Ghana Army

Ghana Army
Founded 29 July 1959 – present
(57 years, 4 months)
Country  Ghana
Allegiance Constitution of Ghana
Branch GAF Army Military Branch
Type Army
Role Ground Warfare
Part of GAF; Ghanaian Ministry of Defence and GA Central Defence Headquarters
Colors Scarlet, Black and Dartmouth Green             
Commanders
Chief of the Army Staff Major General Richard Opoku-Adusei

The Ghana Army (GA) is the main ground warfare organizational military branch of the Ghanaian Armed Forces (GAF). In 1959, two years after the Gold Coast obtained independence as Ghana, the Gold Coast Regiment was withdrawn from the Royal West African Frontier Force, and formed the basis for the new Ghanaian army. Together with the Ghanaian air force (GHF) and Ghanaian navy (GN), the Ghanaian army (GA) makes up the Ghanaian Armed Forces (GAF), controlled by the Ghanaian Ministry of Defence (MoD) and Central Defence Headquarters, both located in Greater Accra.

History

Early small arms issued to the Ghanaian army at independence.

The command structure for the army forces in Ghana originally stemmed from the British Army's West Africa Command. Lieutenant General Lashmer Whistler was the penultimate commander holding the command from 1951 to 1953. Lt Gen Sir Otway Herbert, who left the West Africa Command in 1955, was the last commander.[1] The command was dissolved on 1 July 1956.[2]

In 1957, the Ghana Army consisted of its headquarters, support services, three battalions of infantry and a reconnaissance squadron with armoured cars. Total strength was approximately 5,700 men.[3] Partially due to an over-supply of British officers after the end of the Second World War, only 12% of the officer corps in Ghana, 29 officers out a total of 209 in all, were black Ghanaians at independence.[4] Under Major General Alexander Paley, there were almost 200 British Ghanaian officers and 230 warrant officers and senior commissioned officers posted throughout the Ghanaian Army.

Ghanaian Prime Minister Kwame Nkrumah wished to rapidly expand and Africanise the army in order to support his Pan-African and anti-colonial ambitions. Thus in 1961, 4th and 5th Battalions were established, and in 1964 6th Battalion was established, from a parachute unit originally raised in 1963.[5] Second Infantry Brigade Group was established in 1961 to command the two battalions raised that year. However, 3rd Battalion was disbanded in February 1961 after an August 1960 mutiny while on Operation des Nations Unies au Congo service at Tshikapa in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.[6] The changeover from British to Ghanaian officers meant a sudden lowering of experience levels, training and professionalism.

The Ghanaian commanding officer of 3rd Battalion, Lieutenant Colonel David Hansen, had on appointment as battalion commander only seven years of military experience, compared to the more normal twenty years' of experience for battalion commanders in Western armies. He was badly beaten by his troops during the mutiny.[7] 4th Battalion was raised under a British commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Douglas Cairns, from the single company of the 3rd Battalion that had not mutinied.

Initial British planning by Paley before his departure in 1959 had provided for all British officers to be withdrawn by 1970; however, under pressure from Nkrumah, Paley's successor Major General Henry Alexander revised the plans, seeing all British personnel to depart by 1962. However, in September 1961, Alexander and all other British officers and men serving with the Ghanaian armed forces were abruptedly dismissed.[8] Nkrumah was determined to indigenize his armed forces fully, after some years of accelerated promotion of Ghanaian personnel.

Ghanaian WZ523 armoured personnel carriers on parade.

Simon Baynham says that “the wholesale shambles which surely must have resulted from simply expelling the expatriate contract and seconded officers was averted by the arrival of Canadian military technicians and training officers.”[9] Canadian training team personnel were assigned to the Military Academy (1961−1968), the Military Hospital, as Brigade Training Officers (1961−1968), to the air force, and later the Ministry of Defence (1963−1968), Ghana Army Headquarters (1963−1968) and the Airborne School.[10]

Matters deteriorated further after the coup that deposed Nkrumah. Colonel James Bond, the Canadian military attache, asked to write a report on how Canada could further assist the Ghanaian armed forces, wrote that 'during 1966 the preoccupation of.. senior officers with their civilian duties as members of the National Liberation Council and as regional administrators, resulted in an unconscious neglect of the welfare of the Army.'[11] Available able intermediate level officers had been assigned civilian administrative duties, leaving the army short.

Ghana has contributed forces to numerous UN and ECOWAS operations, including in the Balkans, Afghanistan, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lebanon, and Liberia (ECOMOG and UNMIL). Ghana contributed UN peacekeeping in UNAMIR during the Rwandan Genocide. In his book Shake Hands with the Devil, Canadian force commander Romeo Dallaire gave the Ghanaian soldiers high praise for their work during the conflict, in which the Ghanaian contingent lost 3 soldiers.

Structure

Structure of the GA (Ghana Army)

The Ghana army is divided into three (3) brigade sized "commands":

Infantry

The Ghanaian Army consists of three distinct infantry elements:

Combat Support

Ghanaian combat engineers assemble in a riot control formation known as a "flying wedge".

The Ghanaian Army has a number of units designated as combat support, including its armour, artillery, engineers and signals:

Chiefs of the Army Staff

The head of the Ghana Army was formerly referred to as the army commander but now has the title above. The list of former heads lies below.[12]

GA Chiefs of the Army
Chief of the Army Staff Conscription Note
Brigadier D. H. Tadman Brigade Commander
Major General A. G. V. Paley ? – 1960 First designated army commander
Major General Henry Templer Alexander 1960 – 1961 Combined CDS with army commander
Brigadier Joseph Arthur Ankrah Dec 1961 – Oct 1962 First native Ghanaian commander
Major General S. J. A. Otu Oct 1962 – Jul 1965
Brigadier A. K. Ocran Feb 1966 – Aug 1966
Major General Cleland Cofie Bruce Aug 1966 – May 1967
Major General A. K. Ocran May 1967 – Nov 1968
Brigadier D. C. K. Amenu Nov 1968 – Aug 1969
Major General D. K. Addo Aug 1969 – Jun 1971
Brigadier J. R. K. Acquah Jun 1971 – Oct 1971
Brigadier H. D. Twum-Barimah Oct 1971 – Jan 1972
Colonel Emmanuel Alexander Erskine Jan 1972 – Feb 1972
Brigadier D. A. Asare Feb 1972 – Jan 1973
Brigadier E. A. Erskine Feb 1973 – Apr 1974
Brigadier Fred W. K. Akuffo May 1974 – Nov 1976
Brigadier and later Major General Robert Kotei Nov 1976 – Jul 1978
Major General Neville Alexander Odartey-Wellington Jul 1978 – Jun 1979 Died in office
Brigadier Joseph Nunoo-Mensah Jun 1979 – Jul 1979
Brigadier Arnold Quainoo Jul 1979 – Nov 1979
Brigadier I. K. Amoah Nov 1979 – Dec 1981
Brigadier/Major General Arnold Quainoo Jan 1982 – Jun 1987
Major General W.M. Mensah-Wood Jun 87 – Jun 90
Brigadier Ben K. Akafia Jun 1990 – Jan 1992
Major General Ben K. Akafia Jan 1992 – Sep 1996
Major General J. H. Smith Oct 1996 – Feb 2001
Major General Clayton Naa Boanubah Yaache Feb 2001 – Jun 2005
Major General Samuel Anum Odotei 20 May 2005 – 2009
Major General Joseph Narh Adinkra 31 Mar 2009 – 4 April 2013
Major General Richard Opoku-Adusei 4 April 2013 – present[13]

Rank structure

A Ghanaian Army sergeant directs his troops forward

The GA rank structure is similar to the British army ranks structure, they are arranged in descending order:

Officer ranks

Enlisted ranks

References

  1. ↑ Generals.dk
  2. ↑ Hansard, Defence: West Africa
  3. ↑ Christopher R. Kilford, The Other Cold War: Canada's Military Assistance to the Developing World 1945-75, Canadian Defence Academy Press, Kingston, Ontario, 2010, p.138
  4. ↑ Kilford, 137
  5. ↑ Simon Baynham, The Military and Politics in Nkumrah's Ghana, Westview, 1988, Chapter 4
  6. ↑ For the Tshikapa mutiny see Henry Alexander, African tightrope. My two years as Nkrumah's Chief of Staff (Pall Mall Press, London, 1965) p.67-71
  7. ↑ Kilford, 141
  8. ↑ Kilford, 140
  9. ↑ Baynham, 1988, p.125
  10. ↑ Kilford, 141, citing Gary Hunt, “Recollections of the Canadian Armed Forces Training Team in Ghana, 1961-1968, Canadian Defence Quarterly, April 1989, 44
  11. ↑ Kilford, 156, citing Canada, LAC, “Discussion Paper – Canadian Forces Attaché – Ghana Armed Forces and Canadian Military Assistance,” 12 July 1967, 2. RG 25, External Affairs, Vol. 10415, File 27-20-5 Ghana (Part 4).
  12. ↑ "Past Army Commanders / Chiefs of Army Staff". Official Website. Ghana Armed Forces. 2008-02-06. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  13. ↑ "Chief of Army Staff-COAS Profile of Major General Richard Opoku-Adusei". Ghana Armed Forces. Retrieved 2014-04-23.

Further reading

External sources

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