Glossary of module theory

Module theory is the branch of mathematics in which modules are studied. This is a glossary of some terms of the subject.

Basic definition

left R-module
A left module over the ring is an abelian group with an operation (called scalar multipliction) satisfies the following condition:
,
right R-module
A right module over the ring is an abelian group with an operation satisfies the following condition:
,
Or it can be defined as the left module over (the opposite ring of ).
bimodule
If an abelian group is both a left -module and right -module, it can be made to a -bimodule if .
submodule
Given is a left -module, a subgroup of is a submodule if .
homomorphism of -modules
For two left -modules , a group homomorphism is called homomorphism of -modules if .
quotient module
Given a left -modules , a submodule , can be made to a left -module by . It is also called a factor module.
annihilator
The annihilator of a left -module is the set . It is a (left) ideal of .
The annihilator of an element is the set .

Types of modules

finitely generated module
A module is finitely generated if there exist finitely many elements in such that every element of is a finite linear combination of those elements with coefficients from the scalar ring .
cyclic module
A module is called a cyclic module if it is generated by one element.
free module
A free module is a module that has a basis, or equivalently, one that is isomorphic to a direct sum of copies of the scalar ring .
basis
A basis of a module is a set of elements in such that every element in the module can be expressed as a finite sum of elements in the basis in a unique way.
Projective module
A -module is called a projective module if given a -module homomorphism , and a surjective -module homomorphism , there exists a -module homomorphism such that .
The following conditions are equivalent:
  • The covariant functor is exact.
  • is a projective module.
  • Every short exact sequence is split.
  • is a direct summand of free modules.
In particular, every free module is projective.
injective module
A -module is called an injective module if given a -module homomorphism , and an injective -module homomorphism , there exists a

-module homomorphism such that .

The following conditions are equivalent:
  • The contravariant functor is exact.
  • is a injective module.
  • Every short exact sequence is split.
flat module
A -module is called a flat module if the tensor product functor is exact.
In particular, every projective module is flat.
simple module
A simple module is a nonzero module whose only submodules are zero and itself.
indecomposable module
An indecomposable module is a non-zero module that cannot be written as a direct sum of two non-zero submodules. Every simple module is indecomposable.
principal indecomposable module
A cyclic indecomposable projective module is known as a PIM.
semisimple module
A module is called semisimple if it is the direct sum of simple submodules.
faithful module
A faithful module is one where the action of each nonzero on is nontrivial (i.e. for some x in M). Equivalently, is the zero ideal.
Noetherian module
A Noetherian module is a module such that every submodule is finitely generated. Equivalently, every increasing chain of submodules becomes stationary after finitely many steps.
Artinian module
An Artinian module is a module in which every decreasing chain of submodules becomes stationary after finitely many steps.
finite length module
A module which is both Artinian and Noetherian has additional special properties.
graded module
A module over a graded ring is a graded module if can be expressed as a direct sum and .
invertible module
Roughly synonymous to rank 1 projective module.
uniform module
Module in which every two non-zero submodules have a non-zero intersection.
algebraically compact module (pure injective module)
Modules in which all systems of equations can be decided by finitary means. Alternatively, those modules which leave pure-exact sequence exact after applying Hom.
injective cogenerator
An injective module such that every module has a nonzero homomorphism into it.
irreducible module
synonymous to "simple module"
completely reducible module
synonymous to "semisimple module"

Operations on modules

Direct sum of modules
Tensor product of modules
Hom functor
Ext functor
Tor functor
Essential extension
An extension in which every nonzero submodule of the larger module meets the smaller module in a nonzero submodule.
Injective envelope
A maximal essential extension, or a minimal embedding in an injective module
Projective cover
A minimal surjection from a projective module.
Socle
The largest semisimple submodule
Radical of a module
The intersection of the maximal submodules. For Artinian modules, the smallest submodule with semisimple quotient.

Changing scalars

Restriction of scalars
Uses a ring homomorphism from R to S to convert S-modules to R-modules
Extension of scalars
Uses a ring homomorphism from R to S to convert R-modules to S-modules
Localization of a module
Converts R modules to S modules, where S is a localization of R
Endomorphism ring
A left R-module is a right S-module where S is its endomorphism ring.

Homological algebra

Mittag-Leffler condition (ML)
Short five lemma
Five lemma
Snake lemma

Modules over special rings

D-module
A module over a ring of differential operators.
Drinfeld module
A module over a ring of functions on algebraic curve with coefficients from a finite field.
Galois module
A module over the group ring of a Galois group
Structure theorem for finitely generated modules over a principal ideal domain
Finitely generated modules over PIDs are finite direct sums of primary cyclic modules.
Tate module
A special kind of Galois module

Miscellaneous

Rational canonical form
elementary divisor
invariants
fitting ideal
normal forms for matrices
Jordan Hölder composition series
tensor product

See also

References

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