Exocarpos cupressiformis

Exocarpos cupressiformis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Core eudicots
Order: Santalales
Family: Santalaceae
Genus: Exocarpos
Species: E. cupressiformis
Binomial name
Exocarpos cupressiformis
Labill.

Exocarpos cupressiformis Labill, with common names that include native cherry, cherry ballart, and cypress cherry,[1] belongs to the sandalwood family of plants.[2] It is a species endemic to Australia. Occasionally the generic name is spelt "Exocarpus".[3][4] This form of the generic name was probably the original spelling,[3] but it appears to be mostly no longer in use.

Habitat

Plants are found in sclerophyll forest, especially in shallow soils,[5][6] and on granite outcrops[2] in eastern Australia. Their extensive habitat range is from Queensland[6] to Victoria,[2] from the coast to the leeward fringe of the Great Dividing Range,[6] and Tasmania.[7] In more southerly parts of South Australia plants are found in a number of isolated pockets of forest including in a band from the Mount Lofty Ranges, down the Fleurieu Peninsula to Kangaroo Island, in the southern parts of the Yorke Peninsula and the Eyre Peninsula and in the Mount Remarkable National Park area.[5][6]

The foliage is toxic to stock, which meant that most cherry ballart trees were removed from farming land.[8]

Habit

The cherry ballart superficially resembles the cypress.[2][5][6] It is a large shrub or small tree, 3 to 8 m (9.8 to 26.2 ft) tall, often pyramidal in shape. In the early stages of development,especially, the plants are hemiparasitic on the roots of other trees, particularly Eucalyptus[2][5][6][9] – hence the usefulness of shallow soils to establish this parasitism. More mature plants are less reliant on this parasitism once photosynthesis in their stems is well established.[8] The leaves are reduced to small scales; the green, drooping stems are the site of photosynthesis.[2][5][6][9] Its inconspicuous white flowers are arranged in clusters on short spikes 3–6 mm long.[6][9] Only one flower on each spike eventually forms a fruit.[2][6] The inedible fruit is a globular, hard, greenish nut, 4-6mm long, containing one seed. It is found on top of a short stalk, the pedicel. As the fruit develops the stalk swells to 5-6mm in diameter and turns red, to form the edible "cherry" (which lacks the hard stone of a real cherry).

The true, seed-like fruit (actually a nut containing the seed, like the acorn) is found on the outside of the fleshy false "fruit" (actually the stalk), hence the original name Exocarpus, from the Latin meaning outside the fruit.

Uses

Indigenous Australias used the wood of the plant to make spearthrowers as well as bull roarers.[10]

The pale wood is very fine-grained with little figure but often striking colour variation. The timber was historically used for making furniture, gun-stocks, and tool handles.[2][5] It is also suitable for carving and turning and so is also now used for producing decorative and ornamental pieces of art-work in the Arts and Crafts industries.[2]

The fleshy pedicel, the "cherry", is edible and so was used as food by indigenous Australians and by early European settlers. The "fruit" is picked when it is so ripe it is ready to fall from the tree. It may be eaten raw, or cooked.[8]

Early European settlers used branches as Christmas trees.[8]

Dispersal and propagation

Dispersal of the species is by birds attracted to the colourful pedicel to which the nut is attached. The digestive juices of the bird weaken the hard nut, allowing the internal seed to germinate more easily[8] Propagation of the species has proved to be difficult.[11]

References

  1. ↑ "Australian Plant Names Index". Retrieved 27 December 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cockrane, G R; Rotherham, E R; Willis, J H (1968). Australia Flora in Colour: Flowers and Plants of Victoria. A. H. and A. W. Reed. pp. 55, 76 (coloured photograph), 180.
  3. 1 2 "Timber Sample – Native Cherry, Exocarpus cupressiformis, Victoria, 1885". Museum Victoria. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  4. ↑ "Aboriginal Plant Use in SE Australia". Australian National Herbarium. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Australian Encyclopaedia. 2. Angus and Robertson Limited. 1926. p. 175.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Costermans, Leon (1983). Native Trees and Shrubs of South-Eastern Australia. Weldon Publishing. pp. 168–169 (coloured photograph).
  7. ↑ Jordan, Greg (2011). "Exocarpos cupressiformis". University of Tasmania. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Watson, Phil (September 2002). "Our Native Cherry". Australian Plants Online. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  9. 1 2 3 Beadle, N C W; Evans, O D; Carolin, R C (1962). Handbook of the Vascular Plants of the Sydney District and the Blue Mountain. Armidale, NSW: Brown Cem Print. p. 313.
  10. ↑ "Aboriginal Plant use and Technology" (PDF). Australian National Botanic Garden. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  11. ↑ Gardiner, Belinda (December 2002). "Propagation of Selected Understorey Species" (PDF). Department of Primary Industries. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
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