Georgia (typeface)

Georgia

Category	Serif
Classification	Scotch Roman, Transitional, Didone PANOSE: 2263545234
Designer(s)	Matthew Carter
Foundry	Microsoft Corporation
Date created	1993
Date released	1996

Size and spacing comparisons of the Georgia and Times New Roman typefaces.

Georgia is a serif typeface designed in 1993 by Matthew Carter and hinted by Tom Rickner for the Microsoft Corporation. It was intended as a serif font that would appear elegant but legible printed small or on low-resolution screens. The font is inspired by Scotch Roman designs of the 19th century and was based on designs for a print typeface in the same style Carter was working on when contacted by Microsoft; this would be released under the name Miller some years later.^[1] The typeface's name referred to a tabloid headline claiming "Alien heads found in Georgia."^[2]

Design

As a transitional serif design, Georgia shows a number of traditional features of 'rational' serif typefaces from around the early 19th century, such as alternating thick and thin strokes, ball terminals, a vertical axis and an italic taking inspiration from calligraphy. Its figure (numeral) designs are lower-case or text figures, designed to blend into continuous text; this was at the time a rare feature in computer fonts.^[3]

Closer inspection, however, shows how Georgia was designed for clarity on a computer monitor even at small sizes: it features a large x-height (tall lower-case letters) and its thin strokes are thicker than would be common on a typeface designed for display use or the higher resolution of print.^[4][5] Its reduced contrast and thickened serifs make it somewhat resemble Clarendon designs from the 19th century.^[6] Speaking in 2013 about the development of Georgia and Miller, Carter said, "I was familiar with Scotch romans, puzzled by the fact that they were once so popular...and then they disappeared completely."^[7]

Georgia's bold is also unusually bold, almost black. Carter noted that, "Verdana and Georgia...were all about binary bitmaps: every pixel was on or off, black or white...The bold versions of Verdana and Georgia are bolder than most bolds, because on the screen, at the time we were doing this in the mid-1990s, if the stem wanted to be thicker than one pixel, it could only go to two pixels. That is a bigger jump in weight than is conventional in print series."^[7] Given these unusual design decisions, Matthew Butterick, an expert on document design, recommended that organizations using Georgia for onscreen display license Miller to achieve a complementary, more balanced reading experience on paper.^[8][9]

The Georgia typeface is similar to Times New Roman, another revival of transitional serif designs, but with a larger x-height and less fine details.

Releases

Georgia's italic uses a single-story 'g'.

Microsoft publicly released the initial version of the font on November 1, 1996 as part of the core fonts for the Web collection, and later bundled it with the Internet Explorer 4.0 supplemental font pack: these releases made it available for installation on both Windows and Macintosh computers. This made it a popular choice for web designers, as pages specifying Georgia as a font choice would display identically on both types if users installed the core fonts package (or later Internet Explorer), simplifying development and testing. Its creators also produced at the same time Verdana, the first Microsoft sans serif screen font, for the same purposes. Some early public releases of Georgia included number designs between upper and lower-case, similar to those later released with Miller.^[10][11] Carter was asked by Robert Norton, Microsoft's type director, to change these to text, a decision Carter later considered an improvement.^[12]

New versions of Georgia, along with its sister sans-serif font Verdana, were released in 2013.^[13] The extension of the original font, named Georgia Pro, features a set of additional typefaces and designs, including:

• Additional weights, including condensed versions.
• Specialized small caps designs.
• Extensions to the character sets.
• Extensions to the kerning.
• OpenType typographic features such as ligatures.^{[lower-alpha 1]}
• Lining figures

The expanded font was designed for organisations which had made extensive use of Georgia and Verdana due to its availability but desired additional versions for specific uses.

Microsoft has commissioned a number of variants. Georgia Ref, a variant of Georgia consisting of a single weight, but with extra characters, was bundled with Microsoft Bookshelf 2000, Encarta Encyclopedia Deluxe 99, Encarta Virtual Globe 99. MS Reference Serif, a derivative of Georgia Ref with a bold weight and italic, was also included in Microsoft Encarta. However, Microsoft's font manager Bill Hill wrote of it that "I for one never felt totally comfortable with it as a book face. There’s something very dark and “vertical” about the way it feels", and noted that Microsoft had commissioned an alternative, versions of the pre-existing typefaces Berling and Frutiger, for its Microsoft Reader e-book product.^[14] Despite this, Georgia is used as one of the bundled book-reading fonts on several e-book applications.^[15]

Awards

The Cyrillic font won an award at Kyrillitsa in 1999.^[16]

May 26, 2011 Matthew Carter received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Smithsonian's Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum in part for design of Georgia font.

See also

• Segoe
• Verdana

References and footnotes

External links

• Georgia font information (Microsoft typography)
• Georgia Ref font information (Microsoft typography)
• Article by Daniel Will-Harris

Microsoft Windows typefaces
Latin, Greek, Cyrillic	Arial, Arial Rounded Arial Unicode MS Bauhaus 93 Broadway Book Antiqua Calibri Calisto MT Cambria Candara Century Gothic Comic Sans MS Consolas Constantia Cooper Black Copperplate Gothic Corbel Courier New Franklin Gothic Medium Gabriola Georgia Goudy Stout Harlow Solid Italic Impact Lucida Lucida Sans Unicode Microsoft Sans Serif News Gothic MT OCR A Extended Palatino Linotype Segoe Tahoma Times New Roman Trebuchet MS Verdana Westminster Wide Latin
Hebrew	Aharoni Arial Courier New Lucida Sans Unicode Microsoft Sans Serif Segoe UI Mono Tahoma Times New Roman
Arabic	Arial Courier New Microsoft Sans Serif Segoe UI Tahoma Times New Roman
Thai	Microsoft Sans Serif Segoe UI Mono Tahoma
Chinese	Simplified Microsoft YaHei SimHei SimSun Traditional Microsoft JhengHei MingLiU
Korean	Batang Dotum Gulim Malgun Gothic (no Hanja before Windows 8)
Japanese	Meiryo MS Gothic MS Mincho
Indic scripts	Gautami Nirmala UI Vrinda
Other	Cambria Math Ebrima Euphemia Gadugi Marlett Nyala Sylfaen Symbol Webdings Wingdings
List of typefaces included with Microsoft Windows