Hamama

Hamama
People of Hamama with governor Aref al Aref, in 1943
Hamama
Arabic	حمامة
Name meaning	"dove"[1]
Also spelled	Hamameh[2]
Subdistrict	Gaza
Coordinates	31°41′28.39″N 34°35′23.96″E / 31.6912194°N 34.5899889°E / 31.6912194; 34.5899889Coordinates: 31°41′28.39″N 34°35′23.96″E / 31.6912194°N 34.5899889°E / 31.6912194; 34.5899889
Palestine grid	111/122
Population	5,070 (1945)
Area	41,366 dunams 41.4 km²
Date of depopulation	4 November 1948[3]
Cause(s) of depopulation	Military assault by Yishuv forces
Current localities	Nitzanim, Beit Ezra, Eshkolot

Hamama (Arabic: حمامة‎‎; also known in Byzantine times as Peleia) was a Palestinian Arab town of over 5,000 inhabitants that was depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.^[4] It was located 24 kilometers north of Gaza, between Ashkelon and Ashdod.

History

Hamama is identified as the fifth century CE Byzantine town of Peleia. Peleia translates as "dove", and when the Arabs conquered it through the Rashidun Caliphate in the seventh century, the town received its Arabic name Hamama meaning "dove", reflecting its Byzantine roots.^[5]

Hamama was located near the site of a battle between the Crusaders and the Fatimids in 1099, resulting in a Crusader victory.^[5] Later Hamama passed into Muslim Mamluk hands, and by 1333/4 CE (734 H.) some of the income from the village formed part of a waqf of the tomb (turba) and madrasa of Aqbugha b. Abd Allah in Cairo.^[6] In 1432, it is reported that the Mamluk sultan Barsbay passed through the village. In this period, a renowned scholar and preacher at the al-Aqsa Mosque, Ahmad al-Shafi'i (1406–1465), was born there.^[5]

Ottoman era

Hamama, like the rest of Palestine, was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517, and in the tax registers of 1596 it appeared as being in the a village in the nahiya of Gaza (Sanjak Gaza), with a population of 462. It paid taxes on goats and beehives.^[7] The seventeenth-century traveller al-Nabulsi recorded that the tomb (qabr) of Shaykh Ibrahim Abi Arqub was located in the village,^[8] while the Syrian Sufi teacher and traveller Mustafa al-Bakri al-Siddiqi (1688-1748/9) visited Hamama in the first half of the eighteenth century, after leaving al-Jura.^[9]

Hamama appears on Jacotin's map drawn-up during Napoleon's invasion in 1799, though its position is interchanged with that of Majdal.^[10] In 1863, the French explorer Victor Guérin visited the village, and noted a mosque constructed with ancient materials.^[11]

British Mandate era

Under the British Mandate in Palestine, a village council was established to administer local affairs, and Hamama had a mosque, and two primary schools for boys and girls established in 1921.^[12] In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Hamama had a population of 2731 inhabitants, consisting of 2722 Muslims and 9 Christians,^[13] where all the Christians were Orthodox.^[14] The population had increased in the 1931 census to 3405, 3401 Muslims and 4 Christians, in a total of 865 houses.^[15]

In 1945 Hamama had a population of 5,010 Arabs and 60 Jews, with a total of 41,366 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.^[16] Of this, 1,356 dunams were used for citrus and bananas, 4,459 dunams were for plantations and irrigable land, 28,890 for cereals,^[17] while 167 dunams were built-up land.^[18]

In 1946, the boys' school had an enrollment of 338, and the girls' school an enrollment of 46. Its inhabitants engaged primarily in fishing and agriculture, cultivating grain, citrus, apricots, almonds, figs, olives, watermelons, and cantaloupes. Due to the existence of sand dunes in the north part of the town, trees were planted on parts of those lands to prevent soil erosion.^[12] During the Mandate time, the village was visited by inspectors from the Department of Antiquities who noted two mosques. One of these, known as Shaykh Ibrahim Abi Arqub, included marble columns and capitals in the iwan. The other mosque, known as Shaykh Hamid, also incorporated marble fragments. Neither of these mosques have survived.^[8]

1948, and aftermath

Hamama was first drawn into the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, after a group of workers from the town laboring in the adjacent fields were struck by Jewish settlers from Nitzanim on January 22, 1948, leaving fifteen Arabs wounded. Two days later, a unit from Nitzanim opened fire on Hamama residents, killing one, and on February 17, a group of workers waiting for a bus on the road between Isdud and the town were fired upon, wounding two.^[12]

It was captured by Israel from the Egyptian Army in the first stage of Operation Yoav on October 28. By then several refugees from nearby towns were in Hamama, most of them, along with many of Hamama's residents, fled with the withdrawing Egyptian troops.^[19]

At the end of November 1948, Coastal Plain District troops carried out sweeps of the villages around and to the south of Majdal. Hamama was one of the villages named in the orders to the IDF battalions and engineers platoon, that the villagers were to be expelled to Gaza, and the IDF troops were "to prevent their return by destroying their villages." The path leading to the village was to be mined. The IDF troops were ordered to carry out the operation "with determination, accuracy and energy".^[20] The operation took place on 30 November. The troops found "not a living soul" in Hamama. However, the destruction of the villages was not completed immediately due to the dampness of the houses and the insufficient amount of explosives.^[21]

Mohammed Dahlan's family is originally from Hamama.

See also

• List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War

References

Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hamama.

External links

• Hamama's official site
• Welcome To Hamama, at Palestine Remembered.
• Survey of Western Palestine, Map 16: IAA, Wikimedia commons
• Hamama from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center