HMS Ocean (L12)

HMS Ocean during Operation Ellamy and the 2011 military intervention in Libya.
History
United Kingdom
Name:	HMS Ocean
Operator:	Royal Navy
Ordered:	11 May 1993
Builder:	Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd, Kværner (Govan)
Laid down:	30 May 1994
Launched:	11 October 1995
Sponsored by:	Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
Commissioned:	30 September 1998
Refit:	Major 2012–2014
Homeport:	HMNB Devonport, Plymouth
Motto:	Ex undis surgit victoria
Nickname(s):	"The Mighty O"
Honours and awards:	Ushant 1781 Mesopotamia 1914 Dardannels 1915 Suez Canal 1915 Korea 1952–53 Al Faw 2003
Status:	Active
Badge:
General characteristics
Class and type:	Landing Platform Helicopter
Displacement:	21,500 t (21,200 long tons; 23,700 short tons)[1]
Length:	203.4 m (667 ft)[2]
Beam:	35 m (115 ft)[2]
Draught:	6.5 m (21 ft)[2]
Propulsion:	Two Crossley Pielstick V12 diesel engines
Speed:	15 knots (17 mph; 28 km/h) cruise 18 knots (21 mph; 33 km/h) max[3]
Range:	8,000 miles (7,000 nmi; 13,000 km)
Boats & landing craft carried:	1 Seaboat (Pacific 22 Mk2) 4 × LCVP Mk5B
Capacity:	40 vehicles[2]
Troops:	830 Royal Marines[2]
Crew:	285 + 180 FAA/RAF[2]
Sensors and processing systems:	Type 997 Artisan 3D Radar Type 1008 Navigational Radar 2 × Type 1007 Aircraft Control Radar
Electronic warfare & decoys:	UAT Electronic Support Measures DLH decoy Launchers Surface Ship Torpedo Defence (SSTD)
Armament:	4 × 30mm DS30M Mk2 guns 3 × Phalanx CIWS 4 × Miniguns 8 × General purpose machine guns
Aircraft carried:	Up-to 18 helicopters: Westland Sea King Westland Lynx AgustaWestland AW159 Wildcat Merlin Boeing Chinook Westland Apache
Aviation facilities:	Large flight deck Hangar deck Helicopter lifts Vehicle deck

Stern view showing ramp and davits

HMS Ocean showing landing craft on davits and stern ramp deployed

HMS Ocean is an amphibious assault ship, the UK's sole helicopter carrier and the fleet flagship of the Royal Navy.^[4] She is designed to support amphibious landing operations and to support the staff of Commander UK Amphibious Force and Commander UK Landing Force. She was constructed in the mid-1990s by Kvaerner Govan on the River Clyde and fitted out by VSEL at Barrow-in-Furness prior to trials and subsequent acceptance in service. She was commissioned in September 1998 at her home port HMNB Devonport, Plymouth.

Background

An invitation to tender for a new helicopter carrier was issued in February 1992.^[5] In February 1993 The Times reported that the carrier faced cancellation due to budgetary constraints.^[6] However, at approximately the same time, British forces were engaged in operations in the Balkans, which saw the Royal Fleet Auxiliary's aviation training ship RFA Argus pressed into service as an amphibious transport ship. Argus proved totally unsuitable in terms of accommodation and facilities needed for a large Embarked Military Force (EMF), which emphasised the need for a purpose built platform.^[3] On 29 March 1993, the defence procurement minister announced that development of the new Landing Platform Helicopter (LPH) was proceeding.^[7] Two shipbuilders tendered for the contract – Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering Ltd (VSEL) and Swan Hunter. On 11 May 1993, the government announced that VSEL had won the contract.^[8] The build was to commercial standards, reducing costs significantly and leading to a construction spend of £154 million (£283 million in 2015),^[9], comparable to that of a Type 23 frigate. VSEL, a warship manufacturer, sub-contracted the build phase to the commercial Kværner yard in Govan, Glasgow.

The fact that VSEL's bid was £71 million lower than Swan Hunter's was the source of political controversy and led to a National Audit Office investigation to determine whether the competition was fair. The report, published on 29 July 1993, stated that, although VSEL did subsidise its bid, the MoD was right to award the contract to VSEL because the subsidy was much smaller than the difference between the two bids; VSEL's bid was £139.5 million compared to Swan Hunter's £210.6 million. The Times also suggested that the subsidy was as little as £10 million.^[10] In anticipation of the report, the Financial Times described the different philosophies adopted by the two bidders; while Swan Hunter viewed the ships as entirely military, "VSEL thought the design was basically a merchant ship with military hardware bolted on." VSEL's decision to sub-contract the build phase took advantage of lower overheads at a civilian yard as well as efficiency drives by its parent, Kværner.^[11]

Launched on 11 October 1995, she was subsequently named at Barrow by Her Majesty the Queen on 20 February 1998, prior to delivery to Devonport. In her sea trial, she managed to reach a top speed of 20.6 knots (38.2 km/h; 23.7 mph); however, her usual top speed is 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph).^[12]

Role

Ocean was designed to provide the amphibious assault capabilities last offered by Albion and Bulwark whilst in the Commando role. She can deploy an Embarked Military Force (EMF) of a Royal Marines Commando Group from 3 Commando Brigade supported by aviation and landing craft assets. The ship's company includes 9 Assault Squadron (9 ASRM) from 1 Assault Group Royal Marines whose primary role is as an Amphibious Assault Squadron. Secondary tasks include boarding parties, beach reconnaissance and providing amphibious knowledge to the ships Command. Besides these roles they have responsibilities within the ship which include fire fighting, watch keeping and security. 9 ASRM is divided into a HQ unit, Landing Craft Troop, Signals detachment, Vehicle Deck Party and Assault Supply Team.^[13]

HMS Ocean is also capable of limited anti-submarine warfare activities, supporting afloat training and acting as a base facility for other embarked forces including counter-terrorism units.

The air group of up to six Sea King HC4 medium-lift helicopters and six Lynx AH7 light-lift/anti-tank helicopters are provided by the Commando Helicopter Force, four-six Apache AH1 operated by the Army Air Corps and helicopters of the Royal Air Force, including the Chinook. Prior to their retirement, Ocean could transport up to 15 fixed wing Harrier^[14] aircraft of Joint Force Harrier in the ferry role, but was unable to operate as a fixed wing aircraft carrier due to her lack of the 'ski jump' that is needed to launch a fully loaded Harrier.

For the 2012 London Olympics, she carried an air arm of eight Army Air Corps and Fleet Air Arm Super Lynx helicopters, four from each service, to deploy special forces and conduct other missions in relation to her security role.^[15]

Four Landing Craft Vehicle and Personnel (LCVPs) are permanently embarked and manned by 9 Assault Squadron Royal Marines.^[16]

Operational history

US Marines ride the forward aircraft lift into Ocean's hangar deck during an exercise in 1999.

Just weeks after being commissioned, Ocean was undertaking the warm water element of her first-of-class trials, when she was deployed on short notice to the coasts of Honduras and Nicaragua to provide humanitarian assistance in the aftermath of Hurricane Mitch.^[17] In early 1999, Ocean was scheduled to take part in an exercise in the Atlantic, but was diverted to the Mediterranean in readiness for possible deployment to Kosovo.^[18]

During 2000, Ocean supported Operation Palliser in Sierra Leone, joining Illustrious in aiding the suppression of rebel activity with her own EMF and providing support facilities for the Spearhead battalion ashore.^[19]

On 17 February 2002, a unit of Royal Marines from Ocean accidentally landed on the San Felipe beach in the Spanish town of La Linea instead of Gibraltar, causing a minor diplomatic incident as various media outlets labelled the mistake as an "invasion".^[20]

Ocean was part of a large Royal Navy task force deployed for Operation Telic, the UK contribution to the 2003 Iraq War, for which she was awarded a new battle honour "Al Faw 2003".^[21] In the helicopter assault role she was accompanied by Ark Royal.

In the summer of 2006, she was deployed as part of the task force involved in the Aurora exercises on the eastern seaboard of the United States.

In 2007, Ocean began her first long refit period. This was carried out by Devonport Management Limited at their Devonport Royal Dockyard facility and lasted around 12 months, during which period Ark Royal took over the LPH role. Ocean sailed from Plymouth on Wednesday 24 September 2008 to start sea trials, following this major period of maintenance and upgrading work.^[22] As part of that upgrade, a PyTEC pyrolysising waste recycling unit was fitted.^[23]

On 18 February 2009, Ocean sailed from Devonport as part of the Taurus 09 deployment under Commander UK Amphibious Task Group, Commodore Peter Hudson. She was joined on this deployment by the landing platform dock Bulwark, as Hudson's flagship, Type 23 Frigates Argyll and Somerset and four ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.^[24] This exercise was filmed for the second series of the Channel 5 documentary Warship.

In June 2009, she took part in exercise Bersama Shield with Somerset and RFA Wave Ruler off the Malay Peninsula.^[25]

During the air travel disruption after the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption, Prime Minister Gordon Brown assigned Ocean and other units to rescue stranded travellers and army personnel across the English Channel in Operation Cunningham.^[26]

In 2010, she was deployed on a multi-purpose deployment. This started with exercise Auriga on the eastern coast of the USA.^[27] She then moved to Brazil to conduct an exercise with the Brazilian marines, whilst there a defence co-operation agreement was signed on board.^[28] She then crossed the Atlantic heading for Nigeria to both participate in the Nigeria at 50 presidential fleet review and capacity building with the Nigerian navy as part of the African partnership programme.^[29][30] She returned to Devonport in November.^[31]

In April 2011, she was deployed as the follow on ship for the RN's Response Force Task Group (RFTG) COUGAR 11 deployment. During this deployment, she took part in Exercise Cypriot Lion^[32]

In May 2011, she was detached from the COUGAR 11 deployment of the Response Force Task Group and sent with embarked Apaches to aid operations in Libya along with the attack helicopters aboard the French amphibious assault ship Tonnerre.^[33][34][35] This marks the first time that Apache helicopters have been sent into action from a Royal Navy ship.^[36] Her initial complement of three Apaches was bolstered by a fourth soon after,^[37] and later a fifth.^[38] The deployment included a large medical team, a sign of the ship's flexibility.^[39]

HMS Ocean deployed for the 2012 Olympic Games.

On 4 May 2012, she moored at Greenwich to prepare for her role of providing logistics support, accommodation and a helicopter landing site during the London 2012 Olympic Games.^[40] From 24 to 28 May 2012, she visited Sunderland, her affiliated port, and made other port calls^[41] before returning to London on 13 July.^[42] After Olympic duty, Ocean returned to her home port of HMNB Devonport for a scheduled period of maintenance.^[43] The LPH role was provided by HMS Illustrious until 2014. On 22 July 2014, HMS Ocean took over the helicopter carrier role again, after its 15-month, $98 million refit, replacing HMS Illustrious, which then returned to its home port Portsmouth for a final time, being decommissioned on 28 August 2014. As part of the Response Force Task Group COUGAR 14 deployment, Ocean has participated in exercises off Albania and France.^[44][45]

Apache and Chinook train on Ocean in November 2014 following her refit

In April 2015 Ocean took part in Exercise Joint Warrior 15-1 around the coast of Scotland,^[46] with Wildcat helicopters landing on her for the first time.^[47] She then stopped in her affiliated town of Sunderland where the ship's company exercised their right to the freedom of the city, with more than 300 officers and ratings parading through the city centre.^[48]

Ocean became the Royal Navy Fleet Flagship in June 2015.^[4][49]

On 24 November 2015, the MoD confirmed that HMS Ocean is to be decommissioned in 2018 as part of cost saving measures with no like-for-like replacement.^[50] Under the 2015 Strategic Defence Review, one of two 65,000-ton Queen Elizabeth-class carriers now being assembled at Rosyth, HMS Prince of Wales, would be “enhanced” with the addition of new systems to support Royal Marine amphibious operations. However, current plans do not envisage both carriers operating at the same time except in an emergency.^[51] In December 2015, she returned to port late after Exercise COUGAR 15.^[52]

Commanding Officers

* The Senior Naval Officer is an engineering officer responsible for overseeing the ship's refit period

Affiliations

HMS Ocean (centre right) in a five-country multinational fleet, during Operation Enduring Freedom in the Oman Sea.

See also

• Amphibious warfare ship
• Landing Platform Helicopter
• Royal Marines
• List of amphibious warfare ships of the Royal Navy

Notes and references

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to HMS Ocean (L12).

• Royal Navy HMS Ocean (royalnavy.mod.uk)
• HMS Ocean (naval-technology.com)

Commissioned ships of the Royal Navy
Submarines	Vanguard class Vanguard Victorious Vigilant Vengeance Trafalgar class Torbay Trenchant Talent Triumph Astute class Astute Ambush Artful
Destroyers	Type 45 Daring Dauntless Diamond Dragon Defender Duncan
Frigates	Type 23 Argyll Lancaster Iron Duke Monmouth Montrose Westminster Northumberland Richmond Somerset Sutherland Kent Portland St Albans
Amphibious warfare ships	Albion-class LPD Albion Bulwark Ocean-class LPH Ocean
Mine counter measures vessels	Sandown class Penzance Pembroke Grimsby Bangor Ramsey Blyth Shoreham Hunt class Ledbury Cattistock Brocklesby Middleton Chiddingfold Atherstone Hurworth Quorn
Patrol vessels	Ice patrol vessel Protector River class Mersey Severn Tyne Clyde Archer class Archer Biter Smiter Blazer Puncher Charger Ranger Trumpeter Express Example Explorer Exploit Tracker Raider Pursuer Dasher Scimitar class Scimitar Sabre
Survey vessels	Ocean survey vessel Scott Echo class Echo Enterprise Survey launch Gleaner
Miscellaneous vessels	Type 82 Bristol (static training vessel) Ship of the line Victory (flagship of the First Sea Lord)