Global citizenship

In broad usage, the term global citizenship or world citizenship typically defines a person who places their identity with a "global community" above their identity as a citizen of a particular nation or place.The idea is that one’s identity transcends geography or political borders and that the planetary human community is interdependent and whole; humankind is essentially one. The term has been used in education and political philosophy and has enjoyed popular use in social movements such as the "World Citizen" movement and the Mondialisation movement.

Definition

The rights, responsibilities and duties that come with being a member of our global community/world. The term "citizen" refers to an identity between a person and a city, state or nation and their right to work, live and participate politically in a particular geographic area. When combined with the term "global", it typically defines a person who places their identity with a "global community" above their identity as a citizen of a particular nation or place. The idea is that one’s identity transcends geography or political borders and that responsibilities or rights are or can be derived from membership in a broader class: "humanity". This does not mean that such a person denounces or waives their nationality or other, more local identities, but such identities are given "second place" to their membership in a global community.[1] Extended, the idea leads to questions about the state of global society in the age of globalization.[2]In general usage, the term may have much the same meaning as "World Citizen" or Cosmopolitan, but it also has additional, specialized meanings in differing contexts.

Usage

Education

In education, the term is most often used to describe a worldview or a set of values toward which education is oriented (see, for example, the priorities of the Global Education First Initiative led by the Secretary-General of the United Nations).[3] The term "global society" is sometimes used to indicate a global studies set of learning objectives for students to prepare them for global citizenship (see, for example, the "Humanities for a Global Society" honors program at the University of Florida).[4]

Global citizenship education

Within the educational system, the concept of global citizenship education (GCE) is beginning to supersede or overarch movements such as multicultural education, peace education, human rights education, Education for Sustainable Development and international education.[5] Additionally, GCE rapidly incorporates references to the aforementioned movements. The concept of global citizenship has been linked with awards offered for helping humanity.[6] Teachers are being given the responsibility of being social change agents.[7] Audrey Osler, director of the Centre for Citizenship and Human Rights Education, the University of Leeds, affirms that "Education for living together in an interdependent world is not an optional extra, but an essential foundation".[8]

Noteworthy, Global Education Magazine is a digital journal supported by UNESCO and UNHCR, inspired in the universal values of the Declaration of Emerging Human Rights that aims to contribute to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by GCE consciousness.[9] An initiative launched by the teaching team that formulated the proposal most voted in the group “Sustainable Development for the Eradication of Poverty in Rio+20”.[10]

With GCE gaining attention, scholars are investigating the field and developing perspectives. The following are a few of the more common perspectives:

Philosophy

Global citizenship, in some contexts, may refer to a brand of ethics or political philosophy in which it is proposed that the core social, political, economic and environmental realities of the world today should be addressed at all levels—by individuals, civil society organizations, communities and nation states—through a global lens. It refers to a broad, culturally- and environmentally-inclusive worldview that accepts the fundamental interconnectedness of all things. Political, geographic borders become irrelevant and solutions to today's challenges are seen to be beyond the narrow vision of national interests. Proponents of this philosophy often point to Diogenes of Sinope (c. 412 B.C.) as an example, given his reported declaration that "I am a citizen of the world (κοσμοπολίτης, cosmopolites)" in response to a question about his place of origin.[13] A Sanskrit term, Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam, has the meaning of "the world is one family".[14] The earliest reference to this phrase is found in the Hitopadesha, a collection of parables. In the Mahopanishad VI.71-73, ślokas describe how one finds the Brahman (the one supreme, universal Spirit that is the origin and support of the phenomenal universe). The statement is not just about peace and harmony among the societies in the world, but also about a truth that somehow the whole world has to live together like a family.[14]

Psychological Studies

Recently, global pollsters and psychologists have studied individual differences in the sense of global citizenship. Beginning in 2005, the World Values Survey, administered across almost 100 countries, included the statement, “I see myself as a world citizen.” For smaller studies, several multi-item scales have been developed, including Sam McFarland and colleagues’ Identification with All Humanity scale (e.g., “How much do you identify with (that is, feel a part of, feel love toward, have concern for) . . . all humans everywhere?”),[15] Anna Malsch and Alan Omoto’s Psychological Sense of Global Community (e.g., “I feel a sense of connection to people all over the world, even if I don’t know them personally”),[16] Gerhard Reese and colleagues’ Global Social Identity scale (e.g. “I feel strongly connected to the world community as a whole.”),[17] and Stephen Reysen and Katzarska-Miller's global citizenship identification scale (e.g., “I strongly identify with global citizens.”).[18] These measures are strongly related to one another, but they are not fully identical.[19]

Studies of the psychological roots of global citizenship have found that persons high in global citizenship are also high on the personality traits of openness to experience and agreeableness from the Big Five personality traits and high in empathy and caring. Oppositely, the authoritarian personality, the social dominance orientation and psychopathy are all associated with less global human identification. Some of these traits are influenced by heredity as well as by early experiences, which, in turn, likely influence individuals' receptiveness to global human identification.[15]

Not surprisingly, those who are high in global human identification are less prejudiced toward many groups, care more about international human rights, worldwide inequality, global poverty and human suffering. They attend more actively to global concerns, value the lives of all human beings more equally, and give more in time and money to international humanitarian causes. They tend to be more politically liberal on both domestic and international issues.[15] They want their countries to do more to alleviate global suffering.[18]

Following a social identity approach, Reysen and Katzarska-Miller tested a model showing the antecedents and outcomes of global citizenship identification (i.e., degree of psychological connection with global citizens).[18] Individuals’ normative environment (the cultural environment in which one is embedded contains people, artifacts, cultural patterns that promote viewing the self as a global citizen) and global awareness (perceiving oneself as aware, knowledgeable, and connected to others in the world) predict global citizenship identification. Global citizenship identification then predicts six broad categories of prosocial behaviors and values, including: intergroup empathy, valuing diversity, social justice, environmental sustainability, intergroup helping, and a felt responsibility to act.[20] Subsequent research has examined variables that influence the model such as: participation in a college course with global components,[21] perception of one’s global knowledge,[22] college professors' attitudes toward global citizenship,[23] belief in an intentional worlds view of culture,[24] participation in a fan group that promotes the identity,[25] use of global citizen related words when describing one's values,[26] possible self as a global citizen,[27] religiosity and religious orientation,[28] threat to one’s nation,[29] interdependent self-construal prime,[30] perception of the university environment,[31] and social media usage.[32]

Aspects

Geography, sovereignty, and citizenship

At the same time that globalization is reducing the importance of nation-states,[33] the idea of global citizenship may require a redefinition of ties between civic engagement and geography. Face-to-face town hall meetings seem increasingly supplanted by electronic "town halls" not limited by space and time. Absentee ballots opened the way for expatriates to vote while living in another country; the Internet may carry this several steps further. Another interpretation given by several scholars of the changing configurations of citizenship due to globalization is the possibility that citizenship becomes a changed institution; even if situated within territorial boundaries that are national, if the meaning of the national itself has changed, then the meaning of being a citizen of that nation changes.[34]

Tension among local, national, and global forces

An interesting feature of globalization is that, while the world is being internationalized, it’s also being localized at the same time.[35] The world shrinks as the local community (village, town, city) takes on greater and greater importance. This is reflected in the term glocalization, a portmanteau of the words "global" and "local". Mosco (1999) noted this feature and saw the growing importance of technopoles.[36] If this trend is true, it seems global citizens may be the glue that holds these separate entities together. Put another way, global citizens are people who can travel within these various boundaries and somehow still make sense of the world through a global lens.

Human rights

The lack of a universally recognized world body can put the initiative upon global citizens themselves to create rights and obligations. Rights and obligations as they arose at the formation of nation-states (e.g. the right to vote and obligation to serve in time of war) are being expanded. Thus, new concepts that accord certain "human rights" which arose in the 20th century are increasingly being universalized across nations and governments. This is the result of many factors, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations in 1948, the aftermath of World War II and the Holocaust and growing sentiments towards legitimizing marginalized peoples (e.g., pre-industrialized peoples found in the jungles of Brazil and Borneo). Couple this with growing awareness of our impact on the environment, and there is the rising feeling that citizen rights may extend to include the right to dignity and self-determination. If national citizenship does not foster these new rights, then global citizenship may seem more accessible.

One cannot overestimate the importance of human rights discourse in shaping public opinion. What are the rights and obligations of human beings trapped in conflicts? Or, incarcerated as part of ethnic cleansing? Equally striking, are the pre-industrialized tribes newly discovered by scientists living in the depths of dense jungle? These rights can be equated with the rise of global citizenship as normative associations, indicating a national citizenship model that is more closed and a global citizenship one that is more flexible and inclusive.[37] If true, this places a strain in the relationship between national and global citizenship.

UN General Assembly

On 10 December 1948, the UN General Assembly Adopted Resolution 217A (III), also known as "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights."[38]

Article 1 states that "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood." [39]

Article 2 states that "Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty."[40]

Article 13(2) states that "Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country." [41]

As evidence in today's modern world, events such as the Trial of Saddam Hussein have proven what British jurist A. V. Dicey said in 1885, when he popularized the phrase "rule of law" in 1885.[42] Dicey emphasized three aspects of the rule of law :[43]

  1. No one can be punished or made to suffer except for a breach of law proved in an ordinary court.
  2. No one is above the law and everyone is equal before the law regardless of social, economic, or political status.
  3. The rule of law includes the results of judicial decisions determining the rights of private persons.

US Declaration of Independence

The opening of the United States Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, states as follows:

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed;[44]

"Global citizenship in the United States" was a term used by U.S. President Barack Obama in 2008 in a speech in Berlin.[45]

Support for global government

In contrast to questioning definitions, a counter-criticism can be found on the World Alliance of YMCA's website. An online article in YMYCA World emphasizes the importance of fostering global citizenship and global justice, and states, "Global citizenship might sound like a vague concept for academics but in fact it’s a very practical way of looking at the world which anyone, if given the opportunity, can relate to."[46] The author acknowledges the positive and negative outlooks towards globalization, and states, "In the context of globalisation, thinking and acting as global citizens is immensely important and can bring real benefits, as the YMCA experience shows."[46]

Social movements

World citizen

World Citizen flag by Garry Davis
World Citizen badge

In general, a world citizen is a person who places global citizenship above any nationalistic or local identities and relationships. An early expression of this value is found in Diogenes of Sinope (c. 412 B.C.; mentioned above), the founding father of the Cynic movement in Ancient Greece. Of Diogenes it is said: "Asked where he came from, he answered: 'I am a citizen of the world (kosmopolitês)'".[47] This was a ground-breaking concept because the broadest basis of social identity in Greece at that time was either the individual city-state or the Greeks (Hellenes) as a group. The Tamil poet Kaniyan Poongundran wrote in Purananuru, "To us all towns are one, all men our kin." In later years, political philosopher Thomas Paine would declare, "my country is the world, and my religion is to do good."[48] Today, the increase in worldwide globalization has led to the formation of a "world citizen" social movement under a proposed world government.[49] In a non-political definition, it has been suggested that a world citizen may provide value to society by using knowledge acquired across cultural contexts.[50]

Albert Einstein described himself as a world citizen and supported the idea throughout his life,[51] famously saying "Nationalism is an infantile disease. It is the measles of mankind."[52] World citizenship has been promoted by distinguished people including Garry Davis, who lived for 60 years as a citizen of no nation, only the world. Davis founded the World Service Authority in Washington, DC, which issues the World Passport (sometimes not considered a valid passport) to world citizens.[53] In 1956 Hugh J. Schonfield founded the Commonwealth of World Citizens, later known by its Esperanto name "Mondcivitan Republic", which also issued a world passport; it declined after the 1980s.

The Bahá'í faith promotes the concept through its founder's proclamation (in the late 19th century) that "The Earth is but one country, and mankind its citizens."[54] As a term defined by the Bahá'í International Community in a concept paper shared at the 1st session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development, New York, U.S.A. on 14–25 June 1993.[55] "World citizenship begins with an acceptance of the oneness of the human family and the interconnectedness of the nations of 'the earth, our home.' While it encourages a sane and legitimate patriotism, it also insists upon a wider loyalty, a love of humanity as a whole. It does not, however, imply abandonment of legitimate loyalties, the suppression of cultural diversity, the abolition of national autonomy, nor the imposition of uniformity. Its hallmark is 'unity in diversity.' World citizenship encompasses the principles of social and economic justice, both within and between nations; non-adversarial decision making at all levels of society; equality of the sexes; racial, ethnic, national and religious harmony; and the willingness to sacrifice for the common good. Other facets of world citizenship—including the promotion of human honour and dignity, understanding, amity, co-operation, trustworthiness, compassion and the desire to serve—can be deduced from those already mentioned."[55]

Mundialization

Look up mundialization in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Philosophically, mundialization (French, mondialisation) is seen as a response to globalization’s "dehumanisation through [despatialised] planetarisation" (Teilhard de Chardin quoted in Capdepuy 2011).[56] An early use of mondialisation was to refer to the act of a city or a local authority declaring itself a "world citizen" city, by voting a charter stating its awareness of global problems and its sense of shared responsibility. The concept was promoted by the self-declared World Citizen Garry Davis in 1949, as a logical extension of the idea of individuals declaring themselves world citizens, and promoted by Robert Sarrazac, a former leader of the French Resistance who created the Human Front of World Citizens in 1945. The first city to be officially mundialised was the small French city of Cahors (only 20,000 in 2006), the capital city of the Département of Lot in central France, on 20 July 1949. Hundreds of cities mundialised themselves over a few years, most of them in France, and then it spread internationally, including to many German cities and to Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In less than a year, 10 General Councils (the elected councils of the French "Départements"), and hundreds of cities in France covering 3.4 million inhabitants voted mundialisation charters. One of the goals was to elect one delegate per million inhabitants to a People's World Constitutional Convention given the already then historical failure of the United Nations in creating a global institution able to negotiate a final world peace. To date, more than 1000 cities and towns have declared themselves World cities, including Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, St. Louis, Philadelphia, Toronto, Hiroshima, Tokyo, Nivelles, and Königswinter.[57]

As a social movement, mundialization expresses the solidarity of populations of the globe and aims to establish institutions and supranational laws of a federative structure common to them, while respecting the diversity of cultures and peoples. The movement advocates for a new political organization governing all humanity, involving the transfer of certain parts of national sovereignty to a Federal World Authority, Federal World Government and Federal World Court. Basing its authority on the will of the people, and developing new systems to draw the highest and best wisdom of all humanity into the task of governing our world, the collaborative governing system would be capable of solving the problems which call into question the future of man, such as hunger, water, war, peace-keeping, pollution and energy. The mundialization movement includes the declaration of specified territory - a city, town, or state, for example - as world territory, with responsibilities and rights on a world scale. Currently the nation-state system and the United Nations offer no way for the people of the world to vote for world officials or participate in governing our world. International treaties or agreements lack the force of law. Mundialization seeks to address this lack by presenting a way to build, one city at a time, such a system of true World Law based upon the sovereignty of the whole.

Earth Anthem

Author Shashi Tharoor feels that an Earth Anthem sung by people across the world can inspire planetary consciousness and global citizenship among people.[58]

Criticisms

Not all interpretations of global citizenship are positive. For example, Parekh advocates what he calls globally oriented citizenship, and states, "If global citizenship means being a citizen of the world, it is neither practicable nor desirable."[59] He argues that global citizenship, defined as an actual membership of a type of worldwide government system, is impractical and dislocated from one's immediate community.[59] He also notes that such a world state would inevitably be "remote, bureaucratic, oppressive, and culturally bland."[59]

Parekh presents his alternate option with the statement: "Since the conditions of life of our fellow human beings in distant parts of the world should be a matter of deep moral and political concern to us, our citizenship has an inescapable global dimension, and we should aim to become what I might call a globally oriented citizen."[59] Parekh's concept of globally oriented citizenship consists of identifying with and strengthening ties towards one's political regional community (whether in its current state or an improved, revised form), while recognizing and acting upon obligations towards others in the rest of the world.[59]

Michael Byers, a professor in Political Science at the University of British Columbia, questions the assumption that there is one definition of global citizenship, and unpacks aspects of potential definitions. In the introduction to his public lecture, the UBC Internalization website states, "'Global citizenship' remains undefined. What, if anything, does it really mean? Is global citizenship just the latest buzzword?"[60] Byers notes the existence of stateless persons, whom he remarks ought to be the primary candidates for global citizenship, yet continue to live without access to basic freedoms and citizenship rights.[60]

Byers does not oppose the concept of global citizenship, however he criticizes potential implications of the term depending on one's definition of it, such as ones that provide support for the "ruthlessly capitalist economic system that now dominates the planet."[60] Byers states that global citizenship is a "powerful term"[60] because "people that invoke it do so to provoke and justify action,"[60] and encourages the attendees of his lecture to re-appropriate it in order for its meaning to have a positive purpose, based on idealistic values.[60]

Neither is criticism of global citizenship anything new. Gouverneur Morris, a delegate to the Constitutional Convention (United States), criticized "citizens of the world" while he was on the floor of the convention; August 9, 1787. "As to those philosophical gentlemen, those Citizens of the World as they call themselves, He owned he did not wish to see any of them in our public Councils. He would not trust them. The men who can shake off their attachments to their own Country can never love any other. These attachments are the wholesome prejudices which uphold all Governments, Admit a Frenchman into your Senate, and he will study to increase the commerce of France: an Englishman, and he will feel an equal biass in favor of that of England."[61]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Israel, Ronald C. (Spring|Summer 2012). "What Does it Mean to be a Global Citizen?" Kosmos.
  2. ↑ Shaw, Martin (2000). Global Society and International Relations: Sociological Concepts and Political Perspectives. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  3. ↑ "Priority #3: Foster Global Citizenship." Global Education First Initiative, Secretary-General of the United Nations.
  4. ↑ "Humanities for a Global Society". University of Florida. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
  5. ↑ Australian Government (2008). Global Perspectives: A framework for global education in Australian schools. Carlton South Victoria, Australia: Curriculum Corporation. ISBN 978 1 74200 075 6
  6. ↑ Jim Luce (1 June 2010). "Euro-American Women' s Council Global Forum and Awards Set For Athens in July". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2010-06-16. Dionysia-Theodora Avgerinopoulou is a Member of the Hellenic Parliament. She is also on the Executive Global Board of the EAWC. Orphans International Worldwide (OIWW) awarded her its Global Citizenship Award for Leadership in Helping Humanity in New York in February.
  7. 1 2 Mundy, K., et al. (eds). Comparative and International Education. New York: Economic Policy Institute and Teachers College. ISBN 978-0807748817
  8. ↑ Osler, Audrey and Hugh Starkey (2010). Teachers and Human Rights Education. London:Trentham Books. ISBN 978-1858563848
  9. ↑ "The Humanist Quantum Interference: Towards the "Homo Conscienciatus"". Global Education Magazine. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  10. ↑ "Conferencias de Desarrollo Sostenible de las Naciones Unidas: Rio+20". ONGD Educar para Vivir. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  11. ↑ O’Sullivan, M. (2008). "You can’t criticize what you don’t understand: Teachers as social change agents in neo liberal times." Pp. 113-126 in O’Sullivan, Michael & K. Pashby (eds.) Citizenship in the era of globalization: Canadian perspectives. Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publishers.
  12. ↑ Pike, G. & D. Selby (2000). In the Global Classroom 2. Toronto: Pippin.
  13. ↑ Diogenes Laertius, "The Lives of Eminent Philosophers", Book VI, Chapter 2, line 63.
  14. 1 2 Malhotra, Rajiv. (2014-01-14). I Indra's Net Check |url= value (help). Harper Collins, India. ISBN 9789351362487.
  15. 1 2 3 McFarland, S. Webb; Brown, D. (2012). "All humanity is my ingroup: A measure and studies of Identification with All Humanity". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 103: 830–853. doi:10.1037/a0028724.
  16. ↑ Malsch, A. M., & Omoto, A. M. (2007). Prosocial behavior beyond borders: Understanding a psychological sense of global community. Claremont, CA: Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, Claremont Graduate University.
  17. ↑ Reese, G.; Proch, J.; Cohrs, J.C. (2014). "Individual differences in responses to global inequality". Analyses of Social issues and Public Policy. 14: 217–238. doi:10.1080/00224545.2014.992850.
  18. 1 2 3 Reysen, S.; Katzarska-Miller, I. (2013). "A model of global citizenship: Antecedents and outcomes". International Journal of Psychology. 48: 858–870. doi:10.1080/00207594.2012.701749.
  19. ↑ McFarland, S.; Hornsby, W. (2015). "An analysis of five measures of global human identification". European Journal of Social Psychology. 45: 806–817. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2161.
  20. ↑ Reysen, Stephen; Katzarska-Miller, Iva (2013). "Student pathways to global citizenship". In Boyle, Christopher. Student Learning: Improving Practice. New York: Nova. pp. 121–137. ISBN 978-1-62618-938-6.
  21. ↑ Reysen, Stephen; Larey, Loretta; Katzarska-Miller, Iva (2012). "College course curriculum and global citizenship". International Journal of Development Education and Global Learning. 4 (3): 27–40. ISSN 1756-526X.
  22. ↑ Reysen, Stephen; Katzarska-Miller, Iva; Gibson, Shonda; Hobson, Braken (2013). "World knowledge and global citizenship: Factual and perceived world knowledge as predictors of global citizenship identification". International Journal of Development Education and Global Learning. 5 (1): 49–68.
  23. ↑ Gibson, Shonda; Reysen, Stephen (2013). "Representations of global citizenship in a school environment". International Journal of Education Research. 8 (1): 116–128.
  24. ↑ Reysen, Stephen; Katzarska-Miller, Iva (2013). "Intentional worlds and global citizenship". Journal of Global Citizenship and Equity Education. 3 (1): 34–52.
  25. ↑ Plante, Courtney; Roberts, Sharon; Reysen, Stephen; Gerbasi, Kathleen (2014). ""One of us": Engagement with fandoms and global citizenship identification". Psychology of Popular Media Culture. 3 (1): 49–64. doi:10.1037/ppm0000008.
  26. ↑ Reysen, Stephen; Pierce, Lindsey; Mazambani, Gideon; Mohebpour, Ida; Puryear, Curtis; Snider, Jamie; Gibson, Shonda; Blake, Marion (2014). "Construction and initial validation of a dictionary for global citizen linguistic markers". International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning. 4 (4): 1–15. doi:10.4018/ijcbpl.2014100101.
  27. ↑ Blake, Marion; Reysen, Stephen (2014). "The influence of possible selves on global citizenship identification". International Journal of Development Education and Global Learning. 6 (3): 63–78.
  28. ↑ Katzarska-Miller, Iva; Barnsley, Carole; Reysen, Stephen (2014). "Global citizenship identification and religiosity". Archive for the Psychology of Religion. 36 (3): 344–367. doi:10.1163/15736121-12341291.
  29. ↑ Reysen, Stephen; Katzarska-Miller, Iva; Salter, Phia; Hirko, Caroline (2014). "Blurring group boundaries: The impact of subgroup threats on global citizenship". Cultural Encounters, Conflicts, and Resolutions. 1 (2).
  30. ↑ Gibson, Shonda; Reysen, Stephen; Katzarska-Miller, Iva (2014). "Independent and interdependent self-construal and global citizenship". International Journal of Business and Public Administration. 11 (2): 62–72.
  31. ↑ Blake, Marion; Pierce, Lindsey; Gibson, Shonda; Reysen, Stephen; Katzarska-Miller, Iva (2015). "University environment and global citizenship identification". Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology. 5 (1): 97–107. doi:10.5539/jedp.v5n1p97.
  32. ↑ Lee, Romeo; Baring, Rito; Sta Maria, Madelene; Reysen, Stephen (2015). "Attitude toward technology, social media usage, and grade point average as predictors of global citizenship identification in Filipino university students". International Journal of Psychology. doi:10.1002/ijop.12200.
  33. ↑ Scholte, Jan-Aart (2005). "Chapter 6: Globalization and Governance". Globalization: A Critical Introduction. Palgrave.
  34. ↑ Sassen, Saskia (2003). Towards post-national and denationalized citizenship (PDF). New York: Sage. p. 286.
  35. ↑ Roudometof, Victor (2005). "Translationalism, Cosmopolitanism, and Glocalization". Current Sociology. 53 (1): 113–135. doi:10.1177/0011392105048291.
  36. ↑ Joel Stratte-McClure (2 October 2000). "A French Exception to the Science Park Rule". Time EUROPE Magazine. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
  37. ↑ Alan C. Cairns; John C. Courtney; Peter MacKinnon; Hans J. Michelmann; David E. Smith (1999). "Citizenship, Diversity, and Pluralism: Canadian and Comparative Perspectives". McGill-Queen's University Press. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
  38. ↑ "History of the Document." U.N.: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
  39. ↑ "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1".
  40. ↑ "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 2".
  41. ↑ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 13(2)".
  42. ↑ Dicey, Albert. (1885). An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution.
  43. ↑ Palekar, S.A. (2008). Comparative Politics and Government. (Pp.64-65), New Dehli: PHI Learning, Pvt. Lmt..ISBN 978-8120333352
  44. ↑ s:United States Declaration of Independence
  45. ↑ Mike Allen (24 Jul 2008). "Obama Promises To 'remake The World'". CBS News. Retrieved 2010-06-16.
  46. 1 2 Aris June 2007
  47. ↑ Diogenes Laertius, "The Lives of Eminent Philosophers", Chapter VI, line 63.
  48. ↑ Thomas Paine (1792). The Rights of Man. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  49. ↑ "World Government of World Citizens". Retrieved 10 June 2014.
  50. ↑ "the utmost global citizen". Global Culture. 2007.
  51. ↑ Einstein - World Citizen, Erasing National Boundaries, American Museum of Natural History
  52. ↑ Viereck, George Sylvester (26 October 1929), "What Life Means to Einstein: An Interview by George Sylvester Viereck", The Saturday Evening Post: 117, http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/wp-content/uploads/satevepost/what_life_means_to_einstein.pdf retrieved on 7 November 2013
  53. ↑ My Country Is the World By Garry Davis
  54. ↑ Bahá'u'lláh (1994) [1873-92]. Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh Revealed After the Kitáb-i-Aqdas. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. p. 167. ISBN 0-87743-174-4.
  55. 1 2 Bahá'í International Community (1993-06-14). "World Citizenship: A Global Ethic for Sustainable Development". 1st session of the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development. New York, NY.
  56. ↑ Capdepuy, Vincent (2011). "Au prisme des mots". Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography.
  57. ↑ "LIST OF MUNDIALIZED COMMUNITIES AND TOWNS". Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  58. ↑ Indian diplomat pens anthem for earth The New Indian Express 5 June 2013
  59. 1 2 3 4 5 Parekh, B (2003). "Cosmopolitanism and Global Citizenship". Review of International Studies. 29: 3–17. doi:10.1017/s0260210503000019.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Byers, Michael (2005). "The Meanings of Global Citizenship". UBC Global Citizenship Speaker Series. Retrieved 2009-10-28{{inconsistent citations}}
  61. ↑ "Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention". Yale University Avalon Project.

Bibliography

Further reading

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