HMS Montagu (1901)

For other ships with the same name, see HMS Montagu.
HMS Montagu dressed overall.
History
United Kingdom
Name: HMS Montagu
Namesake: Ralph Montagu, 3rd Baron Montagu of Boughton, 1st Earl of Montagu
Builder: Devonport Dockyard
Cost: £1,046,992[1]
Laid down: 23 November 1899
Launched: 5 March 1901
Christened: Lady Charles Scott
Commissioned: 28 July 1903
Nickname(s): The Duncan-class battleships were informally called "The Admirals"[2]
Fate: Wrecked on Lundy Island, 30 May 1906
Notes: Salvaged abandoned 1907; scrapped in situ 1907–1922
General characteristics
Class and type: Duncan-class pre-dreadnought battleship
Displacement:
  • 13,270 to 13,745 tons load
  • 14,900 to 15,200 tons deep
Length: 432 ft (131.7 m) overall
Beam: 75 ft 6 in (23.0 m)
Draught: 25 ft 9 in (7.8 m)
Propulsion:
  • 24 Belleville water tube boilers
  • 4-cylinder triple expansion
  • 2 shafts[3]
  • 18,000 ihp (13,000 kW)
Speed: 19 kn (35 km/h; 22 mph)
Range: 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km; 8,100 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement: 720 officers and men
Armament:
Armour:
  • Belt: 7 in (178 mm)
  • Bulkheads: 11–7 in (279–178 mm)
  • Decks: 2–1 in (51–25 mm)
  • Gun houses: 10–8 in (254–203 mm)
  • Barbettes: 11–4 in (279–102 mm)
  • Casemates: 6 in (152 mm)
  • Conning tower: 12 in (305 mm)[3]

HMS Montagu was a Duncan-class pre-dreadnought battleship of the British Royal Navy. In May 1906 in thick fog, she was wrecked on Lundy Island, fortunately without loss of life. Although she would soon have been obsolescent if she had not been wrecked, this loss of one of its newest battleships was a blow to the Royal Navy, then in the early stages of the naval arms race with Germany.[6]

Technical description

HMS Montagu was laid down at Devonport Dockyard on 23 November 1899,[7] and launched on 5 March 1901, when she was christened by Lady Charles Scott, wife of Lord Charles Scott, Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth.[8] She began trials in February 1903.

Montagu and her five sisters of the Duncan class were ordered in response to large French and Russian building programmes,[3] including an emphasis on fast battleships in the Russian programmes;[9] Montagu and her sisters were designed as smaller, more lightly armoured, and faster versions of the preceding Formidable class.[3] As it turned out, the Russian ships were not as heavily armed as initially feared, and the Montagu and the other Duncans proved to be quite superior in their balance of speed, firepower, and protection.[9]

Montagu had an armour layout similar to that of the preceding London subclass of the Formidable class, with reduced thickness in the barbettes and belt.[3]

Montagu and her sisters had machinery of 3,000 indicated horsepower (2,200 kW) more than the Formidables and Londons and were the first British battleships with 4-cylinder triple-expansion engines. They also had a modified hull form to improve speed. The Duncans had a reputation as good steamers, with a designed speed of 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph) and an operational speed of 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph),[3] good steering at all speeds, and an easy roll. They were the fastest battleships in the Royal Navy when completed, and the fastest pre-dreadnoughts ever built other than the Swiftsure-class HMS Swiftsure and HMS Triumph.[10]

Montagu and her sister ships had the same armament as and a smaller displacement than the Formidables and Londons.[3]

As a pre-dreadnought, Montagu would have been outclassed by the dreadnought battleships that began to appear at the end of 1906, but she was lost that year, several months before HMS Dreadnought's commissioning ushered in the new battleship era.

Operational history

HMS Montagu commissioned on 28 July 1903 at Devonport Dockyard for service in the Mediterranean Fleet. In February 1905, she transferred to the Channel Fleet.[11]

HMS Montagu aground on Lundy Island in 1906.

Grounding

At 0200 hours on 30 May 1906 during radio communication trials carried out in thick fog, Montagu was steaming at high speed in the Bristol Channel when she ran into Shutter Rock on the southwest corner of Lundy Island. The force of impact was so great that her foremast was raked forward. The ship settled hard aground, with many holes in her hull, the worst of which was a 91-foot (28 m) long gash in her starboard side.[11]

A pilot cutter cruising in the vicinity of Lundy Island had encountered Montagu a short time earlier. The battleship had stopped engines, come abreast, and hailed from the bridge requesting a distance and bearing for Hartland Point on the mainland of England. Though the cutter supplied these accurately, the voice from the battleship's bridge replied that they must be wrong and that the pilot cutter must have lost her bearings. As Montagu restarted her engines and began to move ahead, the cutter shouted back that on her present course Montagu would be on Shutter Rock within ten minutes, and a short time later the sound of the battleship running aground carried through the fog.[12]

The battleship's captain, believing Montagu was aground at Hartland Point, sent a party on a rowing boat to the north, instructing them to contact the Hartland Point Lighthouse. They instead got to the North light on Lundy Island, where officers asked the lighthouse keeper to inform the British Admiralty that they were aground south of Hartland Point. An argument ensued with the keeper over where they were until he pointed out he knew what lighthouse he kept.[13]

The court martial convened for the affair blamed the thick fog and faulty navigation for the wreck,[14] and her commanding officer, Thomas B. S. Adair, and navigating officer, Lieutenant J. H. Dathan, were severely reprimanded and "dismissed the ship" (sic),[15] with Dathan losing two years' seniority.[16]

Salvage attempts

It quickly became apparent that the damage to Montagu was even worse than initially feared. Divers went over the side at daybreak and found that a rock had pushed the hull 10 feet (3.0 m) inward. Help arrived on the afternoon of 30 May 1906, but the ship settled in such a way that water rose and fell through the holes in her hull; within 24 hours her boiler rooms, steering compartment, starboard engine room, and forward capstan engine room, as well as other compartments, had flooded, and she began to list to starboard. All moveable objects were secured and the port engine room flooded to stop the list from increasing. At times only her upper deck was above water.[11]

HMS Montagu with many fittings removed during salvage attempts in the summer of 1906.

The Royal Navy had no experience of salvage and no salvage arm. They had been impressed by the Russian success in recovering major warships damaged at the Battle of Port Arthur and had studied a book by Frederick Young of the Liverpool Salvage Company, later to become Commodore Sir Frederic Young, the Admiralty's first Chief Salvage Officer. The commander of the Channel fleet, Admiral Sir Arthur Wilson, took charge of the operation with Young appointed as advisor. Young's son later claimed that Wilson's salvage plans were "wrong, impractical or both".[17] From June through August 1906, Montagu was lightened through the removal of her 12-inch (305 mm) and 6-inch (152 mm) guns, heavy machinery, parts of her boilers, heavy fittings, and some of her bow armour. Neither pumping nor attempts to blow water out of her machinery spaces using compressed air had any effect, and nothing that salvage experts tried succeeded in refloating the ship.[18] Her sister ship Duncan herself ran aground whilst trying to help the salvage effort.[6]

Allegedly, Wilson’s final idea was to fill the ship with cork, which Young predicted would block the salvage pumps[17] and the "battleship was lost needlessly".[19] At the end of the summer of 1906, salvage efforts were suspended for the year, with plans to resume them in 1907. However, an inspection of the ship conducted from 1 to 10 October 1906 found that the action of the sea was driving her further ashore and bending and warping her hull so that her seams were beginning to open, her deck planking was coming apart, and her boat davits had collapsed.[14] The Liverpool Salvage Company was given full responsibility for partial salvage.[13] A guard was put aboard to prevent looting; later, the guard was taken off and replaced by men in boats and ashore. By 1907, however, Montagu was in such bad shape that any hope of salvaging her was abandoned. The Western Marine Salvage Company of Penzance completed salvage of the wreck for scrap metal over the next 15 years.[14]

Although diving clubs still visit the site of Montagu's wreck,[20] all that remains there is armour plate plus a few live 12-inch shells on the sea bed. Four wooden panels from the captain's cabin are displayed in the Ilfracombe museum.

The Montagu Steps, which subsequently appeared on OS maps, were constructed adjacent to the wreck during the salvage.

Notes

  1. ↑ Tony Booth (2007). Admiralty Salvage in Peace and War. Pen & Sword. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-84415-565-1.
  2. ↑ Burt, p. 198
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships, 1860–1905, p. 37
  4. ↑ Tony DiGiulian, British 12"/40 (30.5 cm) Mark IX
  5. ↑ Tony DiGiulian, British 6"/45 (15.2 cm) BL Mark VII
  6. 1 2 "HMS Duncan". Retrieved 30 July 2009.
  7. ↑ "The launch of four warships". The Times (36394). London. 5 March 1901. p. 8.
  8. ↑ "Naval & Military intelligence". The Times (36395). London. 6 March 1901. p. 10.
  9. 1 2 Gibbons, p. 159
  10. ↑ Burt, p. 202
  11. 1 2 3 Burt, p. 205
  12. ↑ Stuckey, p.126
  13. 1 2 Peter Mitchell (18 August 2008). "H.M.S. Montagu-Lundy Island". Retrieved 1 August 2009.
  14. 1 2 3 Burt, p. 206
  15. ↑ "Log in required". BBC College of Journalism:Language of Military Reporting. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
  16. ↑ "Hartland Forum". Retrieved 22 May 2012.
  17. 1 2 Tony Booth (2007). Admiralty Salvage in Peace and War. Pen & Sword. pp. 11–13. ISBN 978-1-84415-565-1.
  18. ↑ Burt, pp. 205–206
  19. ↑ Tony Booth (2007). Admiralty Salvage in Peace and War. Pen & Sword. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-84415-565-1.
  20. ↑ "HMS Monatagu". 6 March 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2009.

References

  • Burt, R. A. British Battleships 1889–1904. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1988. ISBN 0-87021-061-0.
  • Chesneau, Roger, and Eugene M. Kolesnik, eds., Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships, 1860–1905. London: Conway Maritime Press, 1979. ISBN 0-85177-133-5.
  • Dittmar, F. J. & Colledge, J. J., "British Warships 1914–1919", (Ian Allen, London, 1972), ISBN 0-7110-0380-7
  • Gibbons, Tony. The Complete Encyclopedia of Battleships and Battlecruisers: A Technical Directory of All the World's Capital Ships From 1860 to the Present Day. London: Salamander Books Ltd., 1983.
  • Pears, Randolph. (1979). British Battleships 1892–1957: The Great Days of the Fleets. G. Cave Associates. ISBN 978-0-906223-14-7.
  • Stuckey, Peter J. The Sailing Pilots of the Bristol Channel Redcliffe Press Ltd 2010. ISBN 978-1-906593-64-3
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