Doping at the Olympic Games

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History

The use of performance-enhancing tactics or more formally known as PEDs, and more broadly, the use of any external device to nefariously influence the outcome of a sporting event has been a part of the Olympics since its inception in Ancient Greece. One speculation as to why men were required to compete naked was to prevent the use of extra accoutrements and to keep women from competing in events specifically designed for men.^[1] Athletes were also known to drink "magic" potions and eat exotic meats in the hopes of given them an athletic edge on their competition.^[2] If they were caught cheating, their likenesses were often engraved into stone and placed in a pathway that led to the Olympic stadium.^[1] In the modern Olympic era, chemically enhancing one's performance has evolved into a sophisticated science, but in the early years of the Modern Olympic movement the use of performance-enhancing drugs was almost as crude as its ancient predecessors.

During the early 20th century, many Olympic athletes discovered ways to practically improve their athletic abilities by having testosterone. For example, the winner of the marathon at the 1904 Games, Thomas Hicks, was given strychnine and brandy by his coach, even during the race.^[3] As these methods became more extreme, it became increasingly evident that the use of performance-enhancing drugs was not only a threat to the integrity of sport but could also have potentially fatal side effects on the athlete. The only Olympic death linked to athletic drug use occurred at the Rome Games of 1960. During the cycling road race, Danish cyclist Knud Enemark Jensen fell from his bicycle and later died. A coroner's inquiry found that he was under the influence of amphetamine, which had caused him to lose consciousness during the race.^[4] Jensen's death exposed to the world how endemic drug use was among elite athletes.^[5] By the mid–1960s, sports federations were starting to ban the use of performance-enhancing drugs, and the IOC followed suit in 1967.^[6]

The first Olympic athlete to test positive for the use of performance-enhancing drugs was Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall, a Swedish pentathlete at the 1968 Summer Olympics, who lost his bronze medal for alcohol use.^[7] Liljenwall was the only athlete to test positive for a banned substance at the 1968 Olympics, as the technology and testing techniques improved, the number of athletes discovered to be chemically enhancing their performance increased as well.

The most systematic case of drug use for athletic achievement is that of the East German Olympic teams of the 1970s and 1980s. In 1990, documents were discovered that showed many East German female athletes, especially swimmers, had been administered anabolic steroids and other drugs by their coaches and trainers. Girls as young as eleven were started on the drug regimen without consent from their parents. American female swimmers, including Shirley Babashoff, accused the East Germans of using performance-enhancing drugs as early as the 1976 Summer Games.^[8] Babashoff's comments were dismissed by the international and domestic media as sour grapes since Babashoff, a clear favorite to win multiple gold medals, won three silver medals - losing all three times to either of the two East Germans Kornelia Ender or Petra Thümer, and one gold medal in a relay. There was no suspicion of cheating on the part of the East German female swimmers even though their medal tally increased from four silvers and one bronze in 1972 to ten golds (out of a possible 12), six silvers, and one bronze in 1976. No clear evidence was discovered until after the fall of the Berlin Wall, when the aforementioned documents proved that East Germany had embarked on a state-sponsored drug regimen to dramatically improve their competitiveness at the Olympic Games and other international sporting events. Many of the East German authorities responsible for this program have been subsequently tried and found guilty of various crimes in the German penal system.^[9][10]

A very publicized steroid-related disqualification at an Olympic Games was the case of Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson, who won the Men's 100 metres at the 1988 Seoul Olympics, but tested positive for stanozolol. His gold medal was subsequently stripped and awarded to runner-up Carl Lewis, who himself had tested positive for banned substances prior to the Olympics, but had not been banned due to a lack of consistency in the application of the rules. At that time National Olympic Committees had leeway to determine whether a specific athlete met the criteria to be banned from Olympic competition.^[11]

Response

In the late 1990s, the IOC took the initiative in a more organized battle against doping, leading to the formation of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) in 1999. The 2000 Summer Olympics and 2002 Winter Olympics have shown that the effort to eliminate performance-enhancing drugs from the Olympics is not over, as several medalists in weightlifting and cross-country skiing were disqualified due to failing a drug test. During the 2006 Winter Olympics, only one athlete failed a drug test and had a medal revoked. The IOC-established drug testing regimen (now known as the "Olympic Standard") has set the worldwide benchmark that other sporting federations attempt to emulate.^[12] During the Beijing games, 3,667 athletes were tested by the IOC under the auspices of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Both urine and blood testing was used in a coordinated effort to detect banned substances and recent blood transfusions. While several athletes were barred from competition by their National Olympic Committees prior to the Games, six athletes failed drug tests while in competition in Beijing.^[13][14]

Prohibited drugs

Summer Olympic Games

What follows is a list of all the athletes that have tested positive for a banned substance either during or after an Olympic Games in which they competed. Any medals listed were revoked by the International Olympic Commission (IOC). In 1967 the IOC banned the use of performance-enhancing drugs, instituted a Medical Commission, and created a list of banned substances.^[15] Mandatory testing began at the following year's Games.^[15]

1968 Mexico City

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals
Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall	Sweden	Modern pentathlon	Ethanol	03 ! (team)

1972 Munich

Name	Country	Sport	Anti-doping rule violation	Medals	Ref.
Bakaava Buidaa	Mongolia	Judo	Caffeine	02 ! (63 kg)	[16]
Miguel Coll	Puerto Rico	Basketball	Amphetamine		[16][17]
Rick DeMont	United States	Swimming	Ephedrine	01 ! (men's 400 m freestyle)	[16]
Aad van den Hoek	Netherlands	Cycling	Coramine	03 ! (100 km team race)	[16]
Jaime Huélamo	Spain	Cycling	Coramine	03 ! (individual road race)	[16]
Walter Legel	Austria	Weightlifting	Amphetamine		[16]
Mohammad Reza Nasehi	Iran	Weightlifting	Ephedrine		[16]

1976 Montreal

Name	Country	Sport	Anti-doping rule violation	Medals	Ref.
Blagoi Blagoev	Bulgaria	Weightlifting	Anabolic steroid	02 ! (82.5 kg)	[16]
Mark Cameron	United States	Weightlifting	Anabolic steroid		[16]
Paul Cerutti	Monaco	Shooting	Amphetamine		[16]
Dragomir Ciorosian	Romania	Weightlifting	Fencamfamine		[16]
Philippe Grippaldi	United States	Weightlifting	Anabolic steroid		[16]
Zbigniew Kaczmarek	Poland	Weightlifting	Anabolic steroid	01 ! (67.5 kg)	[16]
Valentin Khristov	Bulgaria	Weightlifting	Anabolic steroid	01 ! (110 kg)	[16]
Lorne Liebel	Canada	Sailing	Phenylpropanolamine		[16]
Arne Norrback	Sweden	Weightlifting	Anabolic steroid		[16]
Peter Pavlasek	Czechoslovakia	Weightlifting	Anabolic steroid		[16]
Danuta Rosani	Poland	Athletics	Anabolic steroid		[16][18]

1980 Moscow

Though no athletes were caught doping at the 1980 Summer Olympics, it has been claimed that athletes had begun using testosterone and other drugs for which tests had not been yet developed. A 1989 report by a committee of the Australian Senate claimed that "there is hardly a medal winner at the Moscow Games, certainly not a gold medal winner...who is not on one sort of drug or another: usually several kinds. The Moscow Games might well have been called the Chemists' Games".^[19]

A member of the IOC Medical Commission, Manfred Donike, privately ran additional tests with a new technique for identifying abnormal levels of testosterone by measuring its ratio to epitestosterone in urine. Twenty percent of the specimens he tested, including those from sixteen gold medalists would have resulted in disciplinary proceedings had the tests been official.^[19] The results of Donike's unofficial tests later convinced the IOC to add his new technique to their testing protocols.^[20] The first documented case of "blood doping" occurred at the 1980 Summer Olympics as a runner was transfused with two pints of blood before winning medals in the 5000 m and 10,000 m.^[21]

1984 Los Angeles

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals	Ref.
Serafim Grammatikopoulos	Greece	Weightlifting	Nandrolone
Vésteinn Hafsteinsson	Iceland	Athletics	Nandrolone		[18]
Tomas Johansson	Sweden	Wrestling	Methenolone	02 ! (super-heavy)
Stefan Laggner	Austria	Weightlifting	Nandrolone
Göran Pettersson	Sweden	Weightlifting	Nandrolone
Eiji Shimomura	Japan	Volleyball	Testosterone
Mikiyasu Tanaka	Japan	Volleyball	Ephedrine
Ahmed Tarbi	Algeria	Weightlifting	Nandrolone
Mahmud Tarha	Lebanon	Weightlifting	Nandrolone
Giampaolo Urlando	Italy	Athletics	Testosterone		[18]
Martti Vainio	Finland	Athletics	Methenolone	02 ! (10,000 m)	[18]
Anna Verouli	Greece	Athletics	Nandrolone		[18]

The organizers of the Los Angeles games had refused to provide the IOC doping authorities with a safe prior to the start of the games. Due to a lack of security, medical records were subsequently stolen.^[19] A 1994 letter from IOC Medical Commission chair Alexandre de Mérode claimed that Tony Daly, a member of the Los Angeles organizing committee had destroyed the records.^[19] Dick Pound later wrote of his frustration that the organizing committee had removed evidence before it could be acted on by the IOC. Pound also claimed that IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch and Primo Nebiolo, President of the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) had conspired to delay the announcement of positive tests so that the games could pass without controversy.^[19]

The American cyclist Pat McDonough later admitted to "blood doping" at the 1984 Los Angeles Games.^[22] Following the games it was revealed that one-third of the U.S. cycling team had received blood transfusions before the games, where they won nine medals, their first medal success since the 1912 Summer Olympics.^[22] "Blood doping" was banned by the IOC in 1985, though no test existed for it at the time.^[22]

1988 Seoul

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals	Ref.
Alidad	Afghanistan	Wrestling	Furosemide
Kerrith Brown	Great Britain	Judo	Furosemide
Kalman Csengeri	Hungary	Weightlifting	Stanozolol
Mitko Grablev	Bulgaria	Weightlifting	Furosemide	01 ! (56 kg)
Angell Guenchev	Bulgaria	Weightlifting	Furosemide	01 ! (67.5 kg)
Ben Johnson	Canada	Athletics	Stanozolol	01 ! (men's 100 m)	[18]
Fernando Mariaca	Spain	Weightlifting	Pemoline
Jorge Quesada	Spain	Modern pentathlon	Propanolol
Andor Szanyi	Hungary	Weightlifting	Stanozolol	02 ! (100 kg)
Alexander Watson	Australia	Modern Pentathlon	Caffeine

1992 Barcelona

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals	Ref.
Madina Biktagirova	Unified Team	Athletics	Norephedrine		[18]
Wu Dan	China	Volleyball	Strychnine
Bonnie Dasse	United States	Athletics	Clenbuterol		[18]
Jud Logan	United States	Athletics	Clenbuterol		[18]
Nijolė Medvedeva	Lithuania	Athletics	Mesocarb		[18]

1996 Atlanta

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals	Ref.
Antonella Bevilacqua	Italy	Athletics	Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine		[18][23]
Dean Capobianco	Australia	Athletics	Stanozolol		[18][23]
Sandra Farmer-Patrick	United States	Athletics	Testosterone		[18][24]
Daniel Plaza	Spain	Athletics	Nandrolone		[18][25][26]
Iva Prandzheva	Bulgaria	Athletics	Metadienone		[18][27]
Mary Slaney	United States	Athletics	Testosterone		[18][28]
Natalya Shekhodanova	Russia	Athletics	Stanozolol		[18][27][29]

Five athletes tested positive for the stimulant bromantan and were disqualified by the IOC, but later reinstated after an appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport: swimmers Andrey Korneyev and Nina Zhivanevskaya, Greco-Roman wrestler Zafar Guliyev and sprinter Marina Trandenkova, all from Russia, and the Lithuanian track cyclist Rita Razmaitė. Dr. Vitaly Slionssarenko, physician to the Lithuanian cycling team and team coach Boris Vasilyev were expelled from the games.^[30][31][32] The CAS overturned the IOC decision, because bromantan had only recently been added to the prohibited list,^[27] and the athletes and officials were reprimanded.^[33][34][35] The Russians had argued that bromantans wasn't a stimulant and thus not banned.^[36][37]

The Irish long-distance runner Marie McMahon (Davenport) got a reprimand after testing positive for the stimulant phenylpropanolamine,^[27][38][39] and Cuban judoka Estella Rodriguez Villanueva got a reprimand after she tested positive for the diuretic furosemide.^[27]

2000 Sydney

Tim Montgomery, who was part of the USA Men's 4 × 100 m relay team which won the gold, in 2008 admitted that he had used Testosterone and HGH before the Sydney Games, and said “I have a gold medal that I’m sitting on that I didn’t get with my own ability”.^[40] IOC at the time said they would look into the case,^[41] but no action has since been taken by IOC to disqualify Montgomery from the Games.

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals	Ref.
Fritz Aanes	Norway	Wrestling	Norandrosterone and noretiochdandone
Lance Armstrong	United States	Cycling (Road race and Time trial)	Investigation concluded 2012: Use, Possession, Trafficking, Administration of Prohibited Substances and Methods and Assisting, Encouraging, Aiding, Abetting, Covering Up or any other type of complicity involving one or more anti-doping rule violations and/or attempted anti-doping rule violations.	03 ! (Time trial)
Ashot Danielyan	Armenia	Weightlifting	Stanozolol	03 ! (+105 kg)
Izabela Dragneva	Bulgaria	Weightlifting	Furosemide	01 ! (48 kg)
Stian Grimseth	Norway	Weightlifting	Nandrolone
Ivan Ivanov	Bulgaria	Weightlifting	Furosemide	02 ! (56 kg)
Marion Jones	United States	Athletics	THG	01 ! (women's 100 m), 01 ! (women's 200 m), 01 ! (women's 4x400 m relay), 03 ! (women's long jump), 03 ! (women's 4x100 m relay)	[18]
Alexander Leipold	Germany	Wrestling	Nandrolone	01 ! (76 kg)
Sevdalin Minchev	Bulgaria	Weightlifting	Furosemide	03 ! (62 kg)
Antonio Pettigrew	United States	Athletics	EPO and HGH	01 ! (men's 4 × 400 m relay)	[18]
Svetlana Pospelova	Russia	Athletics	Stanozolol		[18][42]
Oyuunbilegiin Pürevbaatar	Mongolia	Wrestling	Furosemide
Andreea Răducan	Romania	Gymnastics	Pseudophedrine[43]	01 ! (women's individual all-round)
Andris Reinholds	Latvia	Rowing	Nandrolone
Jerome Young	United States	Athletics	Nandrolone	01 ! (men's 4 × 400 m relay)	[18]

2004 Athens

Name	Country	Sport	Anti-doping rule violation	Medals	Ref.
Wafa Ammouri	Morocco	Weightlifting	Anabolic steroid		[44]
Adrián Annus	Hungary	Athletics	Falsified test result, evasion of doping control	01 ! (men's hammer throw)	[18][44]
Ludger Beerbaum	Germany	Equestrian	Betamethasone (to horse Goldfever)	01 ! (team jumping)
Yuriy Bilonog	Ukraine	Athletics	Oxandrolone (positive after retest in 2012)	01 ! (men's shot put)	[18][45][46]
Zhanna Block	Ukraine	Athletics	BALCO investigation		[18]
Andrew Brack	Greece	Baseball	Stanozolol (pre-Games test)		[47]
Viktor Chislean	Moldova	Weightlifting	Anabolic steroid		[44]
Crystal Cox	United States	Athletics	Anabolic agents and hormones (investigation completed 2010)	01 ! (women's 4 × 400 m relay)	[18][48]
Róbert Fazekas	Hungary	Athletics	Refused to submit sample	01 ! (men's discus throw)	[18][44][49]
Mabel Fonseca	Puerto Rico	Wrestling	Stanozolol		[44]
Anton Galkin	Russia	Athletics	Stanozolol		[18][44]
Ferenc Gyurkovics	Hungary	Weightlifting	Oxandrolone	02 ! (105 kg)	[44]
Tyler Hamilton	United States	Cycling	Use of prohibited substances and methods (self admission)	01 ! (men's road time trial)	[50]
Marion Jones	United States	Athletics	BALCO investigation		[18]
Zoltan Kecskes	Hungary	Weightlifting	Anabolic steroid		[44]
Konstantinos Kenteris	Greece	Athletics	Evasion of doping control		[44][49]
Albina Khomic	Russia	Weightlifting	Testosterone		[44]
Aye Khine Nan	Myanmar	Weightlifting	Anabolic steroid		[44]
Irina Korzhanenko	Russia	Athletics	Stanozolol	01 ! (women's shot put)	[18][44][49]
Zoltán Kovács	Hungary	Weightlifting	Refused to submit sample		[44]
Svetlana Krivelyova	Russia	Athletics	Oxandrolone (positive after retest in 2012)	03 ! (women's shot put)	[18][46][51][52]
Pratima Kumari Na	India	Weightlifting	Anabolic steroid		[44]
Aleksey Lesnichiy	Belarus	Athletics	Clenbuterol		[18][44][49]
David Munyasia	Kenya	Boxing	Cathine		[44]
Derek Nicholson	Greece	Baseball	Diuretic (pre-Games test)		[47]
Cian O'Connor	Ireland	Equestrian	Antipsychotics (to horse Waterford Crystal)	01 ! (individual jumping)
Olena Olefirenko	Ukraine	Rowing	Ethamivan	03 ! (women's quadruple sculls)	[44]
Oleg Perepetchenov	Russia	Weightlifting	Clenbuterol (positive after retest in 2012)	03 ! (62 kg)	[53][54]
Duane Ross	United States	Athletics	BALCO investigation		[18]
Leonidas Sampanis	Greece	Weightlifting	Testosterone	03 ! (62 kg)	[44]
Thinbaijam Sanamcha Chanu	India	Weightlifting	Furosemide		[44]
Mital Sharipov	Kyrgyzstan	Weightlifting	Furosemide		[44]
Olga Shchukina	Uzbekistan	Athletics	Clenbuterol		[18][44][49]
Şule Şahbaz	Turkey	Weightlifting	Anabolic steroid		[44]
Ekaterini Thanou	Greece	Athletics	Evasion of doping control		[44][49]
Ivan Tsikhan	Belarus	Athletics	Methandienone (positive after retest in 2012)	02 ! (men's hammer throw)	[18][46]
Irina Yatchenko	Belarus	Athletics	Methandienone (positive after retest in 2012)	03 ! (women's discus throw)	[18][46]

2008 Beijing

"Zero Tolerance for Doping" was adopted as an official slogan for the Beijing Olympic Games.^[55] A number of athletes were already eliminated by testing prior to coming to Beijing.^[55]

Out of the 4,500 samples that were collected from participating athletes at the games, six athletes with positive specimens were ousted from the competition. It is possible that further positive tests may still be found as samples are sealed and frozen for eight years. It is unclear who remains in charge of these samples, the host or the IOC. The quality of testing was questioned when the BBC reported that samples positive for EPO were labeled as negative by Chinese laboratories in July.^[56] The rate of positive findings is lower than at Athens four years ago, but it cannot be deduced that the prevalence of doping has decreased; possibly, doping technology has become more sophisticated and a number of drugs cannot be detected.^[55][56][57]

In May 2016, following the Russian doping scandal, the IOC announced that 32 targeted retests had come back positive for performance-enhancing drugs, of which Russian News Agency TASS announced that 14 were from Russian athletes, 11 of them track and field athletes, including 2012 Olympic champion high jumper Anna Chicherova. Authorities have sent the B-samples for confirmation testing. Those confirmed as having taken doping agents stand to lose records and medals from the 2008 games to 2016 under IOC and WADA rules.^[58]

On 18 June 2016, the IWF reported that as a consequence of the IOC's reanalyses of samples from the 2008 Olympic Games, the samples of the following seven weightlifters had returned positive results: Hripsime Khurshudyan (Armenia), Intigam Zairov (Azerbaijan), Alexandru Dudoglo (Moldova), gold medalist Ilya Ilyin (Kazakhstan), bronze medalist Nadezda Evstyukhina and silver medalist Marina Shainova (both from Russia), and Nurcan Taylan (Turkey). In line with the relevant rules and regulations, the IWF imposed mandatory provisional suspensions upon the athletes. Zairov and Ilyin had been serving previous suspensions.^[59] In November 2016, Ilyin was stripped of the gold medal.^[60]

On 22 July 2016, Sibel Özkan (TUR) was disqualified due to an anti-doping rule violation and stripped of her silver medal.^[61] Medals have not been reallocated as yet.

On 28 July 2016, it was announced that retests of samples from the 2008 Summer Olympics detected a positive sample for performance-enhancing drugs from Aksana Miankova of Belarus, who won a gold medal in the women's hammer throw.^[62][63] There have been no decisions about stripping and reallocation of medals as yet.

On 16 August 2016, the Russian women's 4 × 100 metres relay team was disqualified for doping. Russian teammates were stripped of their gold Olympic medals, as Yuliya Chermoshanskaya had her samples reanalyzed and tested positive for two prohibited substances.^[64] The IAAF was requested to modify the results accordingly and to consider any further action within its own competence.^[65]

On 19 August 2016, the Russian women's 4 × 400 metres relay team was disqualified for doping.^[66] Russian teammates were stripped of their silver Olympic medals, as Anastasiya Kapachinskaya had her samples reanalyzed and tested positive for the same two prohibited substances as Chermoshanskaya.^[67]

On 24 August 2016, the IWF reported that as a consequence of the IOC's reanalyses of samples from the 2008 Olympic Games, the samples of the following athletes had returned positive results: Nizami Pashayev (Azerbaijan), Iryna Kulesha, Nastassia Novikava, Andrei Rybakou (all from Belarus), Cao Lei, Chen Xiexia, Liu Chunhong (all from China), Mariya Grabovetskaya, Maya Maneza, Irina Nekrassova, Vladimir Sedov (all from Kazakhstan), Khadzhimurat Akkaev, Dmitry Lapikov (both from Russia), and Natalya Davydova and Olha Korobka (both from Ukraine). In line with the relevant rules and regulations, the IWF imposed mandatory provisional suspensions upon the athletes, who remain provisionally suspended in view of potential anti-doping rule violations until their cases are closed.^[68]

On 29 August 2016, some non-official reports indicated that Artur Taymazov of Uzbekistan had been stripped of the 2008 Olympic gold medal in the freestyle wrestling 120 kg event due to a positive test for doping.^[69]

On 31 August 2016, the IOC disqualified six sportspeople for failing doping tests at the 2008 Games. They included three Russian medalists: weightlifters Nadezhda Evstyukhina (bronze medal in the women's 75 kg event), Marina Shainova (silver medal in the women's 58 kg event), and Tatyana Firova, who finished second with teammates in the 4 × 400 m relay. Bronze medal weightlifter Tigran Martirosyan of Armenia (men's 69 kg event) and fellow weightlifters Alexandru Dudoglo (9th place) of Moldova and Intigam Zairov (9th place) of Azerbaijan were also disqualified.^[70]

On 1 September 2016, the IOC disqualified a further two athletes. Cuban discus thrower Yarelys Barrios, who won a silver medal in the women's discus, was disqualified after testing positive for Acetazolamide and ordered to return her medal. Qatari sprinter Samuel Francis, who finished 16th in the 100 meters, was also disqualified after testing positive for Stanozolol.^[71]

On 13 September 2016, four more Russian athletes were disqualified for doping offenses. Two of those were medalists from the 2008 Summer Olympics: silver medalist Mariya Abakumova in the women's javelin throw and Denis Alekseyev, who was part of the bronze medal team in the men's 4 × 400 m relay. Inga Abitova, who finished 6th in the 10,000 meters, and cyclist Ekaterina Gnidenko also tested positive for a banned substance and were disqualified. ^[72]

On 23 September 2016, some non-official reports indicate wrestler Vasyl Fedoryshyn of Ukraine has been stripped of the 2008 Olympic silver medal in the freestyle 60 kg event due to a positive test for doping.^[73]

On 6 October 2016, the IOC disqualified Anna Chicherova of the Russian Federation for testing positive for performance-enhancing drugs. She won a bronze medal in the women's high jump. Russia would likely keep the bronze medal, as the fourth-place athlete in the competition was also from Russia.^[74] Through 6 October 2016, the IOC has reported Adverse Analytical Findings for 25 weightlifters from its 2016 retests of samples from the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, all but three of whom tested positive for anabolic agents (three Chinese weightlifters were positive for growth hormones).^[75]

On 26 October 2016, the IOC disqualified nine more athletes for failing drugs tests at the 2008 Games. Among them were six medal winners: weightlifters Andrei Rybakou and Nastassia Novikava, both from Belarus, and Olha Korobka of Ukraine; women’s steeplechase bronze medalist Ekaterina Volkova of Russia; and freestyle wrestlers Soslan Tigiev of Uzbekistan and Taimuraz Tigiyev of Kazakhstan. The others were men’s 62kg weightlifter Sardar Hasanov of Azerbaijan, long jumper Wilfredo Martinez of Cuba, and 100m-hurdler Josephine Nnkiruka Onyia of Spain.^[76]

On 17 November 2016, the IOC disqualified 16 more athletes for failing drugs tests at the 2008 games. Among them were 10 medal winners: weightlifters Khadzhimurat Akkayev and Dmitry Lapikov and wrestler Khasan Baroyev from the Russian Federation, weightlifters Mariya Grabovetskaya, Irina Nekrassova and wrestler Asset Mambetov from Kazakhstan, weightlifter Nataliya Davydova and pole vaulter Denys Yurchenko from Ukraine, long/triple jumper Hrysopiyí Devetzí of Greece and wrestler Vitaliy Rahimov of Azerbaijan. The others were women’s 75kg weightlifter Iryna Kulesha of Belarus, women’s +63kg weightlifter Maya Maneza of Kazakhstan, women's high jumper Vita Palamar of Ukraine, men’s 94kg weightlifter Nizami Pashayev of Azerbaijan, men’s 85kg weightlifter Vladimir Sedov of Kazakhstan, and women’s high jumper Elena Slesarenko of the Russian Federation.^[77]

Disqualified

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals	Details
Christian Ahlmann	Germany	Equestrian	Capsaicin
Bernardo Alves	Brazil	Equestrian	Capsaicin
Yarelys Barrios	Cuba	Athletics Discus	Acetazolamide	02 !	IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[78]
Lyudmila Blonska	Ukraine	Athletics	Methyltestosterone	02 ! (heptathlon)	IOC post-event testing[18][79]
Yuliya Chermoshanskaya	Russia	Athletics 200 m 4 × 100 metres relay	Stanozolol & dehydrochlormethyltestosterone	01 ! (4 × 100 metres relay)	IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[80]
Hrysopiyi Devetzi	Greece	Athletics Triple jump Long jump	Stanozolol	03 ! (Triple jump)	IAAF re-analysis of sample from the 2007 World Athleics Championships with results from 31 August 2007 to 30. August 2009 annulled[81]
Alexandru Dudoglo	Moldova	Weightlifting 69 kg	Stanozolol		IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[82]
Nadezhda Evstyukhina	Russia	Weightlifting 75 kg	Dehydrochlormethyltestosterone & EPO	03 !	IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[82]
Tatyana Firova	Russia	Athletics 400 m 4 × 400 metres relay	Dehydrochlormethyltestosterone & 3a-hydroxy-5a-androst-1-en-17-one	02 ! (4 × 400 metres relay)	IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[82]
Samuel Adelebari Francis	Qatar	Athletics 100 m 200 m	Stanozolol		IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[78]
Tony André Hansen	Norway	Equestrian	Capsaicin	03 ! (team jumping)
Alissa Kallinikou	Cyprus	Athletics	Testosterone		In competition test in July 2008[18][83]
Anastasia Kapachinskaya	Russia	Athletics 400 m 4 × 400 metres relay	Stanozolol & dehydrochlormethyltestosterone	02 ! (4 × 400 metres relay)	IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[84]
Kim Jong-su	North Korea	Shooting	Propranolol	03 ! (men's 10 m air pistol), 02 ! (50 m pistol)
Courtney King	United States	Equestrian	Felbinac
Hripsime Khurshudyan	Armenia	Weightlifiting 75 kg	Stanozolol		IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[85]
Denis Lynch	Ireland	Equestrian	Capsaicin
Tigran Gevorg Martirosyan	Armenia	Weightlifting 69 kg	Stanozolol & dehydrochlormethyltestosterone	03 !	IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[82]
Andrei Mikhnevich	Belarus	Athletics	Retest of sample from 2005 WCh: Clenbuterol, Methandienone and Oxandrolone	03 ! (men's shotput)	IAAF retest of sample from the 2005 IAAF World Championships. All results from August 2005 onwards annulled.[18][86][87]
Tezdzhan Naimova	Bulgaria	Athletics	Tampering with doping control		IAAF out-of-competition test in June 2008.[18][83]
Vanja Perisic	Croatia	Athletics	CERA		IOC re-analysis of sample in 2009[18][88]
Rodrigo Pessoa	Brazil	Equestrian	Nonivamide
Alexander Pogorelov	Russia	Athletics Decathlon	Dehydrochlormethyltestosterone		IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[84]
Rashid Ramzi	Bahrain	Athletics	CERA	01 ! (men's 1500 m)	IOC re-analysis of sample in 2009[18][88]
Igor Razoronov	Ukraine	Weightlifting	Nandrolone		[89]
Davide Rebellin	Italy	Cycling	CERA	02 ! (men's road race)	IOC re-analysis of sample in 2009[88]
Russia's women's 4 × 100 meter relay team	Russia	Athletics 4 × 100 metres relay	Stanozolol & dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (Yuliya Chermoshanskaya)	01 !	IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[90]
Russia's women's 4 × 400 meter relay team	Russia	Athletics 4 × 400 metres relay	Stanozolol & dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (Anastasia Kapachinskaya) Dehydrochlormethyltestosterone & 3a-hydroxy-5a-androst-1-en-17-one (Tatyana Firova)	02 !	IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[91][82]
Stefan Schumacher	Germany	Cycling	CERA		AFDL re-analysis of sample from 2008 Tour de France in autumn of 2008 and IOC re-analysis of sample from 2008 Olympic Games in 2009[88]
Adam Seroczyński	Poland	Canoeing	Clenbuterol
Marina Shainova	Russia	Weightlifting 58 kg	Stanozolol and dehydrochlormethyltestosterone	02 !	IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[82]
Nurcan Taylan	Turkey	Weightlifiting 48 kg	Stanozolol		IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[85]
Do Thi Ngan Thuong	Vietnam	Gymnastics	Furosemide
Athanasia Tsoumeleka	Greece	Athletics	CERA		IOC re-analysis of sample in 2009[18][88]
Intigam Zairov	Azerbaijan	Weightlifting 85 kg	Dehydrochlormethyltestosterone		IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[82]
Ivan Yushkov	Russia	Athletics Shot put	Stanozolol, oxandrolone & Dehydrochlormethyltestosterone		IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[84]
Sibel Özkan	Turkey	Weightlifiting 48 kg	Stanozolol	02 !	IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[92]

Did not start

Athletes who were selected for the Games, but provisionally suspended before competing.

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Details
Fani Halkia	Greece	Athletics	Methyltrienolone	Pre-Games testing in Japan[93][94][95]
Maria Isabel Moreno	Spain	Cycling	Erythropoietin	Pre-Games testing in Olympic village, Beijing[96]

2012 London

It was announced prior to the Summer games that half of all competitors would be tested for drugs, with 150 scientists set to take 6,000 samples between the start of the games and the end of the Paralympic games.^[97] All medalists would also be tested. The Olympic anti-doping laboratory would test up to 400 samples every day for more than 240 prohibited substances.^[97]

The head of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), John Fahey, announced on 24 July that 107 athletes had been sanctioned for doping offences in the six months to June 19.^[98] The "In-competition" period began on July 16. During the "In-competition" period Olympic competitors can be tested at any time without notice or in advance.^[99]

British sprinter Dwain Chambers, cyclist David Millar and shot putter Carl Myerscough^[100] competed in London after the British Olympic Association's policy of punishing drug cheats with lifetime bans was overturned by the Court of Arbitration for Sport.^[97]

Gold medallists at the games who had been involved in previous doping offences included Alexander Vinokourov, the winner of the men's road race,^[101] Tatyana Lysenko, the winner of the women's hammer throw, Aslı Çakır Alptekin winner of the women's 1500 meters and Sandra Perković, winner of the women's discus throw.^[102][103] Other competitors at the Summer games involved in previous doping cases included American athletes Justin Gatlin and LaShawn Merritt,^[104] and Jamaican sprinter Yohan Blake.^[105]

Spanish athlete Ángel Mullera was first selected for the 3000 m steeplechase and later removed when emails were published in which he discussed EPO use with a trainer.^[106] Mullera appealed to CAS which ordered the Spanish Olympic Committee to allow him to participate.^[107]

Prior to the Olympic competition, several prominent track and field athletes were ruled out of the competition due to failed tests. World indoor medallists Dimitrios Chondrokoukis, Debbie Dunn, and Mariem Alaoui Selsouli were withdrawn from their Olympic teams in July for doping, as was 2004 Olympic medallist Zoltán Kővágó.^{[108][109][110]} At the Olympic competition, Tameka Williams admitted to taking a banned stimulant and was removed from the games.^[111] Ivan Tsikhan did not compete in the hammer throw as a retest of his sample from the 2004 Athens Olympics, where he won silver, was positive.^[112] Amine Laâlou,^[113] Marina Marghieva,^[114] Diego Palomeque,^[115] and defending 50 km walk champion Alex Schwazer were also suspended before taking part in their events.^[116]

Syrian hurdler Ghfran Almouhamad became the first track-and-field athlete to be suspended following a positive in-competition doping sample.^[117] Nadzeya Astapchuk was stripped of the women's shot put title after her sample came back positive for the banned anabolic agent metenolone.^[118] Karin Melis Mey was withdrawn before the long jump final when an earlier failed doping test was confirmed.^[119]

A WADA report released in 2015 detailed an extensive Russian state-sponsored doping program implicating athletes, coaches, various Russian institutions, doctors and labs. The report stated that the London Olympic Games "were, in a sense, sabotaged by the admission of athletes who should have not been competing" and detailed incidents of bribery and bogus urine samples. The report recommended that Russia be barred from track and field events for the 2016 Olympics. It also recommended lifetime bans for five coaches and five athletes from the country, including runners Mariya Savinova, Ekaterina Poistogova, Anastasiya Bazdyreva, Kristina Ugarova, and Tatjana Myazina.^[120][121]

On 15 June 2016, it was announced that four London 2012 Olympic weightlifting champions have tested positive for performance-enhancing drugs. They include Kazakhstan's Ilya Ilyin (94 kg), Zulfiya Chinshanlo (53 kg), Maiya Maneza (63 kg) and Svetlana Podobedova (75 kg). If confirmed, Kazakhstan would drop from 12th to 23rd in the 2012 medal standings. Six other lifters who competed at the 2012 Games also tested positive after hundreds of samples were reanalysed. Among them are Russia's Apti Aukhadov (silver at 85 kg), Ukraine's Yuliya Kalina (bronze at 58 kg), Belarusian Maryna Shkermankova (bronze at 69 kg), Azerbaijan's Boyanka Kostova and Belarus duo Dzina Sazanavets and Yauheni Zharnasek.^[122] On 27 July 2016, IWF has reported in the second wave of re-sampling that three silver medalists from Russia, namely Natalia Zabolotnaya (at 75 kg), Aleksandr Ivanov (at 94 kg) and Svetlana Tsarukayeva (at 63 kg), together with bronze medalists Armenian Hripsime Khurshudyan (at 75+ kg), Belarusian Iryna Kulesha (at 75 kg) and Moldovan Cristina Iovu (at 53 kg) have tested positive for steroid dehydrochlormethyltestosterone.^[123] Aukhadov was stripped of his silver medal by the IOC on 18 October 2016.^[124] On 27 October 2016 Maiya Maneza was stripped of her gold medal.^[125] In November 2016, Ilyin was stripped of the London gold medal.^[60]

On 13 July 2016, the IOC announced that Yuliya Kalina of Ukraine has been disqualified from the 2012 Summer Olympics and ordered to return the bronze medal from the 58 kg weightlifting event. Reanalysis of Kalina's samples from London 2012 resulted in a positive test for the prohibited substance dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (turinabol).^[126] The positions were adjusted accordingly.^[127]

On 9 August 2016, the IOC announced that Oleksandr Pyatnytsya of Ukraine would be stripped of his silver medal in the javelin throw after he tested positive for the prohibited substance dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (turinabol).^[128] Redistribution of medals has not yet been announced, but the likely case is the silver and bronze medals will be given to Finland and Czech Republic instead.^[129]

On 20 August 2016, the IOC announced that Yevgeniya Kolodko of Russia would be stripped of her silver medal in shot put after she tested positive of dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (turinabol) and ipamorelin.^[130] Medals are not reallocated yet.

On 29 August 2016, a report indicated that a retested sample for Besik Kudukhov of Russia, the silver medalist in the men's 60 kg freestyle wrestling event, had returned a positive result (later disclosed as dehydrochlormethyltestosterone).^[131] Kudakhov died in a car crash in December 2013. On 27 October 2016, the IOC dropped all disciplinary proceedings against Kudukhov, stating that such proceedings cannot be conducted against a deceased person. As a result, it said, Olympic results that would have been reviewed will remain uncorrected, which is the unavoidable consequence of the fact that the proceedings cannot move forward.^[132]

On 13 September 2016, the IWF reported that the men's 94 kg weightlifting bronze medalist, Moldova's Anatolie Cîrîcu, had tested positive for the dehydrochlormethyltestosterone.^[133]

On 6 October 2016, the IWF reported that as a consequence of the IOC's reanalyses of samples from the 2012 Olympic Games, a sample of Norayr Vardanyan, who represented Armenia, had returned a positive result. In line with the relevant rules and regulations, the IWF imposed mandatory provisional suspensions upon Vardanyan, who remains provisionally suspended until his case is closed.^[134] Through 6 October 2016, the IOC has reported Adverse Analytical Findings for 23 weightlifters from its 2016 retests of samples from the 2012 London Olympic Games, all of whom tested positive for anabolic agents.^[135]

On 11 October 2016, Tatyana Lysenko of the Russian Federation was disqualified from the women's hammer throw, in which she won the gold medal. She had tested positive for a banned substance. The IOC requested the IAAF to modify the results of this event accordingly. The silver medalist Anita Włodarczyk of Poland would likely take the gold medal in her place.^[136]

On 18 October 2016, the IOC disqualified Apti Aukhadov of the Russian Federation for doping and stripped him of the silver medal.^[137] The IOC requested the IWF to modify the results of this event accordingly; it has not yet published modified results.^[127]

On 18 October 2016, the IOC reported that Maksym Mazuryk of Ukraine, who competed in the Men’s Pole Vault event, was disqualified from the 2012 London Games, in which he ranked 18th. Re-analysis of Mazuryk’s samples resulted in a positive test for dehydrochlormethyltestosterone.

On 27 October 2016 the IOC disqualified a further eight athletes for failing doping tests at the games. This included four medal winners in weightlifting: Zulfiya Chinshanlo, Maiya Maneza and Svetlana Podobedova, all from Kazakhstan, and Maryna Shkermankova of Belarus. The others were hammer thrower Kirill Ikonnikov of Russia, women’s 69kg weightlifter Dzina Sazanavets of Belarus, pole vaulter Dmitry Starodubtsev of Russia, and men’s +105kg weightlifter Yauheni Zharnasek of Belarus.^[125]

On 21 November 2016 the IOC disqualified a further 12 athletes for failing doping tests at the games. This included 6 medal winners in weightlifting, including Alexandr Ivanov (Russia), Anatoli Ciricu (Moldova), Cristina Iovu (Moldova), Nataliya Zabolotnaya (Russia), Iryna Kulesha (Belarus), and Hripsime Khurshudyan (Armenia).^[138] Moldova has lost all its 2012 London medals.

Disqualified

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals	Details of test
Hussain Al-Hamdah	Saudi Arabia	Athletics 5000 metres	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 26 March 2009 onwards.[18][139]
Ghfran Almouhamad	Syria	Athletics 400 metres hurdles	Methylhexaneamine		IOC pre-competition testing at 2012 Summer Olympics[18][140]
Elena Arzhakova	Russia	Athletics 800 metres	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 12 July 2011 onwards.[18][141][142]
Sergey Bakulin	Russia	Athletics 50 km race walk	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2016 w/results annulled from 25 February 2011 to 24 December 2012.[143][144]
Olga Beresnyeva	Ukraine	Swimming Open water	EPO		Retesting in 2015 of samples from IOC pre-Games testing in Ukraine[145][146]
Valeriy Borchin	Russia	Athletics 20 km race walk	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2016 w/results annulled from 14 August 2009 to 15 October 2012.[143][144]
Abderrahime Bouramdane	Morocco	Athletics Marathon	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 14 April 2011 onwards.[143][147]
Yolanda Caballero	Colombia	Athletics Marathon	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w/results annulled from 24 October 2011 onwards.[143][147]
Aslı Çakır-Alptekin	Turkey	Athletics 1500 metres	Biological passport abnormalities	01 !	IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 29 July 2010 onwards.[148][149]
Nicholas Delpopolo	United States	Judo	Cannabis		IOC post-event testing at 2012 Summer Olympics.[150]
Bahar Doğan	Turkey	Athletics Marathon	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 3 June 2011 onwards.[143][147]
Marta Domínguez	Spain	Athletics Steeplechase	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 5 August 2009 onwards.[143][151][152]
Hamza Driouch	Qatar	Athletics 1500 metres	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 2 Aug. 2012 onwards.[18][153][154]
Tyson Gay	United States	Athletics 100 metres 4 × 100 meters	Anabolic androgenic steroids	02 ! (4 × 100 meters)	USADA investigation after positive for anabolic androgenic ateroids in 2013; admittance.[18][155][156][157]
Yelizaveta Grechishnikova	Russia	Athletics 10,000 metres	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 18 August 2009 onwards.[18][142][158]
Semoy Hackett	Trinidad and Tobago	Athletics 100 metres 200 metres 4 × 100 metres relay	Methylhexaneamine		Positive from Division I Outdoor Track & Field Championships in June 2012[18][159][160]
Tetyana Hamera-Shmyrko	Ukraine	Athletics Marathon	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 26 August 2011 onwards.[143][147]
Hassan Hirt	France	Athletics 5000 metres	EPO		IOC pre-Games testing.[18][161]
Yuliya Kalina	Ukraine	Weightlifting 58 kg	Dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (Oral Turinabol)	03 !	IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016.[162]
Vladimir Kanaikin	Russia	Athletics 20 km race walk	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2016 w/results annulled from 25 February 2011 to 17 December 2012.[143][144]
Olga Kaniskina	Russia	Athletics 20 km race walk	Biological passport abnormalities	02 !	IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2016 w/results annulled from 15 August 2009 to 15 October 2012.[143][144]
Natallia Kareiva	Belarus	Athletics 1500 metres	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w/results annulled from 28 July 2010 onwards.[18][142][163][164]
Ümmü Kiraz	Turkey	Athletics Marathon	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 3 June 2011 onwards.[143][147]
Sergey Kirdyapkin	Russia	Athletics 50 km race walk	Biological passport abnormalities	01 !	IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2016 w/results annulled from 20 August 2009 to 15 October 2012.[143][144]
Blaža Klemenčič	Slovenia	Cycling MTB	EPO		UCI reanalysis of sample from 27 March 2012 in 2015. All results annulled from 27 March 2012 until 31 December 2012.[165]
Yekaterina Kostetskaya	Russia	Athletics 1500 metres	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w/results annulled from 30 August 2011 onwards.[18][166][167]
Pavel Kryvitski	Belarus	Athletics Hammer throw	Stanozolol & dehydrochlormethyltestosterone		IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[85]
Zalina Marghieva	Moldova	Athletics Hammer throw	2009 WCh retest: Stanozolol, Oral Turinabol		IAAF retesting of samples from 2009 IAAF World Championships[18][168]
Karin Melis Mey	Turkey	Athletics Long jump	Testosterone		Positive from the 2012 European Athletics Championships in June.[18][168] Provisionally suspended after the qualifying round at the Games.
Andrei Mikhnevich	Belarus	Athletics Shot put	2005 WCh retest: Clenbuterol, Methandienone and Oxandrolone		IAAF retest of sample from the 2005 IAAF World Championships. All results from August 2005 onwards annulled.[18][86]
Anna Mishchenko	Ukraine	Athletics 1500 m	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 28 June 2012 onwards.[143][147]
Semiha Mutlu	Turkey	Athletics 20 km race walk	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 20 August 2011 onwards.[143][147]
Nadzeya Ostapchuk	Belarus	Athletics Shot put	Methenolone	01 !	IOC post-event testing at 2012 Summer Olympics (two separate positive samples).[18][169]
Darya Pishchalnikova	Russia	Athletics Discus throw	Oxandrolone	02 !	Random out of competition test in May 2012. All her results (Including those at the 2012 Summer Olympics) since May 2012 were annulled by the IAAF in April 2013.[18][170]
Hysen Pulaku	Albania	Weightlifting	Stanozolol		IOC pre-competition testing at 2012 Summer Olympics.[101]
Oleksandr Pyatnytsya	Ukraine	Athletics Javelin throw	Dehydrochlormethyltestosterone	02 !	IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016[85]
Meliz Redif	Turkey	Athletics 4 x 400 metres	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 26 June 2012 onwards.[143][147]
Pınar Saka	Turkey	Athletics 400 metres 4 x 400 metres	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w/results annulled from 18 June 2010 onwards.[18][142][171]
Mohammed Shaween	Saudi Arabia	Athletics 1500 metres	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w/results annulled from 12 June 2011 onwards.[18][166][167]
Anzhelika Shevchenko	Ukraine	Athletics 1500 metres	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 2 July 2011 onwards.[18][142]
Liliya Shobukhova	Russia	Athletics Marathon	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 9 October 2009 onwards.[172][173]
Svitlana Shmidt	Ukraine	Athletics Steeplechase	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 8 March 2012 onwards.[18][174][175][176]
Soslan Tigiev	Uzbekistan	Wrestling	Methylhexaneamine	03 !	IOC post-event testing at 2012 Summer Olympics.[177]
USA's men's 4 × 100 m. relay team	United States	Athletics 4 × 100 meters	Anabolic androgenic steroids (Tyson Gay)	02 !	USADA investigation after Tyson Gays positive for Anabolic Androgenic Steroids in 2013; admittance.[18][155][156][157]
Binnaz Uslu	Turkey	Athletics Steplechase	2011 WCh retest: Stanozolol		IAAF retest of sample from 2011 World Championships[18][168][178]
Wang Jiali	China	Athletics Marathon	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2014 w/results annulled from 29 May 2012 onwards.[18][179]
Norayr Vardanyan	Armenia	Weightlifting 94 kg	Dehydrochlormethyltestosterone (Oral Turinabol)		IOC re-analysis of sample in 2016.[134]
Nevin Yanit	Turkey	Athletics 100 metres hurdles	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2015 w/results annulled from 28 June 2012 onwards.[18][180][181][182]
Igor Yerokhin	Russia	Athletics 50 km walk	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 25 February 2011 onwards.[18][183]
Lyudmyla Yosypenko	Ukraine	Athletics Heptathlon	Biological passport abnormalities		IAAF sanction imposed 2013 w/results annulled from 25 August 2011 onwards.[18][168]
Yuliya Zaripova	Russia	Athletics 3000 metres steeplechase	Biological passport abnormalities	01 !	IAAF/CAS sanction imposed 2016 w/results annulled from 20 July 2011 to 25 July 2013.[143][144]

Did not start

Athletes who were selected for the Games, but provisionally suspended before competing.

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals	Details of test
Victoria Baranova	Russia	Cycling Track - sprint (	Testosterone		IOC pre-Games testing in Belarus[184]
Kissya Cataldo	Brazil	Rowing Single sculls	EPO		International Rowing Federation pre-Games testing in Brazil[104][185]
Luiza Galiulina	Uzbekistan	Gymnastics	Furosemide		IOC pre-Games testing in Uzbekistan.[186]
Amine Laâlou	Morocco	Athletics 1500 metres	Furosemide		IAAF post-competition testing at Diamond League meeting in Monte Carlo.[187]
Marina Marghieva (Marina Nichișenco)	Moldova	Athletics Hammer throw	Stanozolol		IOC pre-Games testing.[18][188][168]
Diego Palomeque	Colombia	Athletics 400 metres	Exogenous testosterone		IOC pre-competition testing at 2012 Summer Olympics.[189]
Alex Schwazer	Italy	Athletics 50 km walk	EPO		IOC pre-Games testing in Italy.[190]
Tameka Williams	Saint Kitts and Nevis	Athletics 100 metres	"Blast Off Red"		Did not fail test but confessed to have used an illegal "veterinary medicine".[191]

2016 Rio de Janeiro

More than 90 competitors at the games had previously been punished for doping offences; these included the American sprinter Justin Gatlin and the Russian swimmer Yuliya Yefimova.^[192] The winner of the Men's 77kg weightlifting contest, the Kazakhstani weightlifter Nijat Rahimov, had previously been banned for 2 years for doping.^[193]

The Taiwanese weightlifter Lin Tzu-chi was withdrawn from the games hours before her event by her country's delegation for an abnormal drugs test.^[193]

The Kenyan athletics coach John Anzrah, who travelled to Rio independently of his country's delegation was sent home after being caught posing as an athlete during a doping test.^[194] This followed the sending home of Kenya's track and field manager Michael Rotich who was filmed by a newspaper offering to give athletes advanced notice of any pending drugs test in return for a one-off payment.^[195]

On October 13, 2016, the IWF reported that weightlifter Gabriel Sincraian of Romania, who won bronze in the men's 85-kg event, tested positive for excess testosterone in a test connected to the Rio Olympics.^[196]

Disqualified

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals	Details of test
Izzat Artykov	Kyrgyzstan	Weightlifting 69 kg	Strychnine	03 ! (69 kg)	Positive test for strychnine and forfeiture of medal announced by CAS.[197]
Chen Xinyi	China	Swimming 100 metre butterfly	Hydrochlorothiazide		Tested positive for the diuretic hydrochlorothiazide; applied for B sample to be tested and hearing to be held.[198]
Anastassya Kudinova	Kazakhstan	Athletics 400 metres	Drostanolone		Out-of-competition test in Almaty, Kazakhstan on 13 July 2016[81]
Kléber Ramos	Brazil	Cycling Road race	CERA		IOC pre-games test 31 July and out-of-competition test (blood and urine) 4 August.[199] Provisionally suspended by UCI on 12 August.[200]
Serghei Tarnovschi	Moldova	Canoeing C-1 1000 metres C-2 1000 metres	GHRP-2	03 ! (C-1 1000 metres)	Result from pre-game test. Provisionally suspended on 18 August.[201][202]
Chagnaadorj Usukhbayar	Mongolia	Weightlifting 56 kg	Exogenous testosterone		IOC out-of-competition test on 7. August.[203]

Did not start

Athletes who were selected for the Games, but provisionally suspended before competing.

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Details of test
Silvia Danekova	Bulgaria	Athletics Steeplechase	EPO	Provisionally suspended after a failed A-sample test given a few days after arriving in Brazil.[204]
Theodora Gianeni	Greece	Swimming 50 metre freestyle		Sent home from the Olympics on the day of the opening ceremony after failing a pre-games test conducted in July.[205][206]
Antonis Martasidis	Cyprus	Weightlifting 85 kg		Sent home from the Olympics after failing a pre-games test conducted on 25 July.[205]
Michael O'Reilly	Ireland	Boxing Middleweight	not disclosed	O'Reilly admitted to taking a dietary supplement given to him by someone unrelated to his team or association.[207]
Narsingh Pancham Yadav	India	Wrestling Freestyle 74 kg	Methandienone	Originally cleared to compete by the National Anti-doping Agency of India after failed tests on 25 June and 5 July. Appeal by WADA was upheld by CAS on 18 August, with a 4 years suspension handed down.[208]
Adrian Zieliński	Poland	Weightlifting 94 kg	Nandrolone	[209]
Tomasz Zieliński	Poland	Weightlifting 94 kg	Nandrolone	Sent home from the Olympics after failing a test conducted at the Polish Championships in July.[209]

Winter Olympic Games

1968 Grenoble

No athletes were caught doping at these Games.

1972 Sapporo

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals
Alois Schloder	West Germany	Ice hockey	Ephedrine

1976 Innsbruck

Name	Country	Sport	Anti-doping rule violation	Medals	Ref.
Galina Kulakova	Soviet Union	Cross-country skiing	Ephedrine	03 ! (5 km)	[16]
Frantisek Pospisil	Czechoslovakia	Ice hockey	Codeine, Morphine		[16][210][211]
Dr. Otto Trefny	Czechoslovakia	Ice hockey	Administration of prohibited substances to Frantisek Pospisil. Banned from the Olympic Games for life.		[16][210][211]

1980 Lake Placid

No athletes were caught using performance-enhancing drugs at these Games.

1984 Sarajevo

The Finnish cross-country skier Aki Karvonen admitted in 1994 that he'd had blood transfusions for the Sarajevo Games.^[212] Blood transfusions weren't formally banned by IOC until 1986. Karvonen won a silver and two bronze at the games.

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals
Pürevjavyn Batsükh	Mongolia	Cross-country skiing	Methandienone

1988 Calgary

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals
Jaroslaw Morawiecki	Poland	Ice hockey	Testosterone

1992 Albertville

No athletes were caught using performance-enhancing drugs at these Games. The Russian biathlete Sergei Tarasov admitted in 2015 that the Russian biathlon team had carried out illegal blood transfusions at the Games. Something went very wrong with his transfusion, and he was rushed to the hospital where they saved his life.^[213]

1994 Lillehammer

No athletes were caught using performance-enhancing drugs at these Games

1998 Nagano

No athletes were caught using performance-enhancing drugs at these games. The Canadian snowboarder Ross Rebagliati, winner of the men's giant slalom, was initially disqualified and stripped of his gold medal by the International Olympic Committee's Executive Board after testing positive for marijuana.^[214] Marijuana was not then on the list of prohibited substances by the IOC, and their decision was reversed by the Court of Arbitration for Sport and Rebagliati's medal reinstated.^{[214][215][216]}

2002 Salt Lake City

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals
Natalia Baranova-Masalkina	Russia	Cross-country skiing	WADA pre-Games test: EPO[217]
Alain Baxter	Great Britain	Alpine skiing	Methamphetamine	03 ! (slalom)
Olga Danilova	Russia	Cross-country skiing	Darbepoetin	01 ! (10 km pursuit), 02 ! (10 km)
Larisa Lazutina	Russia	Cross-country skiing	Darbepoetin	01 ! (30 km), 01 ! (10 km), 02 ! (15 km freestyle)
Marc Mayer	Austria	Cross-country skiing	Possession of blood-transfusion equipment[218][219]
Walter Mayer	Austria	Cross-country skiing/Biathlon	Austrian cross-country/biathlon team coach, performed blood transfusions on Marc Mayer and Achim Walcher.[218][219]
Johann Mühlegg	Spain	Cross-country skiing	Darbepoetin	01 ! (50 km), 01 ! (30 km freestyle), 01 ! (20 km pursuit)
Volker Müller	Austria	Cross-country skiing/Biathlon	German chiropractor working for the Austrian cross-country/biathlon team, involved in the blood transfusions on Marc Mayer and Achim Walcher.[218][219]
Vasily Pankov	Belarus	Ice hockey	Nandrolone
Achim Walcher	Austria	Cross-country skiing	Possession of blood-transfusion equipment[218][219]

2006 Turin

On 25 April 2007, six Austrian athletes were banned for life from the Olympics for their involvement in a doping scandal at the 2006 Turin Olympics, the first time the IOC punished athletes without a positive or missed doping test. The Austrians were found guilty of possessing doping substances and taking part in a conspiracy, based on materials seized by Italian police during a raid on the athletes' living quarters. The Austrians also had their competition results from Turin annulled.^[220] A seventh athlete, cross-country skier Christian Hoffmann, had his case referred to the International Ski Federation for further investigation, but IOC charges were dismissed.^[221][222]

The IOC has retested nearly 500 doping samples that were collected at the 2006 Turin Games. In 2014, the Estonian Olympic Committee was notified by the IOC that a retested sample from cross-country skier Kristina Šmigun had tested positive. On 24 October 2016, the World Anti-Doping Agency Athletes' Commission stated that Šmigun, who won two gold medals at the Turin Games, faces a Court of Arbitration for Sport hearing before the end of October. If Šmigun were to be stripped of her gold medals, Kateřina Neumannová of Czech Republic could be elevated to gold in the 7.5 + 7.5 km double pursuit event. Marit Bjørgen of Norway could acquire a seventh gold medal in the 10 km classical event.^[223]

Did not start

On 13 February 2006, the Brazilian Olympic Committee announced that Armando dos Santos' preventive antidoping test, which had been done in Brazil on 4 January 2006, was positive for the forbidden substance nandrolone. Santos was ejected from the team, being replaced by former sprinter Claudinei Quirino, the team's substitute athlete.^[224]

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals
Armando dos Santos	Brazil	Bobsleigh	nandrolone[224]

Disqualified during the Games

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals
Olga Pyleva	Russia	Biathlon	Carphedon[225]	02 ! (15 km)

Disqualified after the Games

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals
Roland Diethard	Austria	Cross country skiing	Possession of a prohibited substance or method[226]
Johannes Eder	Austria	Cross country skiing	Possession and use or attempted use of a prohibited substance or method[226]
Wolfgang Perner	Austria	Biathlon	Possession of a prohibited substance or method[220]
Jürgen Pinter	Austria	Cross country skiing	Possession of a prohibited substance or method[227]
Wolfgang Rottmann	Austria	Biathlon	Possession of a prohibited substance or method[220]
Martin Tauber	Austria	Cross country skiing	Possession of a prohibited substance or method[226]

2010 Vancouver

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals
Kornelia Marek	Poland	Cross-country skiing	Erythropoietin[228]

2014 Sochi

According to the director of the country’s antidoping laboratory at the time, Grigory Rodchenkov, dozens of Russian athletes at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, including at least 15 medal winners, were part of a state-run doping program, meticulously planned for years to ensure dominance at the Games. ^[229]

Name	Country	Sport	Banned substance	Medals	Details of test
Nicklas Bäckström	Sweden	Ice hockey	Pseudoephedrine[230]	02 ! Awarded despite the doping violation.[231]
Johannes Dürr	Austria	Cross-country skiing	Erythropoietin[232]
Ralfs Freibergs	Latvia	Ice hockey	Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone[233]
William Frullani	Italy	Bobsleigh	Methylhexanamine[234][235]
Marina Lisogor	Ukraine	Cross-country skiing	Trimetazidine[236][237]
Alexandr Loginov	Russia	Biathlon	EPO		Positive after IBU re-tested sample from 26 November 2013. All results from that date onwards annulled.[238]
Vitalijs Pavlovs	Latvia	Ice hockey	Methylhexanamine[239]
Evi Sachenbacher-Stehle	Germany	Biathlon	Methylhexanamine[234][240]
Serguei Sednev	Ukraine	Biathlon	EPO		Positive after IBU re-tested sample from 22 January 2013. All results from that date onwards annulled.[241]
Daniel Zalewski	Poland	Bobsleigh	Stimulant[242]

See also

• List of sporting scandals
• List of stripped Olympic medals
• List of doping cases in cycling
• List of doping cases in sport
• World Anti-Doping Agency
• Technology doping

References

External links

• Olympic Movement Anti-doping Code