Heterocyclic compound

structures and names of common and not so common heterocycle compounds

Pyridine, a heterocyclic compound

cyclo-octasulfur, a homocyclic compound

A heterocyclic compound or ring structure is a cyclic compound that has atoms of at least two different elements as members of its ring(s).^[1] Heterocyclic chemistry is the branch of organic chemistry dealing with the synthesis, properties, and applications of these heterocycles.^[2]

Examples of heterocyclic compounds include all of the nucleic acids, the majority of drugs, most biomass (cellulose and related materials), and many natural and synthetic dyes.

Classification

Although heterocyclic compounds may be inorganic, most contain at least one carbon. While atoms that are neither carbon nor hydrogen are normally referred to in organic chemistry as heteroatoms, this is usually in comparison to the all-carbon backbone. But this does not prevent a compound such as borazine (which has no carbon atoms) from being labelled "heterocyclic". IUPAC recommends the Hantzsch-Widman nomenclature for naming heterocyclic compounds.

Heterocyclic compounds can be usefully classified based on their electronic structure. The saturated heterocycles behave like the acyclic derivatives. Thus, piperidine and tetrahydrofuran are conventional amines and ethers, with modified steric profiles. Therefore, the study of heterocyclic chemistry focuses especially on unsaturated derivatives, and the preponderance of work and applications involves unstrained 5- and 6-membered rings. Included are pyridine, thiophene, pyrrole, and furan. Another large class of heterocycles are fused to benzene rings, which for pyridine, thiophene, pyrrole, and furan are quinoline, benzothiophene, indole, and benzofuran, respectively. Fusion of two benzene rings gives rise to a third large family of compounds, respectively the acridine, dibenzothiophene, carbazole, and dibenzofuran. The unsaturated rings can be classified according to the participation of the heteroatom in the pi system.

3-membered rings

Heterocycles with three atoms in the ring are more reactive because of ring strain. Those containing one heteroatom are, in general, stable. Those with two heteroatoms are more likely to occur as reactive intermediates.
Common 3-membered heterocycles with one heteroatom are:

Those with two heteroatoms include:

4-membered rings

Compounds with one heteroatom:

Compounds with two heteroatoms:

5-membered rings

With heterocycles containing five atoms, the unsaturated compounds are frequently more stable because of aromaticity.

Five-membered rings with one heteroatom:

The 5-membered ring compounds containing two heteroatoms, at least one of which is nitrogen, are collectively called the azoles. Thiazoles and isothiazoles contain a sulfur and a nitrogen atom in the ring. Dithiolanes have two sulfur atoms.

A large group of 5-membered ring compounds with three heteroatoms also exists. One example is dithiazoles that contain two sulfur and a nitrogen atom.

Five-member ring compounds with four heteroatoms:

With 5-heteroatoms, the compound may be considered inorganic rather than heterocyclic. Pentazole is the all nitrogen heteroatom unsaturated compound.

6-membered rings

Six-membered rings with a single heteroatom:

With two heteroatoms:

With three heteroatoms:

With four heteroatoms:

With five heteroatoms:

The hypothetical compound with six nitrogen heteroatoms would be hexazine.

7-membered rings

With 7-membered rings, the heteroatom must be able to provide an empty pi orbital (e.g., boron) for "normal" aromatic stabilization to be available; otherwise, homoaromaticity may be possible. Compounds with one heteroatom include:

Those with two heteroatoms include:

8-membered rings

9-membered rings

Images

Names in italics are retained by IUPAC and they do not follow the Hantzsch-Widman nomenclature

	Saturated			Unsaturated
Heteroatom	Nitrogen	Oxygen	Sulfur	Nitrogen	Oxygen	Sulfur
3-Atom Ring	Aziridine	Oxirane	Thiirane	Azirine	Oxirene	Thiirene
4-Atom Ring	Azetidine	Oxetane	Thietane	Azete	Oxete	Thiete
5-Atom Ring	Pyrrolidine	Oxolane	Thiolane	Pyrrole	Furan	Thiophene
6-Atom Ring	Piperidine	Oxane	Thiane	Pyridine	Pyran	Thiopyran
7-Atom Ring	Azepane	Oxepane	Thiepane	Azepine	Oxepine	Thiepine

Fused rings

Heterocyclic rings systems that are formally derived by fusion with other rings, either carbocyclic or heterocyclic, have a variety of common and systematic names. For example, with the benzo-fused unsaturated nitrogen heterocycles, pyrrole provides indole or isoindole depending on the orientation. The pyridine analog is quinoline or isoquinoline. For azepine, benzazepine is the preferred name. Likewise, the compounds with two benzene rings fused to the central heterocycle are carbazole, acridine, and dibenzoazepine.

History of heterocyclic chemistry

The history of heterocyclic chemistry began in the 1800s, in step with the development of organic chemistry. Some noteworthy developments:^[3]
1818: Brugnatelli isolates alloxan from uric acid
1832: Dobereiner produces furfural (a furan) by treating starch with sulfuric acid
1834: Runge obtains pyrrole ("fiery oil") by dry distillation of bones
1906: Friedlander synthesizes indigo dye, allowing synthetic chemistry to displace a large agricultural industry
1936: Treibs isolates chlorophyl derivatives from crude oil, explaining the biological origin of petroleum.
1951: Chargaff's rules are described, highlighting the role of heterocyclic compounds (purines and pyrimidines) in the genetic code.

Uses

Heterocyclic compounds are pervasive in many areas of life sciences and technology.^[2] Many drugs are heterocyclic compounds.^[4]

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to heterocyclic compounds.

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Heterocyclic compound

• Hantzsch-Widman nomenclature, IUPAC
• Heterocyclic amines in cooked meat, US CDC
• List of known and probable carcinogens, American Cancer Society
• List of known carcinogens by the State of California, Proposition 65 (more comprehensive)