ESPRESSO

ESPRESSO spectrograph concept at the Preliminary Design Review.
ESPRESSO spectrograph optical design at the Preliminary Design Review.

ESPRESSO (Echelle SPectrograph for Rocky Exoplanet- and Stable Spectroscopic Observations)[1] is a third-generation, fiber fed, cross-dispersed, echelle spectrograph for the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope (VLT) is the successor of a line of echelle spectrometers (CORAVEL, Elodie, Coralie, HARPS). It measures changes in the light spectrum with great sensitivity, and will be used to search for Earth-like planets via the radial velocity method. For example, our Earth induces a radial-velocity variation of 9 cm/s on our Sun; this gravitational "wobble" causes minute variations in the color of sunlight, invisible to the human eye but detectable by the instrument.[2] The telescope light is fed to the instrument via a Coude-Train optical system and fibers. ESPRESSO is located in the VLT Combined-Coude Laboratory (incoherent focus) where a front-end unit can combine the light from up to 4 Unit Telescopes (UT) of the VLT.

ESPRESSO is scheduled to begin scientific operations in 2017.

Sensitivity

ESPRESSO will build on the foundations laid by the High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) instrument at the 3.6-metre telescope at ESO’s La Silla Observatory. ESPRESSO will benefit not only from the much larger combined light-collecting capacity of the four 8.2-metre VLT Unit Telescopes, but also from improvements in the stability and calibration accuracy that are now possible (for example, laser frequency comb technology). The requirement is to reach 10 cm/s,[3] but the aimed goal is to obtain a precision level of a few cm/s. This would mean a large step forward over current radial-velocity spectrographs like ESO's HARPS. The HARPS instrument can attain a precision of 97 cm/s (3.5 km/h),[4] with an effective precision of the order of 30 cm/s,[5] making it one of only two instruments worldwide with such accuracy. The ESPRESSO would greatly exceed this capability making detection of earth-like planets from ground based instruments possible. Installation and commissioning of ESPRESSO at the VLT is foreseen in 2016.[2]

The instrument is capable of operating in 1-UT mode (using one of the telescopes) and in 4-UT mode. In 4-UT mode, in which all the four 8-m telescopes are connected incoherently to form a 16-m equivalent telescope, the spectrograph will reach extremely faint objects.[2][6][7]

For example, (for G2V type stars):

ESPRESSO will focus the observations on the best-suited candidates: non-active, non-rotating, quiet G to M dwarfs. It will operate at the peak of its efficiency for a spectral type up to M4-type stars.

Instrument

ESPRESSO will use as calibration a laser frequency comb (LFC), with backup of two ThAr lamps. It will have three instrumental modes: singleHR, singleUHR and multiMR. In the singleHR mode ESPRESSO can be fed by any of the four UTs.[9]

Status

Engineering rendering of the ESPRESSO instrument[10]

The project is currently in its manufacturing phase. All design work is complete.[1] ESPRESSO first laboratory light occurred on June 3, 2016.[11]

Scientific Objectives

The main scientific drivers for ESPRESSO are:

These science cases require an efficient, high-resolution, extremely stable and accurate spectrograph.

Consortium

ESPRESSO is being developed by a consortium consisting of ESO and seven further scientific institutes:

Comparison between ESPRESSO and CODEX

ESPRESSO CODEX
Telescope VLT (8m) E-ELT (39m)
Scope Rocky planets Earth-like
Sky aperture 1 arcsec 0.80 arcsec
R ~200.000 150000
λ coverage 380 nm-780 nm nm 380–680 nm
λ precision 5 m/s 1 m/s
RV stability < 10 cm/s < 2 cm/s
4-VLT mode (D = 16 m) with RV = 1 m/s
Source:[8][12]

Radial velocity comparison tables

Planet Mass Distance
AU		 Radial velocity
(vradial)		 Note
Jupiter 1 28.4 m/s
Jupiter 5 12.7 m/s
Neptune 0.1 4.8 m/s
Neptune 1 1.5 m/s
Super-Earth (5 M⊕) 0.1 1.4 m/s
Alpha Centauri Bb (1.13 ± 0.09 M⊕) 0.04 0.51 m/s (1[13])
Super-Earth (5 M⊕) 1 0.45 m/s
Earth 0.04109589 0.30 m/s
Earth 1 0.09 m/s
Source: Luca Pasquini, power-point presentation, 2009[8] Notes: (1) Most precise vradial measurements ever recorded. ESO's HARPS spectrograph was used.[13][14]
Planets[8]
Planet Planet Type
Semimajor Axis
(AU)		 Orbital Period
Radial velocity
(m/s)		 Detectable by:
51 Pegasi b Hot Jupiter 0.05 4.23 days 55.9[15] First-generation spectrograph
55 Cancri d Gas giant 5.77 14.29 years 45.2[16] First-generation spectrograph
Jupiter Gas giant 5.20 11.86 years 12.4[17] First-generation spectrograph
Gliese 581c Super-Earth 0.07 12.92 days 3.18[18] Second-generation spectrograph
Saturn Gas giant 9.58 29.46 years 2.75 Second-generation spectrograph
Alpha Centauri Bb Terrestrial planet 0.04 3.23 days 0.510[19] Second-generation spectrograph
Neptune Ice giant 30.10 164.79 years 0.281 Third-generation spectrograph
Earth Habitable planet 1.00 365.26 days 0.089 Third-generation spectrograph (likely)
Pluto Dwarf planet 39.26 246.04 years 0.00003 Not detectable

MK-type stars with planets in the habitable zone

Stellar mass
(M☉)		 Planetary mass
(M⊕)		 Lum.
(L0)		 Type RHAB
(AU)		 RV
(cm/s)		 Period
(days)
0.10 1.0 8×10−4 M8 0.028 168 6
0.21 1.0 7.9×10−3 M5 0.089 65 21
0.47 1.0 6.3×10−2 M0 0.25 26 67
0.65 1.0 1.6×10−1 K5 0.40 18 115
0.78 2.0 4.0×10−1 K0 0.63 25 209
Source:[20]

See also

External links

References

  1. 1 2 "ESO - Espresso". Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  2. 1 2 3 "ESPRESSO - Searching for other Worlds". Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto. 2010-10-16. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
  3. ↑ Pepe, F.; Molaro, P.; Cristiani, S.; Rebolo, R.; Santos, N. C.; Dekker, H.; Mégevand, D.; Zerbi, F. M.; Cabral, A.; et al. (January 2014). "ESPRESSO: The next European exoplanet hunter". Astronomische Nachrichten. 335 (1): 8–20. arXiv:1401.5918Freely accessible. Bibcode:2014arXiv1401.5918P. doi:10.1002/asna.201312004.
  4. ↑ "32 planets discovered outside solar system - CNN.com". CNN. 19 October 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  5. ↑ "ESPRESSO – Searching for other Worlds". Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto. 16 December 2009. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
  6. ↑ "ESPRESSO: the Echelle spectrograph for rocky exoplanets and stable spectroscopic observations". American Institute of Physics. July 2010. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  7. ↑ "ESPRESSO: the Echelle spectrograph for rocky exoplanets and stable spectroscopic observations" (PDF). ESO. July 2010. Retrieved 2013-03-12.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "ESPRESSO and CODEX the next generation of RV planet hunters at ESO". Chinese Academy of Sciences. 2010-10-16. Archived from the original on July 4, 2011. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
  9. ↑ http://arxiv.org/abs/1401.5918 ESPRESSO: The next European exoplanet hunter
  10. ↑ "ESO Awards Contracts for Cameras for New Planet Finder". ESO Announcement. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  11. ↑ https://obswww.unige.ch/wordpress/espresso/2016/06/04/espresso-first-laboratory-light/
  12. ↑ http://arxiv.org/pdf/1401.5918v1.pdf
  13. 1 2 "Planet Found in Nearest Star System to Earth". European Southern Observatory. 16 October 2012. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
  14. ↑ Demory, Brice-Olivier; Ehrenreich, David; Queloz, Didier; Seager, Sara; Gilliland, Ronald; Chaplin, William J.; Proffitt, Charles; Gillon, Michael; Guenther, Maximilian N.; Benneke, Bjoern; Dumusque, Xavier; Lovis, Christophe; Pepe, Francesco; Segransan, Damien; Triaud, Amaury; Udry, Stephane (25 March 2015). "Hubble Space Telescope search for the transit of the Earth-mass exoplanet Alpha Centauri Bb". arXiv:1503.07528v1Freely accessible [astro-ph.EP].
  15. ↑ "51 Peg b". Exoplanets Data Explorer.
  16. ↑ "55 Cnc d". Exoplanets Data Explorer.
  17. ↑ Endl, Michael. "The Doppler Method, or Radial Velocity Detection of Planets". University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
  18. ↑ "GJ 581 c". Exoplanets Data Explorer.
  19. ↑ "alpha Cen B b". Exoplanets Data Explorer.
  20. ↑ "An NIR laser frequency comb for high precision Doppler planet surveys". Chinese Academy of Sciences. 2010-10-16. Retrieved 2010-10-16.
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