Eye of Horus

This article is about the ancient Egyptian symbol. For the video game, see Eye of Horus (video game).
The Wedjat, later called The Eye of Horus
An Eye of Horus or Wedjat pendant

The Eye of Horus is an ancient Egyptian symbol of protection, royal power and good health. The eye is personified in the goddess Wadjet (also written as Wedjat,[1][2][3] or Udjat",[4] Uadjet, Wedjoyet, Edjo or Uto[5]). The Eye of Horus is similar to the Eye of Ra, which belongs to a different god, Ra, but represents many of the same concepts.

The name Wadjet is derived from "wadj" meaning "green", hence "the green one", and was known to the Greeks and Romans as "uraeus" from the Egyptian "iaret" meaning "risen one" from the image of a cobra rising up in protection.[6] Wadjet was one of the earliest of Egyptian deities who later became associated with other goddesses such as Bast, Sekhmet, Mut, and Hathor. She was the tutelary deity of Lower Egypt and the major Delta shrine the "per-nu" was under her protection.[6] Hathor is also depicted with this eye.[7]

Funerary amulets were often made in the shape of the Eye of Horus. The Wadjet or Eye of Horus is "the central element" of seven "gold, faience, carnelian and lapis lazuli" bracelets found on the mummy of Shoshenq II.[3] The Wedjat "was intended to protect the pharaoh [here] in the afterlife"[3] and to ward off evil. Ancient Egyptian and Middle-Eastern sailors would frequently paint the symbol on the bow of their vessel to ensure safe sea travel.[8]

Horus

Horus was the ancient Egyptian sky god who was usually depicted as a falcon, most likely a lanner or peregrine falcon.[9] His right eye was associated with the sun god, Ra. The eye symbol represents the marking around the eye of the falcon, including the "teardrop" marking sometimes found below the eye. The mirror image, or left eye, sometimes represented the moon and the god Djehuti (Thoth).[10]

D10
wedjet – Eye of Horus
in hieroglyphs

In one myth, when Set and Horus were fighting for the throne after Osiris's death, Set gouged out Horus's left eye. The majority of the eye was restored by either Hathor or Thoth (with the last portion possibly being supplied magically). When Horus's eye was recovered, he offered it to his father, Osiris, in hopes of restoring his life. Hence, the eye of Horus was often used to symbolise sacrifice, healing, restoration, and protection.[11]

As hieroglyph and symbol

There are seven different hieroglyphs used to represent the eye, most commonly "ir.t" in Egyptian, which also has the meaning "to make or do" or "one who does".[5] In Egyptian myth the eye was not the passive organ of sight but more an agent of action, protection or wrath.

The Eye of Horus was represented as a hieroglyph, designated D10 in Gardiner's sign list.[12] It is represented in the Unicode character block for Egyptian hieroglyphs as U+13080 (𓂀).[13]

Mathematics

Arithmetic values represented by parts of the Eye of Horus
Fractions drawn as portions of a square.

In Ancient Egyptian most fractions were written as the sum of two or more unit fractions (a fraction with 1 as the numerator), with scribes possessing tables of answers (see Rhind Mathematical Papyrus 2/n table).[14] Thus instead of  3⁄4, one would write  1⁄2 +  1⁄4.

Different parts of the Eye of Horus were thought to be used by the ancient Egyptians to represent one divided by the first six powers of two:[15]

The right side of the eye =  1⁄2
The pupil =  1⁄4
The eyebrow =  1⁄8
The left side of the eye =  1⁄16
The curved tail =  1⁄32
The teardrop =  1⁄64

The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus contains tables of "Horus Eye Fractions".[16]

Studies from the 1970s to this day in Egyptian mathematics have clearly shown this theory was fallacious and Jim Ritter definitely showed it to be false in 2003.[17] The evolution of the symbols used in mathematics, although similar to the different parts of the Eye of Horus, is now known to be distinct.

References

  1. ↑ Pommerening, Tanja, Die altägyptischen Hohlmaße (Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur, Beiheft 10), Hamburg, Helmut Buske Verlag, 2005
  2. ↑ Stokstad, Marilyn (2007). "Chapter 3: Art of Ancient Egypt". Art History. Volume 1 (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780131743205. OCLC 238783244.
  3. 1 2 3 Silverman, David P. Chapter 14 "Egyptian Art". Ancient Egypt. Duncan Baird Publishers, 1997. p. 228.
  4. ↑ Alessandro Bongioanni & Maria Croce (ed.), The Treasures of Ancient Egypt: From the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, Universe Publishing, a division of Rizzoli Publications Inc., 2003. p. 622. According to the editors, "Udjat" was the term for amulets which used the Eye of Horus design.
  5. 1 2 Butler, Edward P. "Wadjet". Goddesses and Gods of the Ancient Egyptians: A Theological Encyclopedia. Henadology: Philosophy and Theology. Retrieved October 4, 2010.
  6. 1 2 The Routledge Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, George Hart, ISBN 0-415-34495-6.
  7. ↑ "Lady of the West". Hethert.org. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
  8. ↑ Charles Freeman, The Legacy of Ancient Egypt, Facts on File, Inc. 1997. p. 91.
  9. ↑ Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003). The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt. Thames & Hudson. p. 202.
  10. ↑ "Eye of Horus, Eye of Ra (Udjat, Wedjet)". Symboldictionary.net. Retrieved 2012-01-17.
  11. ↑ Pinch, Geraldine (2004). Egyptian Mythology: A Guide to the Gods, Goddesses, and Traditions of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. pp. 131–132
  12. ↑ Allen, James P. (2000). Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. Cambridge University Press. p. 426
  13. ↑ http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U13000.pdf Unicode standard for Egyptian hieroglyphs]
  14. ↑ Zaslavsky, Claudia (1993). Multicultural Mathematics: Interdisciplinary Cooperative-Learning Activities, p.20. ISBN 9780825121814.
  15. ↑ Stewart, Ian (2009). Professor Stewart's Hoard of Mathematical Treasures. Profile Books. pp. 76–80. ISBN 978 1 84668 292 6.
  16. ↑ Hilary Wilson (1995). Understanding Hieroglyphs: A Complete Introductory Guide. London: Michael O'mara Books Ltd. p. 165
  17. ↑ Jim Ritter, « Closing the Eye of Horus: the Rise and Fall of 'Horus-Eye Fractions' », in Under One Sky: Astronomy and Mathematics in the ancient Near East, ed. J. Steele and A. Imhausen, Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2002, p. 297-323. See also V. Katz (ed.), The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007 et E. Robson & J. Stedall (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the History of Mathematics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
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