Galena, Illinois

Galena, Illinois
City
Downtown Galena, Illinois
Flag Coat of arms
Official name: The City of Galena
Named for: The lead sulfide ore galena
Country	United States
State	Illinois
County	Jo Daviess
Township	East Galena, West Galena, and Rawlins
Landmark	Galena Historic District
River	Galena
Elevation	633 ft (193 m)
Coordinates	42°25′N 90°26′W / 42.417°N 90.433°W / 42.417; -90.433Coordinates: 42°25′N 90°26′W / 42.417°N 90.433°W / 42.417; -90.433
Area	4.17 sq mi (11 km2)
- land	4.16 sq mi (11 km2)
- water	0.01 sq mi (0 km2)
Population	3,429 (2010)
Density	926.4/sq mi (358/km2)
Settled	1690s (French)[1]
- Founded	1826[2]
- Incorporated	1835[3]
- Chartered	1841[2]
Government	Galena City Hall
- location	101 Green Street
- coordinates	42°24′52″N 90°25′44″W / 42.41444°N 90.42889°W / 42.41444; -90.42889
Mayor	Terrence Renner
City Council	Alderpeople Charles Fach – Ward I Todd Lincoln – Ward II Jerry Kieffer – Ward III Emily Painter – Ward IV Laverne Greene – At Large Pam Bernstein – At Large
Timezone	North American Central (CST) (UTC-6)
- summer (DST)	CDT (UTC-5)
Postal code	61036
Area code	815
Location of Galena within Illinois
Wikimedia Commons: Galena, Illinois
Website: http://www.cityofgalena.org/

Galena is the largest city in and the county seat of Jo Daviess County, Illinois,^[4] with a population of 3,429 at the 2010 census.^[4][5] A 581-acre (235 ha) section of the city is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Galena Historic District. It is named for the mineral galena, which was mined by Native Americans in the area for over a thousand years. Owing to these deposits, Galena was the site of the first major mineral rush in the United States. The first American settler arrived in 1821, and by 1828, the population was estimated at 10,000. The city emerged as the largest steamboat hub on the Mississippi River north of St. Louis, Missouri. Galena was the home of Ulysses S. Grant and eight other Civil War generals. Today, the city is a tourist destination known for its history, architecture, and resorts.

History

Precolonial and colonial history

Galena ore from the Galena mines

The city is named for galena,^[6] the natural form of lead sulfide (PbS) and the most important lead ore.^[7] Native Americans mined the ore for use in burial rituals.^[8] The Havana Hopewell first traded galena in the area during the Middle Woodland period (c. 1–400 CE). However, the use of galena in the Havana territory is uncertain; very little has been identified in burial mounds.^[9] During the Mississippian period (900–1500 CE), galena saw use as body paint.^[10]

The French, probably via contact with the Sioux, first noted lead deposits in the Upper Mississippi Valley in 1658. A 1703 French map identified the northwestern Illinois area as mines de plumb.^[11] Northwestern Illinois was inhabited by Sac and Fox when the French arrived.^[2] In the 1690s, French trappers discovered the area and began mining the lead.^[1][12] However, conflicts with the Sioux prevented large-scale mining until Julien Dubuque's Mines opened across the river in 1788.^[11]

The French called Galena La Pointe and early Americans adopted this name as "The Point". Early documentation officially records the name as "Fever River", an early name for the Galena River, though it does not appear that this name was commonly used.^[13] George Davenport, a retired colonel in the United States Army, successfully shipped Galena's first boatload of lead ore down the Mississippi River in 1816. Three years later, Jesse W. Shull built a trading post.^[14] The Thomas H. January family, who arrived in 1821 from Maysville, Kentucky, are considered the first permanent American settlers. The next year, the US Department of War assumed control of the mines and leased the lands out.^[15] A large group of colonists led by Dr. Moses Meeker and James Harris arrived in 1823.^[16] Steamboat trade began in 1824.^[14]

American boomtown

The Dowling House (1826–27) is the oldest building in Galena

The first official lease of the mines on behalf of the US government was to James Johnson, brother of US Senator Richard Mentor Johnson, on September 30, 1822. Martin Thomas, appointed by the government in 1824 to oversee mine leases, was commissioned to survey the mines in 1826.^[17] The name "Galena" was purportedly given during a town meeting that year; rejected names included Jackson, Harrison, and Jo Daviess. Thomas platted the town and, starting in June 1827, settlers could lease plots from the government. The land remained in government possession until the leasing system was eased out in 1836–37.^[16] When Jo Daviess County was founded in 1827, Galena was named its county seat. This established the first courts in Galena; previous legal proceedings were heard in front of the Superintendent of Lead Mines.^[18] 21 million pounds of lead were mined in Galena from 1825 to 1828 and the population exploded in that time from 200 to 10,000.^[19]

Local native tribes, now mostly Winnebago, permitted settlers to mine in established areas in Galena. However, the growth of the city led settlers to encroach on native land claims, seeking new veins of lead.^[20] Following a murder of a pioneer family near Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, by the Winnebago, Galena closed its mines for safety and prepared for war. Citizens established forts at nearby Elizabeth and Apple River; although they were not used during the affair, the forts provided residents with security and protection.^[21] The ensuing Winnebago War was little more than a skirmish, but the lands near the city were annexed by the US in the resulting 1829 Treaty of Prairie du Chien.

A meeting on February 1, 1830, established the first fire department.^[22] At a town meeting at the county courthouse on September 7, 1835, sixty-five residents approved a motion for incorporation as a town. Eight days later, five individuals were elected as the first trustees. Incorporation was approved by the county board of trustees on October 2, and the first meeting of trustees occurred the next day.^[3] The 15th Illinois General Assembly (1836–37) codified the trustee election process.^[23] A steamboat was selected as the town seal on May 22, 1837.^[24] A state law resulted in the first elections for mayor and aldermen on May 24, 1841, replacing the board of trustees; Charles S. Hempstead was elected the first mayor with 185 of the 356 votes cast. The first census was also held that year, finding 1,900 inhabitants.^[25] By 1845 Galena was producing nearly 27,000 tons of lead ore and Jo Daviess County was producing 80 percent of the lead in the United States.^[14] Once one of the most important cities in the state, Galena was a hub on the Mississippi River between St. Louis and St. Paul. Due to erosion, the Galena River is now inaccessible to steamboats. Galena received national attention in the 1860s as home of General Ulysses S. Grant.

Decline

Following a sharp decline in the demand for lead (which had been the city's chief income source during the early 19th century), Galena's population dropped from 14,000 in the mid-19th century, to 3,396 in the early 21st century.^[2][26]

Today

Main Street

Galena's official flag was adopted in 1976 to symbolize mining, agriculture, steamboats, and the nine American Civil War generals who lived in the city. Until the late 1980s, Galena remained a small rural farming community. In 1990, local industries included a Kraft Foods cheese plant, Lemfco Foundry, John Westwick's foundry, and Microswitch, Inc. In the 1980s, Galena Mayor Frank Einsweiler initiated a tourist campaign. Since that time the face of Galena has changed a great deal. Long-standing businesses in the downtown area including Stair's Grocery, Sullivan's Grocery, Clingman's Pharmacy, the oldest continuously operating pharmacy in Illinois, and Hartig Drug have closed their downtown locations. Clingman's and Hartig's have relocated to the outskirts of Galena, while Stair's and Sullivan's closed their doors permanently. In late 2010, Clingman's joined the Hartig's family and moved their pharmacy to Hartig's Drugs location along Highway 20.

The Country Fair in Grant Park has helped guide the change to a tourist town. It is a craft show that attracts thousands of visitors to the area. The once boarded-up Main Street buildings have also been given a rejuvenation in the past two decades. In 2010 Galena started a campaign called Vision2020, that is modeled after neighbor Dubuque, Iowa's Vision 2010, a committee which gives the community five ideas out of hundreds brought forth in the community that they want Galena to do in the next decade. In 2010, the 32nd annual Halloween Parade attendance was estimated at 15,000. In 2011, TripAdvisor listed Galena among its top-ten "Charming Small Towns".

Geography

US 20/IL 84 bridge over the Galena River

Galena is located at 42°25′5″N 90°25′53″W / 42.41806°N 90.43139°W / 42.41806; -90.43139 (42.418171, −90.431472)^[27] along the Galena River, which is one of many tributaries of the Mississippi River.^[14]

According to the 2010 census, Galena has a total area of 4.167 square miles (10.79 km²), of which 4.16 square miles (10.77 km²) (or 99.83%) is land and 0.007 square miles (0.02 km²) (or 0.17%) is water.^[28]

Galena is located in the Driftless Zone, an area that was not covered by glaciers during the recent ice ages.^[2] This area, which includes the far northwestern corner of Illinois, escaped glaciation, while almost the entire state was glaciated, nearly to its southern tip.^[29] Because it escaped glaciation, this area is known for its hills, valleys, bluffs and considerable exposed rock.^[2]

Horseshoe Mound is a hill located outside Galena that U.S. 20 winds around before entering Galena. The view from Horseshoe Mound is one of the most photographed spots in the city. It stands at 1,063 feet (324 m) above sea level.

Neighboring places

	Menominee	Hazel Green, Wisconsin	Scales Mound
	Mississippi River		The Galena Territory
		Galena
	Mississippi River	Hanover	Elizabeth

Climate

Galena has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfa), with cold winters, hot summers, and four seasons.^[30] Annual precipitation is about 36 inches.

Floodgates in downtown Galena

Photo of former Galena High School now a multi-family residential condominium building

Because of the city's proximity to the Galena River, buildings have been threatened on numerous occasions by flooding. Eventually Frank Einsweiler built a dike to prevent city flooding. Because of this, the bridge for Highway 20 crossing the river was named the Frank Einsweiler memorial bridge.^[32] Galena's Congressman, Leo E. Allen, helped acquire funding for city floodgates which were added in 1951 to connect to the river levee system.^[32] Significant recorded floods include:

• 1828 - In Galena's first recorded flood, water was high enough to allow steamboats to travel on city streets.^[32]
• 1937 - A flood inundated Main Street with up to five feet of water, causing serious damage to downtown buildings.^[32]
• 1972 - A storm upstream caused the flood gates to be closed but the river flooded the sewage treatment plan and backed up sanitary and storm sewers. Sand bags were placed around storm manholes to keep water from flooding the downtown with 3' of water.
• 1993 - Almost eight feet of water threatened downtown Galena, but was stopped by the city's floodgates. Late spring season rainfall led the Mississippi and Galena Rivers to their highest recorded levels.^[32][33]
• 2010 - On July 22, eight inches of rainfall in one night caused the river to swell to twice its usual level. The flood gates were closed, protecting downtown, but many businesses and homes reported damages to basements and lower levels. Had the flood gates not been in place, it was estimated that six feet of water would have covered Main Street. Damages were estimated between $7–8 million. President Obama declared the county a federal disaster area on Aug. 19.^[34]
• 2011 - In a 12-hour period between July 27 and July 28, Galena received between 10 and 15 inches of rain. The Galena River rose to more than twice its normal height and possibly its highest recorded level since the floodgates were erected. The Grant Park sign, built in the 19th century, was washed away and there were major damages to downtown businesses, the city's trail system and roads. Initial damage estimates were around $16 million.^[35]

Demographics

As of the census^[38] of 2010, there were 3,429 people, 1,632 households, and 896 families residing in the city. The population density was 819.4 people per square mile (358.2/km²). There were 1,960 housing units at an average density of 470.0 per square mile (188.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 93.6% White, 0.5% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 3.7% from other races, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.3% of the population.

There were 1,632 households out of which 20.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.0% were married couples living together, 8.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 45.1% were non-families. 39.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 19.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.05 and the average family size was 2.71.In the city the population was spread out with 19.5% under the age of 19, 4.2% from 20 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 29.5% from 45 to 64, and 24.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44.7 years. For every 100 females there were 93.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $45,409, and the median income for a family was $53,438. Males had a median income of $31,809 versus $30,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,117. About 5.9% of families and 7.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.8% of those under age 18 and 7.0% of those age 65 or over.

Culture

Panorama of Galena from the Levee, (left) Methodist Church Steeple, (center right) Lutheran Church Steeple, (right) Presbyterian Church Steeple

Tourism

Elihu Benjamin Washburne House, Third Street

Broadcasting host Don McNeill

Galena is a popular tourist destination hosting well over one million visitors each year.^[39] Galena is also popular with Chicagoans, many of whom keep second homes in the area.^[40][41]

Cityscape

85 percent of the structures in Galena are within the Galena Historic District, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and greatly contributes to the city's popularity.^[1] The Old Market House State Historic Site, built in 1845, is a museum of local social history. Main Street was one of the first in the state to require architectural review of exterior building modifications. Zoning restrictions against wood-structure buildings contributed to the prevalence of brick buildings. All along Main Street the architectural style and historic feel create a unique atmosphere. Efforts to improve the existing infrastructure while preserving the character of this neighborhood continued in 2003 with the adoption of a comprehensive plan. The plan outlines details on burying utilities, replacing parking with bike lanes and several beautification initiatives. This historic district has garnered the attention of dozens of volunteer groups who work to beautify and increase the utility of the area. As the premier street in the second most popular tourist destination in Illinois those planning Main Street must be focused on balancing new developments along the waterway, and the transition to commercial stores with the charm provided by natural areas and long standing businesses. Trolley Cars follow parade routes north and south on Main Street and connect shopping to parks and wineries. ^[42] Main Street in downtown Galena has a large number of specialty shops and restaurants and a winery. Galena's Saint Michael's Church was founded by the pioneer priest Father Samuel Mazzuchelli. The church is named after one of the three Archangels. Opened in 1855, the downtown DeSoto House Hotel is the oldest operating hotel in Illinois.^[43] There are also several resorts and golf courses in the Galena area.^[44][45]

Education

Dr. John O. Hancock opened the first school in September 1826.^[46] The Galena Academy followed in 1832.^[47] Galena is home to Galena High School and since 1992, Tri-State Christian School.^[48] Since 2007, Highland Community College has offered classes in the city.

Notable people

The nine generals

Ulysses S. Grant

Galena was the home to nine Civil War generals.^[49] Foremost among these is Grant, who first came to Galena with his wife Julia in 1860 to work in the family tannery and leather-good shop. A veteran of the Mexican–American War, Grant was called upon to raise a regiment of volunteers raised in Galena when the Civil War broke out in 1861. Through the support of local congressman Elihu B. Washburne, Grant became Galena's first general when promoted by Abraham Lincoln on May 17, 1861. Washburne later served a brief stint as Grant's Secretary of State and then as Minister to France. Victories at Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain prompted Lincoln to promote Grant to lieutenant general on March 3, 1864, giving him command of all Union Armies.

Grant returned victorious to Galena in 1865 and was offered a brick house, today recognized as the Ulysses S. Grant Home State Historic Site.^[50] He was selected as the candidate of the Republican Party for the 1868 presidential election. Grant was elected and served two four-year terms. He did not return to Galena. The Grants had four children: Frederick, Ulysses, Ellen, and Jesse. Frederick became a major general and served as Minister to Austria-Hungary. Ulysses, Jr., built the U.S. Grant Hotel in San Diego, California.

Augustus Louis Chetlain, who captained the regiment that Grant raised, was later brevetted to major general. Jeweler John E. Smith, who raised the 45th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment, was also brevetted a major general. Ely S. Parker drafted the Appomattox surrender terms of the Confederacy and was the only Native American general of the Union. President Grant appointed him Commissioner of Indian Affairs in 1869. John Aaron Rawlins, who served a term as city attorney in 1857, was brevetted in 1865 and briefly served as Grant's Secretary of War. Brevetted brigadier general John C. Smith later served as Illinois Treasurer, Lieutenant Governor, and Grand Master of the state Masonic order. Gunsmith Jasper A. Maltby was promoted to brigadier general in 1863 and John Duerr was brevetted in 1865. Duerr later served as mayor of Monticello, Iowa.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Galena, Illinois.

• Chestnut Mountain
• The Galena Territory

Citations

Galena Historical Society (June 21, 2006). "History Highlights". Retrieved April 13, 2007.www.galenahistorymuseum.org

References

• The History of Jo Daviess County, Illinois. Chicago, IL: H. F. Kett & Co. 1878. Retrieved November 15, 2014. 
• Walthall, John H. (1981). Galena and Aboriginal Trade in Eastern North America. Springfield, IL: Illinois State Museum. p. 3. ISBN 0-89792-090-2. Retrieved November 13, 2014. 

External links

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Galena (Illinois).

• Galena, Illinois travel guide from Wikivoyage
• City of Galena official website
• Galena Gazette newspaper

Municipalities and communities of Jo Daviess County, Illinois, United States
County seat: Galena
Cities	East Dubuque Galena
Villages	Apple River Elizabeth Hanover Menominee Nora Scales Mound Stockton Warren
Townships	Apple River Berreman Council Hill Derinda Dunleith East Galena Elizabeth Guilford Hanover Menominee Nora Pleasant Valley Rawlins Rice Rush Scales Mound Stockton Thompson Vinegar Hill Wards Grove Warren West Galena Woodbine
CDPs	Apple Canyon Lake The Galena Territory
Other unincorporated communities	Aiken Blanding Bremen Cattese Council Hill Elmoville Galena Junction Gears Ferry Guilford Massbach Morseville North Hanover Pleasant Valley Portage Rice Rodden Schapville Whitton Willow Winston Woodbine
Ghost town	Millville