History of marketing

The practice of marketing has been known for millennia, but the term "marketing" used to describe commercial activities buying and selling a products or services came into popular use in the late nineteenth century.[1] The study of the history of marketing, as a discipline, is meaningful because it helps to define the baselines upon which change can be recognized and understand how the discipline evolves in response to those changes.[2] The study of the history of marketing as an academic field emerged in the early twentieth century.[3] The publication, in 1976, of Robert Bartel's book The History of Marketing Thought marked a turning-point in the history of marketing thought.[4]

Two different approaches to the history of marketing can be identified:

  1. the history of marketing thought: an examination of the ways that marketing has been studied and taught
  2. marketing history: an investigation into the ways that marketing has been practiced; and how those practices have evolved over time as they respond to changing socio-economic conditions

Although the history of marketing thought and the history of marketing practice are distinct fields of study, they intersect at different junctures.[5] Marketing practitioners engage in innovative practices that capture the attention of marketing scholars while marketing academics develop new research methods that are adopted by practitioners. The history of marketing will remain incomplete if one disassociates academia from practitioners.[5]

The following sections discuss both approaches to the history of marketing, closing with a debate about the standard chronology of marketing, a widely known hypothesis about the history of marketing, but one that historians in the marketing field have challenged.

History of marketing practice

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Periodization

Robert A Bartels in The History of Marketing Thought categorised the development of marketing theory decade by decade from the beginning of the 20th century thus: some of the there in formation is not rightë

The beginnings of digital marketing technology can be traced back to the 1980s, when computers became sophisticated enough to store huge volumes of customer information (I). For a brief moment, no one knew what would happen in digital marketing, but by the 90´s it all became clear. The history of marketing is to a large extent a product of Internet´s history as markets have adapted to keep abreast of changes and keep up with the way the major Search Engines rank web pages. Major changes include, in chronological order:

1. 1991- Gopher: A network protocol, one of the very first query and search tools. Gopher was widely used for a couple of years, but usage has now fallen off, with barely 100 Gopher servers now indexed. 2. 1994- Launch of Yahoo, which was formerly known as "Jerry´s Guide to the World Wide Web" after one of its founders, Jerry Yang. Yahoo received in its first year over 1 million hits.

With the growth in importance of marketing departments and their associated marketing managers, the field has become ripe for the propagation of management fads which do not always lend themselves to periodization.

Birth of marketing ideas

In pre-modern economies, the predominance of small enterprises militated against the recognition of marketing as a separate field of expertise. Changes in the patterns and intensity of economic activity, as well as the rise of economics as a science, particularly in the 19th century, paved the way for studies of marketing. The growth in size and scope of national and international economies in the course of the Industrial revolution led eventually to a transcendence of ad hoc retailing and advertising innovations and eventually to systematization. Marketing emerged as a separate technical field only in the late 19th century. The OED traces the abstract usage of the word only as far back as 1884.

Traditional schools

Traditional authorities on marketing concentrated on products and on the sale and purchase of goods and services. They paid little attention to areas like after-sales service, and devoted even less attention to social responsibility or to social accountability.

Modern schools

Marketing historians like Eric Shaw and Barton A. Weitz point to the publication of Wroe Alderson's book, Marketing Behavior and Executive Action (1957), as a break-point in the history of marketing thought,[6] moving from the macro functions-institutions-commodities approach to a micromarketing management paradigm. After Alderson, marketing began to incorporate other fields of knowledge besides economics, notably behavioral science, becoming a multidisciplinary field. For some scholars, Alderson's book marks the beginning of the Marketing Management Era.

Unlike economists, marketers have difficulty in organizing the different theories in their discipline into schools of thought. However, some marketing historians like Jagdish Sheth have tried to identify the main concepts behind the work of scholars in the field, grouping their ideas into "marketing schools" such as the following:

Marketing history

Much of traditional marketing practice prior to the twentieth century remained hidebound by rules-of-thumb and lack of information. Information technology, especially since the mid-twentieth century, has given the marketeer new channels of communication as well as enhanced means of aggregating and analyzing marketing data. Specializations have emerged (especially sales versus marketing and advertising versus retailing) and re-combined (business development) over the years. The concept of marketing dates back to ancient times. In Ancient Greece, citizens used the Agora (an open place of assembly) as a forum to gather, make announcements, “muster military campaigns” and discuss issues like politics. Marketing was common practice for merchants and craftsmen, who used the Agora to make and sell their wares. ("Marketing", 2016)

(Mark, Mark & Cartwright, 2016) While marketing has evolved substantially since then, Ancient Greek philosophies remain pivotal to the modern day practice of marketing. Namely, Ancient Greeks were renowned for their persuasion skills: “One’s ability to persuade meant great social prestige in the ancient world.” From this, Persuasion Marketing has evolved. ("The Power of Persuasion", 2016)

Timeline of innovation

Periodization

One marketing standard chronology (Dawson, 1969; Keith, 1960; Kotler and Keller, 2006) subdivides marketing history as follows:

Production orientation

A production orientation dominated business thought from the beginning of capitalism to the mid-1950s, and some argue it still exists in some industries. Business concerned itself primarily with production, manufacturing, and efficiency issues. Say's Law encapsulated this viewpoint, stating: "Supply creates its own demand". To put it another way, "if somebody makes a product, somebody else will want to buy it". This orientation rose to prominence in an environment which had a shortage of manufactured goods relative to demand, so goods sold easily.[14]

Implications of this orientation include:

Some examples:

Relationship orientation

Starting in the 1990s, a new stage of marketing emerged called relationship marketing. The focus of relationship marketing is on a long-term relationship that benefits both the company and the customer.[15] The relationship is based on trust and commitment, and both companies tend to shift their operating activities to be able to work more efficiently together.[16] One of the most prominent reasons for relationship marketing comes from Kotler's idea that it costs about five times more to obtain a new customer than to maintain the relationship with an existing customer.[17]

Sales in relationship marketing should encompass the following: open communication, employee empowerment, customers and the planning process, and teamwork.[16] First, communication is essential in figuring out what the customers need and determining how the firm can satisfy those needs. With open communication, both sides can express what they are trying to do and can work out a way to make it work together. Second, employee empowerment is important so that the employees are able to satisfy customer needs. Without empowerment, they may be limited in their solutions and cannot creatively satisfy needs. Third, customers must be involved in the planning process. Customer input is invaluable, as the customer is the one who will be using the product. If the customer is not satisfied from the beginning, there is no way to gain approval after the product is incorporated. Lastly, relationship marketing must emphasize teamwork. Several people who can help solve customer problems should work together and use their talents to best serve the customers.[16]

While relationship marketing is largely held as the most recent stage of marketing, there is speculation that we are now entering into a new era of marketing called the social/mobile marketing era where companies are connected to customers 24/7.[15]

The societal marketing concept

Main article: Societal marketing

Societal marketing emerged in the 1960s. The societal marketing concept deals with the needs, wants and demands of customers: how to satisfy them by producing superior value that should satisfy the customers and promote the well-being of society. The producer should not produce products deemed hazardous to society.[18]

Societal marketing developed into sustainable marketing.

See also

References

  1. ↑ English Language and Usage, http://english.stackexchange.com/questions/335201/etymology-of-marketing-how-when-did-it-change-meaning
  2. ↑ Jones, Brian D. G.; Shaw, Eric H. (2006). "A History of Marketing Thought". Handbook of Marketing. Weitz, Barton A.; Wensley, Robin (editors). Sage. pp. 582 pages. ISBN 1-4129-2120-1.
  3. ↑ Brian Jones, D.G. and Shaw, E.H, "The History of Marketing Thought," in Handbook of Marketing, Weitz, R. and Wensley, R. (eds), London, UK, 2003, p. 50
  4. ↑ Robert Bartels, The History of Marketing Thought, Grid Publishing, 1976, 1976
  5. 1 2 Hollander, Stanley C.; Rassuli, Kathleen M.; Jones, D. G. Brian; Dix, Laura Farlow (2005). "Periodization in Marketing History". Journal of Macromarketing. 25 (1): 32–41. doi:10.1177/0276146705274982.
  6. ↑ Bartels, Robert (1988). The History of Marketing Thought (3rd. ed.). Columbus: Publishing Horizons.
  7. ↑ http://www.faculty.missouristate.edu/c/ChuckHermans/Bartels.htm
  8. ↑ Jenkinson, A. (2006) Do organisations now understand the importance of information in providing excellent customer experience? Journal of Database Marketing & Customer Strategy Management. v13 n4. p248-260
  9. ↑ Schultz, D. E. (1991) Integrated Marketing Communications: The Status of Integrated Marketing Communications Programs in the US Today, Journal of Promotion Management, 1, 1, 99-104
  10. ↑ Pickton, D. and Broderick, A., (2005, 2nd edn) Integrated Marketing Communications, Financial Times/Prentice Hall, Harlow, England
  11. ↑ Chapter 1 in Payne, A. (2008) Handbook of CRM: Achieving Excellence in Customer Management. Butterworth Heinemann, Burlington, MA
  12. ↑ See www.centreforintegratedmarketing.com at the University of Bedfordshire, England
  13. ↑ Iacobucci, D., and Calder, B., (eds), (2003) Kellogg on Integrated Marketing, John Wiley & Sons Inc, Hoboken, NJ
  14. ↑ "Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control", Philip Kotler, Prentice Hall, 1997 p.17
  15. 1 2 White, D. Steven. "The Evolution of Marketing". Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  16. 1 2 3 Spiro, Roseann; Gregory Rich; William Stanton (2008). Management of a Sales Force (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill Irwin. ISBN 978-0-07-352977-6.
  17. ↑ McClintic Marion, Allison. "Marketing: Historical Perspectives". Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  18. ↑ "The History of Marketing and how it's Changing". jdpglobal.com. Retrieved 29 February 2016.

[1]

[2]

  1. ↑ Advantages and Disadvantages of Marketing - TheCompanyWarehouse Blog - Company Formation and Business Startup Advice. (2010). TheCompanyWarehouse Blog. Retrieved 1 April 2016, from http://blog.thecompanywarehouse.co.uk/2010/11/02/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-marketing/
  2. ↑ History of Marketing - KnowThis.com. (2016). Knowthis.com. Retrieved 1 April 2016, from http://www.knowthis.com/what-is-marketing/history-of-marketing
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