Gossen's laws

Gossen's laws, named for Hermann Heinrich Gossen (1810 – 1858), are three laws of economics:

Gossen's First Law is the “law” of diminishing marginal utility: that marginal utilities are diminishing across the ranges relevant to decision-making.
Gossen's Second Law, which presumes that utility is at least weakly quantified, is that in equilibrium an agent will allocate expenditures so that the ratio of marginal utility to price (marginal cost of acquisition) is equal across all goods and services.

\frac{\partial U/\partial x_i}{p_i}=\frac{\partial U/\partial x_j}{p_j}\,\forall\left(i,j\right)

where

$U$ is utility
$x_i$ is quantity of the $i$ -th good or service
$p_i$ is the price of the $i$ -th good or service

Gossen's Third Law is that scarcity is a precondition for economic value.

See also

Marginalism

References

Gossen, Hermann Heinrich; Die Entwicklung der Gesetze des menschlichen Verkehrs und der daraus fließenden Regeln für menschliches Handeln (1854). Translated into English as The Laws of Human Relations and the Rules of Human Action Derived Therefrom (1983) MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-07090-1.

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