Goodnight Moon

Goodnight Moon is an American children's picture book written by Margaret Wise Brown and illustrated by Clement Hurd. It was published on September 3, 1947, and is a highly acclaimed example of a bedtime story. It features a bunny saying "good night" to everything around: "Goodnight room. Goodnight moon. Goodnight cow jumping over the moon. Goodnight light, and the red balloon ...".

This book is the second in Brown and Hurd's "classic series," which also includes The Runaway Bunny and My World. The three books have been published together as a collection titled Over the Moon.^[1]

Synopsis

Goodnight Moon is classic children's literature in North America. The text is a rhyming poem, describing an anthropomorphic bunny's bedtime ritual of saying "good night" to various objects in the bunny's bedroom: a red balloon, the bunny's dollhouse, two kittens, etc.

Publication history

Illustrator Clement Hurd claims that initially the book was to be published using the pseudonym Memory Ambrose for Brown, with his illustrations credited to Hurricane Jones. (Jones is the name of a character in Five Little Firemen by Brown and Edith Thacher Hurd.^[2]

Goodnight Moon slowly became a bestseller. Annual sales grew from about 1,500 copies in 1953 to 20,000 in 1970; by 1990, the total number of copies sold was more than 4 million.^[3] Currently, the book sells about 800,000 copies annually.^[4] Goodnight Moon has been translated into French, Spanish, Dutch, Chinese, Japanese, Catalan, Hebrew, Brazilian Portuguese, Russian, Swedish, Korean, and Hmong.

Brown, who died in 1952, bequeathed the royalties to the book to (among many others) Albert Clarke, who was the nine-year-old son of a neighbor when Brown died. In 2000, reporter Joshua Prager detailed in the Wall Street Journal the troubled life of Mr. Clarke who has squandered the millions of dollars the book has earned him and who believes that Brown was his mother, a claim others dismiss.^[5]

In 2005, publisher HarperCollins digitally altered the photograph of illustrator Hurd, which had been on the book for at least twenty years, to remove a cigarette. Its editor-in-chief for children's books, Kate Jackson said, "It is potentially a harmful message to very young [children]." HarperCollins had the reluctant permission of Hurd's son, Thacher Hurd, but the younger Hurd said the photo of Hurd with his arm and fingers extended, holding nothing, "looks slightly absurd to me".^[6] HarperCollins has said it will likely replace the picture with a different, unaltered photo of Hurd in future editions. In response, a satirical article demanded the removal of other potentially dangerous objects in the book, such as the fireplace and balloon (a choking hazard for young children).^[7]

Other editions

In addition to multiple octavo and duodecimo paperback editions, Goodnight Moon is available in a board book edition, a book whose pages are actually stiff cardboard to make it suitable to give to a very young child, as well as a "jumbo" edition, suitable for use with large groups.

• 1991, USA, HarperFestival ISBN 0-694-00361-1, Pub date 30 September 1991, board book
• 1997, USA, HarperCollins ISBN 0-06-027504-9, Pub date 28 February 1997, Hardback 50th anniversary edition
• 2007, USA, HarperCollins ISBN 0-694-00361-1, Pub date 23 January 2007, Board book 60th anniversary edition

In 2008, Thacher Hurd used his father's artwork from Goodnight Moon to produce Goodnight Moon 123: A Counting Book. In 2010 HarperCollins used artwork from the book to produce Goodnight Moon's ABC: An Alphabet Book.

In 2015, Loud Crow Interactive Inc. released a Goodnight Moon interactive app.

Allusions and references

Goodnight Moon contains a number of references to The Runaway Bunny. For example, the painting hanging over the fireplace of "The Cow Jumping Over the Moon" first appeared in The Runaway Bunny. However, when reprinted in Goodnight Moon, the udder "for caution's sake was reduced to an anatomical blur" to avoid the controversy that E.B. White's Stuart Little had undergone when published in 1945.^[8] The other painting in the room, which is never explicitly mentioned in the text, portrays a bunny fly-fishing for another bunny, using a carrot as bait. This picture is also a reference to The Runaway Bunny. The top shelf of the bookshelf holds an open copy of The Runaway Bunny, and there is a copy of Goodnight Moon on the nightstand.

The telephone is mentioned early in the book, but is absent from the litany of "Good night ..." salutations. The primacy of the reference to the telephone indicates that the bunny is in his mother's room and his mother's bed.^[9]

Literary significance and reception

Based on a 2007 on-line poll, the National Education Association named the book one of its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children".^[10] In 2012 it was ranked number four among the "Top 100 Picture Books" in a survey published by School Library Journal.^[11]

Author Susan Cooper writes that the book is possibly the only "realistic story" to gain the universal affection of a fairy-tale, although she also noted that it is actually a "deceptively simple ritual" rather than a story.^[12]

In popular culture

In 1993, the Warner Bros. animated television series Animaniacs's first episode, in its first season, included a light spoof of Goodnight Moon named "Nighty-Night Toon".^[13]

In an episode of Dinosaurs, Grandma Ethyl reads Baby Sinclair a book entitled Goodnight Rock, which parodies Goodnight Moon.

The Goodnight Moon Game, by Briar Patch, is a memory game for very young children. It won the Parents' Choice Gold Award and the Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Platinum Best Toy Award.

The story was read in an episode of Sesame Street.

The book was adapted into a play in 2007, with book, music, and lyrics by Chad Henry; it was first performed by the Seattle Children's Theatre, and has since been performed by other companies around the U.S.

In 2010, CollegeHumor posted five science fiction spoofs of well-known children's stories, including a mashup of Goodnight Moon and Frank Herbert's novel Dune, entitled Goodnight Dune'.^[14] In 2011, author Julia Yu adapted the image on CollegeHumor into a full homage of Moon, also titled Goodnight Dune.^[15]

In 2011, Blue Rider Press published Goodnight iPad: a Parody for the Next Generation, by author Ann Droyd.

Also in 2011, composer Eric Whitacre published a setting for voice accompanied either by harp and strings or by piano; it was recorded by his wife, soprano Hila Plitmann. Whitacre wrote, "... I must have read Goodnight Moon to my son a thousand times... Somewhere around reading number 500 I began hearing little musical fragments as I read, and over time those fragments began to blossom into a simple, sweet lullaby. I knew it was a long shot, but I asked my manager, Claire Long, to contact HarperCollins and see if they would allow the text to be set to music. To my surprise and delight they agreed – the first time they had ever allowed Goodnight Moon to be used in such a way."^[16]

In 2013, GWAR lead singer Oderus Urungus did a "live audio read" of the book.^[17]

Also in 2013, the book was adapted into a marching band production at Cedar Ridge High School in Round Rock, Texas.

Also in 2013, ZeniMax Online Studios created a parody of the book titled "Goodnight Mundus" for the MMO The Elder Scrolls Online. The game's loremaster Lawrence Schick is seen reading the book aloud in a video parody posted by their official YouTube account^[18] and the contents of the video were later added as a book in the game.

In 2014 a novel titled Goodnight June by Sarah Jio was published by Plume Books. The novel is a fictional account of the discovery that the owner of an independent bookstore in Seattle, Washington has profound connections to Goodnight Moon.

The University of Minnesota Press published the 2015 book Goodnight Loon, full of Minnesota Northwoods language. The original text's bunny is replaced by the university's mascot, Goldy Gopher.^[19][20]

References