005, then-Dodgers owner Frank McCourt showed interest in a plan in which a new NFL stadium would be built next to Dodger Stadium. However, city officials expressed their displeasure with his idea in part to their favoritism of the repeatedly defunct Coliseum plan. McCourt stated that his idea was suitable if the most recent Coliseum plan were to fail. In addition, the NFL was also rumored to favor the Dodger Stadium proposal to the countless Coliseum ideas in the past.^[40]

Interested parties

• On December 1, 2009, in an interview for KTTV (Fox 11), John Semcken of Majestic Realty Co.—(the developer for the Los Angeles Stadium in Industry)—stated that there was a 50/50 chance of a team returning for the 2010 season and a 100% chance for the 2011 season. The teams explicitly mentioned in the interview were the Jacksonville Jaguars, San Diego Chargers, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Buffalo Bills, and St. Louis (formerly Los Angeles) Rams. The interview occurred shortly after the California State Legislature and the governor approved plans for the stadium, but several months before Stan Kroenke became sole owner of the Rams.^[41]
• In March 2012, Yahoo! Sports reported on a meeting between the league management and Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG), in which it became clear that none of the NFL's owners were willing to agree to the terms AEG was putting forth for the relocation of a team to Los Angeles. Neither AEG nor the league confirmed the meeting, which, if true, would jeopardize the project unless AEG were to make concessions.^[42] At the same time, the new owners of the Los Angeles Dodgers expressed interest in bringing the NFL to Chavez Ravine, current location of Dodger Stadium.^[43]
• In mid-season of 2011, news regarding several teams involved in potential expansion broke. It was reported that Malcolm Glazer, then the owner of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, a franchise located in a metropolitan area with some of the lowest attendance figures in multiple pro sports, including football, had talked with officials in L.A. Nothing was made official, and Glazer also had ties to England (before his death in 2014, he also owned Manchester United, and his sons inherited his interests in both clubs), where there was a small but growing conversation about potential NFL relocation. Meanwhile, Jacksonville Jaguars owner Wayne Weaver sold the team to Shahid Khan; Khan had unsuccessfully attempted to buy the Rams. Khan gave a verbal, but non-binding, commitment to keep the team in Jacksonville.
• On April 18, 2012, after a Minnesota Legislature committee rejected a public financing proposal for proposed new Minnesota Vikings stadium, the league met with Vikings owner Zygi Wilf and Minnesota governor Mark Dayton to discuss the potential sale and relocation of the Vikings franchise.^[44] Soon after, Wilf met with Los Angeles mayor Antonio Villaraigosa regarding the same topic, and indicated he would not renew the Vikings' lease on the Metrodome without a plan for a new stadium.^[45] After a re-vote, the Minnesota House of Representatives passed a stadium financing bill on May 8, albeit with less money than the Vikings were seeking.^[46] The Senate passed the bill May 10, at which point the Vikings indicated they would be willing to accept the terms. This effectively eliminated the Vikings from the threat of relocation.^[47]
• In August 2014, it became known that multibillionaire Eli Broad was one of at least two Los Angeles-based parties to consider placing a bid on the Buffalo Bills with the intent of relocating the team to Los Angeles. Broad declined to place a bid, determining that the league would never approve of moving the Bills and such a move would bring too much scrutiny from politicians.^[48] The team was later sold to Buffalo Sabres owner and billionaire Terrence Pegula who planned to keep the team in Buffalo long term (as Pegula's wife, who is 17 years younger, also owns a significant portion of the team and has resided in western New York since childhood, this would effectively eliminate the Bills from the pool of potential relocation candidates for the next several decades).

Potential league expansion

In 2012, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell appeared on Costas Live on NBC Sports Network to discuss a possibility of football in L.A. Goodell said that he wouldn't like any team to relocate to the city. The commissioner said that if L.A. were to get a team, the league would have to expand to 34 teams.^[49] With no other non-NFL markets in the United States anywhere close to Los Angeles in size (the second-largest media market without an NFL team is Orlando, Florida, ranked #18, and even that market is within 75 miles of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers), adding two expansion teams simultaneously in Los Angeles is one solution that had been explored. The perceived benefits of such a solution included the possibility of two owners being able to share the costs for a new stadium (similar to what was done for New York's two teams), in addition, adding two teams to Los Angeles at the same time would have precluded the possibility of one team having to pay any sort of territorial indemnity to the other.

2016: The NFL returns

Three franchises apply for relocation

On January 30, 2015, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell held a press conference two days before the Super Bowl. In his press conference, Goodell stated that multiple teams have expressed an interest in relocating to Los Angeles, but that the league had made "no determination" about any particular team moving to Los Angeles in the future.^[50] One year later, on January 4, 2016, three NFL franchises who previously played in the Greater Los Angeles Area filed for relocation to move to the area amidst stadium issues and proposals of building new arenas in Southern California. They were the St. Louis Rams (who played in Los Angeles and Anaheim from 1946 to 1994), the Oakland Raiders (played in Los Angeles from 1982–94), and the San Diego Chargers (had its inaugural AFL season in L.A.).^{[51][52][53][54]} The Rams planned to build a 60-acre (24 ha) tract in Inglewood between The Forum and Hollywood Park,^[55][56][57] and the Raiders and Chargers announced plans for a privately financed $1.7 billion stadium that the two teams would build in Carson, California if they were to move to the Los Angeles market.^[58] Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities.^[59]

All three teams had year-to-year stadium leases, with possible escape clauses.^[60] The Rams' was triggered because Edward Jones Dome had to be among the NFL's eight best by the end of the 2014 season. Under the terms of the agreement, the St. Louis CVC was required to make modifications to the Edward Jones Dome in 2005. However, then-owner, Georgia Frontiere, waived the provision in exchange for cash that served as a penalty for the city's noncompliance. The minor renovations which totaled about $70 million did not bring the stadium within the specifications required under the lease agreement; thus, keeping the Dome in a state of uncertainty.^[61] In 2012, the St. Louis Convention and Visitors Commission proposed a $124 million upgrade; the Rams countered with a $700 million proposal. An arbitrator ruled in favor of the Rams in February 2013, and the commission soon announced that it would not pursue any upgrade, leading to speculation about owner Stan Kroenke's plans for the team.^[62] Publicly, city, county and state officials had expressed no interest in providing further funding to the Edward Jones Dome in light of those entities, as well as taxpayers, continuing to owe approximately $300 million more on that facility. As such, if a resolution was not reached by the end of the 2014 NFL season and the City of St. Louis remained non-compliant in its obligations under the lease agreement, the Rams would be free to nullify their lease and go to a year-to-year lease. Months later, the Rams scheduled to play in London, which violated the Edward Jones Dome's terms of lease.^[63]

Once Carol and Mark Davis inherited the Raiders in 2012, they acknowledged negotiations with the L.A. groups, but were dissatisfied with both of the proposals; the city still remained an option along with San Antonio, Texas.^[64] Chargers owner Dean Spanos said in 2014 that adding a Los Angeles team "would really be harmful to us", given that "25 to 30% of our business comes from the L.A./Orange County areas".^[65] However, despite problems with Qualcomm Stadium, Spanos refused to exercise the escape clause ever since the opportunity was offered in 2007.^[66]

In March 2015, Goodell said that, despite the stadium proposals, the league was "not focused" on bringing NFL back to Los Angeles for the 2016 NFL season, and any Los Angeles team in 2016 would "have to play in a temporary facility."^[67] He added one month later that only one of the two proposals would be greenlighted by the league.^[68]

By June 2015, the NFL had sent requests regarding the possibility of temporarily hosting football games to five venues: the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles; Rose Bowl in Pasadena; Angel Stadium in Anaheim; and StubHub Center in Carson. Refusals were issued by both Angel Stadium, for conflicts with the Major League Baseball season,^[69] and the Rose Bowl, expressing more interest in a music festival.^[70] On October 23, 2015, Mark Fabiani, spokesperson for the Chargers, confirmed that the team planned to officially notify the NFL about its intentions to relocate to Los Angeles in January during the timetable when teams can request to relocate.^[71]

The Rams return to Los Angeles

Weeks later, the NFL owners gathered in Houston for a meeting on January 12 and January 13, a meeting that decided the end of the Los Angeles race. A few days before the scheduled owners meeting, Dallas Cowboys owner Jerry Jones suggested that the St. Louis Rams (now the Los Angeles Rams) and San Diego Chargers should share Stan Kroenke's Inglewood Stadium. This suggestion was taken as a possible option discussed in the Houston meetings. During the Los Angeles meeting, the Committee on Los Angeles Opportunities, which consists of six NFL owners, favored the Carson project over the Rams' Inglewood project. However, in the first round of voting during the meeting, the Rams and the Inglewood proposal got the greater amount of votes than the Carson project with the former receiving 21 votes and the latter receiving 11 votes. However, the Rams and the Inglewood proposal did not meet the required 24 votes. In the second round of voting, the Rams' Inglewood project received 20 votes with the Chargers and Raiders Carson proposal only having 12. Eventually, the Inglewood proposal received 30 votes and the Carson proposal receiving only 2; meaning that, after 21 consecutive seasons without an NFL franchise, Los Angeles finally has an NFL team.^[72] All three teams filed the required paperwork to relocate on January 4.^[51][52]

After hours of finding a compromise, the Rams relocated to Los Angeles, with the Chargers having the option to join them (if the Chargers decline to exercise that option the Raiders also have this option). The league had set a relocation fee of $550 million for any team approved for relocation. The Rams will play seven home games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum from 2016 to 2017 (as part of the deal, the Rams will also host one game in London per year as part of the NFL International Series) and in 2018 the Rams are expected to play seven games at the Coliseum and one game in China (where they will face the San Francisco 49ers, most likely the home opener), and would then move to their new stadium in Inglewood for the 2019 season.^[53]

Football stadiums in the Los Angeles area

Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum

The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum was built in 1923, and is both the largest stadium in California and the ninth largest in the United States. It has been home of the NCAA's USC Trojans since its inauguration, and also hosted the UCLA Bruins from 1928 to 1981. All NFL franchises from Southern California have used the Coliseum: the Rams held home games from their arrival in 1946 to their move to Anaheim, California in 1980 and are set play at the venue again in 2016 until 2018; the Raiders were headquartered there during their Los Angeles years, from 1982 to 1994; and the Chargers played the 1960 AFL season at the Coliseum, moving to San Diego the following year. The Coliseum also hosted the 1967 AFL-NFL Championship Game, retroactively known as Super Bowl I.

The Coliseum was problematic as an NFL venue. At various times in its history, it was either the largest or one of the largest stadiums in the NFL, making it difficult to sell out. Since the NFL's blackout rule barred games from being televised locally unless they were sold out 72 hours before kickoff, this meant Rams (and later Raiders) games were often blacked out in Southern California.

Prior to 1993, the Coliseum Commission approved multiple changes to enhance the stadium as a football facility: Capacity was reduced to around 68,000, the field was lowered, the surrounding running track was removed, bleachers were replaced by single seats, and locker rooms and fan restrooms were upgraded.^[73] Proposals were raised for Coliseum renovations, where the refurbished stadium would have seated 65,000 for most major events, expanding to about 80,000 for Super Bowls and University of Southern California (USC) home games. The Coliseum would have retained the peristyle section and columns that are part of the current stadium, in a design similar to Soldier Field in Chicago, which is the home of the NFL's Chicago Bears. This stadium was supported by then-California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and the Los Angeles City Council approved a preliminary financing plan and environmental impact report in 2006. But the Exposition Park area still carries safety concerns among some fans.

In October 2006, a new doubt was cast over the Coliseum's future as a possible venue, as reports surfaced that the Coliseum Commission was negotiating to hand over control of the stadium to USC, which could preclude any plans to renovate the stadium for the NFL.^[74][75] Pat Lynch, the Coliseum's general manager, claimed in a panel discussion in December 2006 that the true cost of a new Coliseum would be closer to $650 million.^[76]

Anaheim Stadium

Anaheim Stadium, known since 2004 as Angel Stadium of Anaheim, is approximately 25 miles (40 km) south east of Downtown Los Angeles, at the city of Anaheim. It was built by Major League Baseball's California Angels – current Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim – and opened in 1966. The Rams moved into the stadium in 1980, looking for a more modern venue than the Coliseum, and also a stadium that would be small enough to keep Rams games from being blacked out on local television. About 23,000 seats were added for football games. Three teams had previously played home games in Anaheim Stadium prior to the Rams' move: the Southern California Sun of the World Football League and the now-defunct football programs at Cal State Fullerton and Long Beach State.

Ever since the Rams left California in 1995, Angel Stadium has reverted to a baseball-only configuration, and only hosts high school football. The stadium can no longer supply the needs of national TV football broadcasts.^[77]

Rose Bowl

The Rose Bowl in Pasadena, ten miles (16 kilometers) northeast of downtown Los Angeles, was built in 1922. It is used by the NCAA's UCLA Bruins football team since 1982, but has never been a permanent home for an NFL team. The Rose Bowl instead has hosted the Super Bowl, and with five editions (XI, XIV, XVII, XXI, and XXVII) has the second most tenants of any venue. During the two decades without the NFL in L.A., a renovated Rose Bowl was a strong candidate to host a relocated or expansion team. However, after many years of varying offers, no deal could be struck between the NFL owners, the stadium's owner, and the City of Pasadena.^[78] On November 7, 2006, Pasadena voters overwhelmingly (72% opposition) rejected a financing package that would have allocated money for a renovation of the stadium that would have accommodated an NFL team in fear of greatly increased traffic.^[79] While in 2012, Pasadena officials approved a proposal which could allow an NFL team to temporarily play in the Rose Bowl,^[80][81] once the NFL asked in 2015 whether the Rose Bowl was open to being a temporary home for an NFL team, the stadium operators declined the offer.^[70]

StubHub Center

The StubHub Center is located on the campus of California State University, Dominguez Hills in Carson, California, approximately 10 miles (16 km) south of Downtown Los Angeles. While a soccer-specific stadium, it receives high school and college gridiron, hosting California Interscholastic Federation finals and the NFLPA Collegiate Bowl.^[82] While the Chargers and Raiders planned a football stadium in Carson, they visited StubHub Center regarding using the facilities for training.^[83]

Under construction: Inglewood

On January 31, 2014, both the Los Angeles Times and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch reported that Rams owner Stan Kroenke purchased approximately 60 acres of land adjacent to the Forum in Inglewood, California. Kroenke subsequently announced plans to build an NFL stadium on the site, in connection with the owners of the adjacent 238-acre Hollywood Park site, Stockbridge Capital Group.^[84]

On January 5, 2015, the Los Angeles Times reported that Stan Kroenke and Stockbridge Capital Group were jointly developing a new NFL stadium on the Inglewood property owned by Kroenke. On February 24, 2015, Inglewood City Council approved plans for the stadium with construction planned to begin in December 2015, with or without a commitment from the Rams, and avoiding a public vote on June 2 in the process. On December 21, 2015, Construction was officially underway at the Hollywood Park site.^[85][86][87] On January 12, 2016, the Inglewood proposal and the Rams' move to Los Angeles were approved 30–2 in a vote at the Houston meetings.

Past proposals

Dodger Stadium site

The Dodger Stadium parking lot has been discussed by NFL owners, in private, as possibly being the best site in Southern California to build a new professional football stadium. Officials with the Dodgers and the NFL met in secret twice in 2005 to discuss the possibility of constructing a stadium and retail complex adjacent to Dodger Stadium. The 49ers' current home, Levi's Stadium, was built in the parking lot of an amusement park. After the Boston Herald reported the details of the plan, political pressure forced both the NFL and Dodgers owner Frank McCourt to deny that either party was aggressively pursuing the idea.^[88]

Carson

On February 19, 2015, the Chargers and Raiders announced plans for a privately financed $1.7 billion stadium that the two teams would build in Carson, California if they were to move to the Los Angeles market.^[58] Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities.^[59]

Due to both television contracts, NFL bylaws, and both teams being in the same division had both of the longstanding division rivals were to move to LA, one of the teams would have to move to the National Football Conference and the NFC West, something that Mark Davis volunteered the Raiders to be willing to do. Davis's father and Raiders founder Al Davis was a staunch opponent of the NFL before the merger. Had such a realignment occurred, one of the existing NFC West teams would take their spot in the AFC West, with either the Arizona Cardinals, St. Louis Rams (now the Los Angeles Rams), or Seattle Seahawks being the most likely candidates.^[89]

On April 22, 2015, the Carson City Council bypassed the option to put the stadium to public vote and approved the plan 3-0. On May 5, 2015, Carson City Council unanimously voted to issue $50 million to finish environmental cleanup on the site. On May 19, 2015 the Chargers and Raiders announced that they have finalized a land deal to secure land in Carson which the site was transferred the site to the joint powers authority in Carson after the 157-acre site was purchased by Carson Holdings a company set up by the two teams.^[90] In May 2015, Carmen Policy was hired to spearhead the project. On November 11, 2015, Bob Iger (Disney CEO) was hired as non-executive chairman of Carson Holdings. in addition, Iger had an option to buy a stake in the Chargers or Raiders (had the Carson proposal been approved). On January 12, 2016, the Inglewood proposal and the Rams move to Los Angeles was approved 30-2 thus effectively rejecting and killing the Carson proposal.

City of Industry

Edward P. Roski, a part-owner of the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Kings, announced plans for a new stadium on the northern side of the interchange of State Routes 57 and 60 (almost 22 miles (35 km) east of downtown LA) with the purpose of attracting a team to the Los Angeles region. Roski, who built the Staples Center, stated that the new 75,000-seat stadium, a part of a 600-acre entertainment and retail project, would all be privately financed and be the centerpiece of a new entertainment complex in the City of Industry.^{[91][92][93][94][95]} In June 2008, reports surfaced that the City of Industry could become the home of the 49ers or Raiders by as early as 2010 when both teams' stadium leases expired, or could become home to another team.^[96] The project was cleared to begin construction, though it kept waiting on the negotiations of the NFL's commitment to relocate a team (or possibility two) to Los Angeles.

Downtown Los Angeles

Casey Wasserman and Tim Leiweke have investigated the probability of building a 72,000-seat stadium behind Staples Center, where the West Hall of the Los Angeles Convention Center now sits. In December 2010, Leiweke set a deadline anticipating a cleared negotiation with Los Angeles over control of the current convention center and ownership of the land and an agreement with the NFL over the likelihood of a team moving to Los Angeles.^[97] AEG owner Philip Anschutz discussed potential relocation with three teams: former Los Angeles teams: San Diego Chargers, St. Louis Rams, and Oakland Raiders. The Buffalo Bills, Jacksonville Jaguars, Minnesota Vikings, and San Francisco 49ers were also considered as relocation candidates.^[98][99] On August 9, 2011, the LA City Council approved plans to build Farmers Field in a 12-0 vote, with a plan to open a stadium as early as 2016.^[100] On March 9, 2015, AEG announced it would not seek an extension to the deadline for an agreement with a team set for April 17 that year, effectively shutting down the proposal.^[101]

Non-NFL gridiron football activity

• The Southern California Sun of the World Football League played two seasons in Anaheim from 1974 to 1975.
• The Coliseum briefly fielded another professional football team, the Los Angeles Express of the United States Football League (USFL), from 1983 to 1985. The league played in the springtime, avoiding stadium conflicts with the NFL and the Raiders.
• The Arena Football League has featured four teams representing the Los Angeles metropolitan area since its launch:
  • The Los Angeles Cobras played only one season in 1988.
  • The Anaheim Piranhas played in the nearby Orange County suburb from 1996 to 1997; it folded after owner C. David Baker was promoted to league commissioner.^[102]
  • The Los Angeles Avengers played from 2000 to 2008, before the league suspended operations.^[103] The league would be revived in 2010, but (initially) without a Los Angeles-area team.
  • The LA KISS, a team owned by and branded after the band of the same name, began play in 2014. While nominally representing the city, the team played in Anaheim (much like the Rams from 1980 to 1994).^[104]
• The Spring Football League, a league that lasted only two weeks in 2000, included as one of its four teams the Los Angeles Dragons.
• The Los Angeles Xtreme won the only championship in the brief history of the XFL, in 2001.
• The United Football League had committed to a Los Angeles franchise (possibly with Mark Cuban as its owner) for its 2009 season and, when the league cut back the number of teams it planned to launch from six to four, had planned to have the team that became the Las Vegas Locomotives play one of its home games in the Home Depot Center in preparation for a full-time Los Angeles team in 2010. However, the league later dropped their plan to play at the Home Depot Center in 2009 and, by the time the league failed in October 2012, had not established a team in the city as promised.
• The Los Angeles Temptation of the Legends Football League (known as the Lingerie Football League before 2013) played its first two full seasons (2009 and 2010) in the city (specifically the LA Memorial Coliseum) before relocating to the Inland Empire in 2011. The Temptation still referred to themselves as a Los Angeles team until their folding in 2013.
• Los Angeles had been named to have a franchise in the relaunch of the USFL, which will have Sean Salisbury as coach,^[105] but the league opening has experienced frequent internal turmoil and has yet to have any significant development.^[106]

In fiction

In the season 7 Entourage episode "Buzzed", the fictional Hollywood agent Ari Gold is offered to run an NFL franchise in Los Angeles after he impresses the NFL board, but fails to win the contract to sell the NFL media rights. Ari jokingly states he will name the team the "LA Golds".

In season 3 of Psych, an episode revolves around a murder of a player on the fictional L.A. Thunderbirds NFL team that holds their training camp in Santa Barbara.

In the 1984 film Against All Odds, Jeff Bridges's character plays for a fictional team, the L.A. Outlaws.

The 1991 action film The Last Boy Scout revolves around a fictional team, the L.A. Stallions.

The 2011 book Between the Lies by Marv Levy has a fictional NFL team from Los Angeles called the Los Angeles Leopards as one of the best teams in the NFL, along with the Portland Pioneers.^[107]

In the John Feinstein book Cover-up: Mystery at the Super Bowl the team is called the LA Dreams.

The 2008 Midway Games video game Blitz: The League II featured a team called the L.A. Riot who played in Los Angeles and was the antagonist to the player-created team.

In the Mike Lupica book Fantasy League, the team in the book is the LA Bulldogs.

See also

• Sports in Los Angeles
• Pro Bowl
• National Football League in Toronto

References

Further reading

• Markazi, Arash (February 5, 2011). "Reasons for No Team in Los Angeles". ESPN. 
• Markazi, Arash (August 9, 2011). "Potential Teams for Relocation to LA". ESPN. 
• Carmichael, Emma (December 1, 2011). "Does The NFL Really Want A Team In Los Angeles?". Deadspin. 
• Wickersham, Seth; Van Natta Jr., Don (February 11, 2016). "The Wow Factor: Inside the NFL's wild return to LA". ESPN. 

External links

• New Los Angeles Stadium at Grand Crossing website
• Farmers Field website