Geodia barretti

Geodia barretti
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Demospongiae
Order: Astrophorida
Family: Geodiidae
Genus: Geodia
Species: G. barretti
Binomial name
Geodia barretti
Bowerbank, 1858

Geodia barretti is a massive deep-sea sponge species from the boreal waters of the North Atlantic,[1] fairly common on the coasts of Norway and Sweden. It is a dominant species in boreal sponge grounds, from the North-East Atlantic[2] and the North-West Atlantic.[3] According to morphology and molecular data, this species belongs to the Geodiidae family.[4]

Morphology

External morphology

G. barretti section. The depression (= preoscule) is filled with small oscules. The cortex is conspicuous.

Massive sponge, often irregularly lobate, whitish to light yellow color. The inside is light brown. Surface is smooth. Oscules are grouped in more or less shallow depressions (= preoscules) while pores are spread over the whole body. There is a distinct cortex about 0.5 mm thick, it is made of ball-shaped spicules called sterrasters.

Genetics

DNA barcodes

Genomics

One meta-transcriptome was obtained by pyrosequencing from a specimen collected south of Bergen (Norway) in 2007.[6] Double-stranded cDNA was sequenced on a GF FLX sequencer (Roche Applied Sciences/454 Life Sciences, Barnford, CT). rRNA ribo-tags revealed a microsymbiont community, dominated by group SAR202 of Chloroflexi, candidate phylum Poribacteria and Acidobacteria. The most abundant mRNAs coded for key metabolic enzymes of nitrification from ammonia-oxidizing Archaea as well as candidate genes involved in related processes.

Systematics

Etymology

This sponge was named in honor of one of its discoverers, the biologist Lucas Barrett (1837-1862).

Vernacular names

This sponge is called "rutabaga sponge" in Norwegian (kålrabisvamp) and "football sponge" in Swedish (fotbollssvampdjur).

Type material

This sponge was collected by biologists Robert McAndrew and Lucas Barrett in 1855 on the South side of Vikna Island (formerly called Vigten or Vikten Island), North-Trøndelag, Norway, at a depth of 183 meters. It was later described by the British sponge taxonomist James Scott Bowerbank in 1858.

Drawing of the holotype of G. barretti (Bowerbank, 1872a: plate XI).

The holotype is a dry specimen stored at the Natural History Museum in London with the museum number BNHM 1877.5.21.1399. There are also slides of the holotype: BNHM 1877.5.21.1400 (one slide of surface and one spicule preparation) and BNHM 1877.5.21.1401 (slide of a section).

Phylogenetic relationships

According to morphology and molecular data, this species belongs to the family Geodiidae and to the genus Geodia.[4] It also seems to belong to a clade of Geodia species that all have their oscules in depressions (including Geodia megastrella, Geodia hentscheli).[7] This Geodia clade was given a PhyloCode name: Depressiogeodia.[4]

Distribution

G. barretti known distribution in the North Atlantic (as of 2015).

Biogeography

G. barretti is present throughout the boreal waters of the North Atlantic,[1] where water temperature is usually 3-9 degrees Celsius. This species is present on the Swedish west coast[8] and all along the Norwegian coast and Svalbard.[9]

One single specimen was formally recorded from the Mediterranean Sea, in the ‘Canyon des Moines’ (south Corsica), at 167 m (water temperature was 13 °C).[1] Deeper specimens (1100-1700 meter depths) were also recorded off the Atlantic coast of Morocco (Ibero-Moroccan Gulf).[1]

Bathymetry

It is found from 30 to 2000 meter depths.[1] Most North-East Atlantic records are from the continental margins, between 200 and 500 m. In the North-West Atlantic (Grand Banks, Flemish Cap, Nova Scotia, and Davis Strait), it has been recorded between 410 and 1852 meter depths. Shallow specimens are common along the Norwegian coast,[10] especially in fjords.

Biology

Predators

The sponge-feeding deep-sea chiton Hanleya nagelfar is often found on G. barretti in the North-East Atlantic.[11] The parasitic foraminiferan Hyrrokkin sarcophaga[12] is more rarely found living on G. barretti.

Associated macrofauna

G. barretti has less associated macrofauna than any of the other boreo-arctic Geodia species: only ten different species of epibionts were recorded vs. 62 for Geodia macandrewii.[13]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Cárdenas, Paco; Rapp, Hans Tore; Klitgaard, Anne Birgitte; Best, Megan; Thollesson, Mikael; Tendal, Ole Secher (2013-10-01). "Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 169 (2): 251–311. doi:10.1111/zoj.12056. ISSN 1096-3642.
  2. ↑ Klitgaard, A. B.; Tendal, O. S. (2004-04-01). "Distribution and species composition of mass occurrences of large-sized sponges in the northeast Atlantic". Progress in Oceanography. 61 (1): 57–98. doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2004.06.002.
  3. ↑ Murillo, Francisco Javier; Muñoz, Pablo Durán; Cristobo, Javier; Ríos, Pilar; González, Concepción; Kenchington, Ellen; Serrano, Alberto (2012-11-01). "Deep-sea sponge grounds of the Flemish Cap, Flemish Pass and the Grand Banks of Newfoundland (Northwest Atlantic Ocean): Distribution and species composition". Marine Biology Research. 8 (9): 842–854. doi:10.1080/17451000.2012.682583. ISSN 1745-1000.
  4. 1 2 3 Cárdenas, Paco; Rapp, Hans Tore; Schander, Christoffer; Tendal, Ole S. (2010-01-01). "Molecular taxonomy and phylogeny of the Geodiidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida) – combining phylogenetic and Linnaean classification". Zoologica Scripta. 39 (1): 89–106. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00402.x. ISSN 1463-6409.
  5. ↑ Cárdenas, Paco; Rapp, Hans Tore; Klitgaard, Anne Birgitte; Best, Megan; Thollesson, Mikael; Tendal, Ole Secher (2013-10-01). "Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 169 (2): 251–311. doi:10.1111/zoj.12056. ISSN 1096-3642.
  6. ↑ Radax, Regina; Rattei, Thomas; Lanzen, Anders; Bayer, Christoph; Rapp, Hans Tore; Urich, Tim; Schleper, Christa (2012-05-01). "Metatranscriptomics of the marine sponge Geodia barretti: tackling phylogeny and function of its microbial community". Environmental Microbiology. 14 (5): 1308–1324. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02714.x. ISSN 1462-2920.
  7. ↑ Cárdenas, Paco; Xavier, Joana R.; Reveillaud, Julie; Schander, Christoffer; Rapp, Hans Tore. "Molecular Phylogeny of the Astrophorida (Porifera, Demospongiaep) Reveals an Unexpected High Level of Spicule Homoplasy". PLoS ONE. 6 (4). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018318. PMC 3072971Freely accessible. PMID 21494664.
  8. ↑ "Taxonomisk information". www.dyntaxa.se. Retrieved 2016-04-14.
  9. ↑ "Artsdatabanken". artsdatabanken.
  10. ↑ Cárdenas, Paco; Rapp, Hans Tore (2013-09-01). "Disrupted spiculogenesis in deep-water Geodiidae (Porifera, Demospongiae) growing in shallow waters". Invertebrate Biology. 132 (3): 173–194. doi:10.1111/ivb.12027. ISSN 1744-7410.
  11. ↑ Warrén, Anders; Klitgaard, Anne (1991). "Hanleya nagelfar, a sponge-feeding ecotype of H. hanleyi or a distinct species of chiton". Ophelia. doi:10.1080/00785326.1991.10429706.
  12. ↑ Cedhagen, Tomas (1994-07-15). "Taxonomy and biology of Hyrrokkin sarcophaga gen. et sp. n., a parasitic foraminiferan (Rosalinidae)". Sarsia. 79 (1): 65–82. doi:10.1080/00364827.1994.10413549. ISSN 0036-4827.
  13. ↑ Klitgaard, Anne B. (1995-07-26). "The fauna associated with outer shelf and upper slope sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) at the Faroe Islands, northeastern Atlantic". Sarsia. 80 (1): 1–22. doi:10.1080/00364827.1995.10413574. ISSN 0036-4827.
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