Dufaycolor
Dufaycolor is an early French and British additive color photographic film process for motion pictures and stills photography. It was based on a four-color screen photographic process invented in 1908 by Frenchman Louis Dufay. Dufaycolor worked on the same principles as the Autochrome process, but achieved its result using a slightly different method.[1]
Process
The film base was dyed blue, printed with a mosaic using a resistive greasy ink and bleached. The resulting spaces were then dyed green. The process was repeated at an angle, the new spaces being bleached and dyed red, forming a mosaic of color filters consisting of a mesh of red, green and blue lines, at approximately one million color elements per square inch, known as a reseau.[2] When exposed to light through the reseau, the film's emulsion was exposed to a single color of light. Thus the emulsion behind each color element recorded the tones for each primary color.[3]
Upon projection, the reseau served to filter the white projected light, so that the colors of the photograph corresponded to those in the recorded scene; for example, red values were only shown in red. The same principle applied to green and blue components.
Development
In 1926, the Dufaycolor process was purchased by British paper manufacturing firm Spicers. The firm then funded research to turn Dufaycolor into a workable color motion picture film process. In 1932, Spicers finally released Dufaycolor as a motion picture process.[4]
Use in motion pictures
Dufaycolor was used in only two British-made feature films; Radio Parade of 1935 (1934) for two sequences, and Sons of the Sea (1939), an all-color film directed by Maurice Elvey.[4] Dufaycolor was also used in some short films; Len Lye, for instance, used Dufaycolor for his short films Kaleidoscope (1935), A Colour Box (1935), and Swinging the Lambeth Walk (1940). The final minutes of the Italian aviation film The Thrill of the Skies (1939) was shot using the process. The process was also used by the GPO Film Unit for short documentaries such as How the Teleprinter Works (1940).[5]
Although less expensive than Technicolor, Dufaycolor was still expensive in comparison to black-and-white film. As color became more common in motion pictures, Dufaycolor was superseded by technologically superior processes, such as Technicolor and Kodachrome. Dufaycolor remained the only successfully implemented additive film stock for motion pictures until Polaroid designed a system using similar principles in the 1970s.[3]
See also
- Color motion picture film
- List of color film systems
- List of film formats
- Gasparcolor
- Early Color Feature Filmography
References
- ↑ "Image Forming Materials: Tint, Tone and Other Colour Processes". Australian National Film and Sound Archive. 2008. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
- ↑ Sowerby, A.L.M. (1961). Dictionary of Photography: A Reference Book for Amateur and Professional Photographers. London: Illife Books Ltd.
- 1 2 "Glossary - Dufaycolor (matrix illustration)". Screen Archive South East. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
- 1 2 "Dufaycolor - The Spectacle of Reality and British National Cinema". AHRB Centre for British Film and Television Studies. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
- ↑ J. Chambers, Dir., How the Teleprinter Works, GPO Film Unit, 1940; YouTube.
External links
- Dufaycolor on Timeline of Historical Film Colors, a comprehensive bibliography, many photographs of historical Dufaycolor films, patents, and links.
- Color Photography - Dufaycolor, a 1938 article on the process.
- Dufaycolor - The Spectacle of Reality and British National Cinema, a recent article on the process and the history of its use.
