Dolores del Río

Dolores del Río
Dolores del Río in a publicity photo (1933)
Born	María de los Dolores Asúnsolo y López-Negrete (1904-08-03)August 3, 1904 Durango City, Durango, Mexico
Died	April 11, 1983(1983-04-11) (aged 78) Newport Beach, California, U.S.
Cause of death	Liver disease
Resting place	The Rotunda of Illustrious Persons, Dolores Cemetery, Mexico City, Mexico
Occupation	Actress
Years active	1925–1978
Spouse(s)	Jaime Martínez del Río (m. 1921; div. 1928) Cedric Gibbons (m. 1930; div. 1940) Lewis A. Riley (m. 1959; her death 1983)
Partner(s)	Orson Welles (1940–1943)
Parent(s)	Jesus Leonardo Asúnsolo Jacques Antonia López-Negrete
Relatives	Ramon Novarro [cousin] (1899–1968) Andrea Palma [cousin] (1903–1987)
Signature

Dolores del Río (Spanish pronunciation: [doˈloɾes del ˈrio]; born María de los Dolores Asúnsolo López-Negrete; August 3, 1904^[1] – April 11, 1983), was a Mexican actress. She was the first major female Latin cross-over star in Hollywood,^[2][3][4][5] with an outstanding career in American films in the 1920s and 1930s. She was also considered one of the more important female figures of the Golden Age of Mexican cinema in the 1940s and 1950s.^[6] Del Río is remembered as one of the most beautiful faces of the cinema in her time.^[7] Her long and varied career spanned silent film, sound film, television, stage and radio.

After being discovered in Mexico by the filmmaker Edwin Carewe, she began her film career in 1925. She had roles in a series of successful silent films like What Price Glory? (1926), Resurrection (1927) and Ramona (1928). During this period she came to be considered a sort of feminine version of Rudolph Valentino, a "female Latin Lover".^[8] With the advent of sound, she acted in films that included Bird of Paradise (1932), Flying Down to Rio (1933), Madame Du Barry (1934) and Journey into Fear (1943). In the early 1940s, when her Hollywood career began to decline, del Río returned to Mexico and joined the Mexican film industry, which at that time was at its peak.

When del Río returned to her native country, she became one of the more important promoters and stars of the called Golden Age of Mexican cinema. A series of films, including Wild Flower (1943), María Candelaria (1943), Las Abandonadas (1944), Bugambilia (1944) and The Unloved Woman (1949), are considered classic masterpieces and they helped boost Mexican cinema worldwide. Del Río remained active in Mexican films throughout the 1950s. She also worked in Argentina and Spain.

In 1960 she returned to Hollywood. During the next years she appeared in Mexican and American films. Since the late 1950s, until the early 1970s, she also ventured successfully in theater in Mexico and appeared in some American television series. Del Río performed her final screen appearance in 1978. After a period of inactivity and ill health, del Río died in 1983 at the age of 78.

Dolores del Río is a mythical figure in Latin America and is considered, representation, par excellence, of the feminine face of Mexico in the whole world.^[9]

Early life

María de los Dolores Asúnsolo y López-Negrete^[10] was born in Durango City, Durango, Mexico on August 3, 1904.^[11] Her parents were Jesus Leonardo Asúnsolo Jacques, son of wealthy farmers and director of the Bank of Durango, and Antonia López-Negrete, belonging to one of the richest families in the country, whose lineage went back to Spain and the viceregal nobility.^[12][13] Her parents were members of the Mexican aristocracy that existed during the Porfiriato (period in the history of Mexico when the dictator Porfirio Díaz was the president). On her mother's side, she was a cousin of the filmmaker Julio Bracho and of actors Ramón Novarro (one of the Latin Lovers of the silent cinema) and Andrea Palma (another actress of the Mexican cinema). On her father's side, she was a cousin of the Mexican sculptor Ignacio Asúnsolo and the social activist María Asúnsolo.^[14]

Her family lost all its assets during the Mexican Revolution (1910–1921). Durango aristocratic families were threatened by the insurrection that Pancho Villa was leading in the region. The Asúnsolo family decided to escape. Dolores's father decided to escape to the United States, while she and her mother fled to Mexico City in train disguised as peasants.^[15] In 1912 the Asúnsolo family was reunited in Mexico City. They had managed to regain their social position and lived under the protection of then-president Francisco I. Madero, who was a cousin of Doña Antonia.^[15] For a family of their social status, it was very important that her daughter received a conservative education. Dolores attended the College Collège Français de Saint-Joseph,^[16] a religious school run by French nuns located in Mexico City. There she received a completely monastic education.

In 1919 her mother took her to a performance of the Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova, whose interpretation convinced her to become a dancer. She confirmed her decision later when she witnessed the performances of Antonia Mercé "La Argentina". So, she managed to convince her mother to take dance lessons with the respected teacher Felipita Lopez. However, she suffered from great insecurity and felt like an "ugly duckling". Therefore, her mother commissioned the remarkable painter Alfredo Ramos Martínez (famous painter of the Mexican aristocracy) to paint a portrait for her daughter. The portrait helped her overcome her insecurities.^[17]

In 1921, Dolores was invited by a group of Mexican ladies to dance in a party to benefit a local hospital in the Teatro Esperanza Iris. At this party, Dolores met Jaime Martínez del Río y Viñent, son of a wealthy family who had lost nothing during the Revolution. Jaime had been educated in England and had spent some time in Europe. After a two-month courtship, the couple wed on 11 April 1921. He was 34 years old; she was not yet 17. Their honeymoon in Europe lasted two years. Jaime maintains close ties with European aristocratic circles. In Spain Dolores danced again in a charity show for wounded soldiers in the battle of Melilla. The kings of Spain, Alfonso XIII and Victoria Eugenie thanked her deeply. The queen gave her a photograph. In 1924, the couple returned to Mexico. They decided to live on Jaime's country estate, where cotton was the main crop. But after the cotton market suffered a precipitous fall, the couple was on the verge of ruin. At the same time Dolores discovered she was pregnant. Unfortunately, her pregnancy was stopped prematurely, at risk to Dolores; her doctor informed her that she should never become pregnant, at risk of losing her life.^[18] The couple decided to settle in Mexico City.

In early 1925 Dolores met the American filmmaker Edwin Carewe, an influential director at First National Films, who was in Mexico for the wedding of actors Bert Lytell and Claire Windsor.^[19]

Carewe was fascinated by Dolores and managed to be invited at her home by the artist Adolfo Best Maugard. In the evening Dolores danced and her husband accompanying her on the piano. Carewe was determined to have her and the first thing he could think of was to invite the couple to work in Hollywood. Carewe convinced Jaime saying he could turn his wife into a movie star, the female equivalent of Rudolph Valentino. Jaime thought that this proposal was a response to their economic needs. He could fulfill in Hollywood his old dream to write screenplays.^[20] Breaking with all the canons of Mexican society at that time and contravening the opposition of the couple's families, they embarked on a journey by train to the United States.^[20]

Career

Silent films

Dolores was contracted by Carewe as her agent, manager, producer and director. Her name was shortened to "Dolores Del Rio" (with an incorrect capital "D" in the word "del"). Carewe arranged for wide publicity for her with the intention of transforming her into a star of the order of Rudolph Valentino.^[21]

As part of an advertising campaign, Carewe made a report dedicated to Dolores in the major magazines in Hollywood:

Dolores Del Rio, the heiress and First Lady of the High Mexican Society, has come to Hollywood with a cargo of shawls and combs valued at $ 50,000 (is said to be the richest girl in her country thanks to the fortune of her husband and her parents). She will debut in the film Joanna, led by her discoverer Edwin Carewe.^[22]

She made her film debut in Joanna, directed by Carewe in 1925 and released that year. The film was inspired by a famous newspaper series widely accepted among readers and del Río plays the role of Carlotta De Silva, a vamp of Spanish-Brazilian origin, but she appeared for only five minutes.^[23]

In 1926, while continuing with his advertising campaign for del Rio, Carewe placed her with the third credit in the film High Steppers, starring Mary Astor. The filmmaker Carl Laemmle was interested in del Río and borrowed her from Carewe to act in the comedy The Whole Town's Talking. These films were not big hits, but helped increase her popularity with the public. Del Rio got her first starring role in the comedy Pals First also directed by Carewe.^[24] Director Raoul Walsh called del Río to cast her in What Price Glory?, a war film which was a great success. The cast and crew were impressed with her discipline as well as beauty.^[24] Such was the commercial success it achieved this film, which became the second highest grossing title of the year, grossing only in the United States, nearly two million ^[25] In the same year, thanks to the remarkable progress in her career, she was selected as one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars of 1926, along with fellow newcomers Joan Crawford, Mary Astor, Janet Gaynor, Fay Wray and others.^[26]

In 1927, Carewe, with the support of the United Artists directed her in Resurrection (1927), based on the novel by Leo Tolstoy. Del Río was selected as the heroine and Rod La Rocque starred as leading man.^[27] Due to the success of the film, the Fox quickly shooting The Loves of Carmen (1927), directed again by Raoul Walsh.

In 1928, the Fox Film called her to star in the film No Other Woman, directed by Lou Tellegen. When actress Renée Adorée was showing symptoms of tuberculosis,^[28] del Río was selected for the lead role of the MGM film The Trail of '98, directed by Clarence Brown. The film was a huge success and brought back favorable reviews from critics. That same year, she was hired by United Artists for the third version of the successful film Ramona, directed by Carewe. The success of the film was helped by the same name musical theme, written by L. Wolfe Gilbert and recorded by del Río with RCA Victor. Ramona was the first United Artists film with a synchronized score, but was not a talking picture.

In late 1928, Hollywood was concerned with the impending arrival of sound films. On 29 March, at Mary Pickford's bungalow, United Artists brought together Pickford, del Río, Douglas Fairbanks, Charles Chaplin, Norma Talmadge, Gloria Swanson, John Barrymore, and D. W. Griffith to speak on the radio show The Dodge Brothers Hour to prove they could meet the challenge of talking movies. Del Río surprised the audience by singing "Ramona".^[29]

But while del Río's career blossomed, her personal life was turbulent. She divorced shortly after the premiere of Ramona. Her husband could not stand the pressure of being married to a star. As if this were not enough, del Río had to suffer incessant harassment from her discoverer, Edwin Carewe, who did not cease in his attempt to conquer her.^[30]

In late 1928, she made her third film with Raoul Walsh, The Red Dance. Her next project was Evangeline (1929) a new production of United Artists also directed by Carewe and inspired by the epic poem by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. The film was accompanied by a theme song written by Al Jolson and Billy Rose and played by del Río. Like Ramona, the film was released with a Vitaphone disc selection of dialogue, music and sound effects.^[31]

Edwin Carewe had ambitions to marry del Río, that they would become a famous Hollywood couple. Carewe prepared his divorce from his wife Mary Atkin and seeded false rumors in campaigns of his films. But during the filming of Evangeline, United Artists convinced del Río to separate herself artistically and professionally from Carewe, who still held an exclusive contract with the actress.^[32] In New York, after the successful premiere of Evangeline, del Río declared to the reporters: Mr. Carewe and I are just friends and companions in the art of the cinema. I will not marry Mr. Carewe..^[33] Furious, Carewe filed criminal charges against Dolores. Advised by United Artists lawyers, Dolores reached an agreement with Carewe out of the court. Still, Carewe started a campaign against her. He filmed a new sound version of Resurrection starring Lupe Velez, another popular Mexican film star and alleged rival of del Rio.^[34]

Free from the yoke of Carewe, del Río was prepared for the filming of her first talkie: The Bad One, directed by George Fitzmaurice. The film was released in June 1930 with a great success. Critics said that del Río could speak and sing in English with a charming accent. She was a suitable star to the talkies.^[35]

1930s

In 1930, del Río met Cedric Gibbons, artistic director of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, at a party in the Hearst Castle. The couple started a romance and finally married on August 6, 1930.^[36] Shortly after her marriage, del Río fell seriously ill with a severe kidney infection. The doctors recommended long bed rest.^[37] When she regained her health, she was hired exclusively by RKO Pictures. Her first film with the studio was Girl of the Rio (1931), directed by Herbert Brenon.^[37]

In 1932 the producer David O. Selznick called the famous filmmaker King Vidor and said: "I want del Río and Joel McCrea in a love story in the South Seas. I didn’t have much of a story for the film, but be sure that it ends with the young beauty jumping into a volcano.".^[38] Bird of Paradise was shot in Hawaii and del Rio became a beautiful native. The film premiered on September 13, 1932 in New York earning rave reviews. Bird of Paradise created a scandal when released due to a scene featuring del Río swimming naked. This film was made before the Production Code was strictly enforced, so nudity in American movies was still fairly common.^[39][40]

As RKO got the result they expected, they quickly decided that del Rio do another film, a musical comedy directed by Thornton Freeland: Flying Down to Rio (1933). In the film Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers first appeared as dance partners.^[38] It also featured del Río opposite Fred Astaire in an intricate dance number called Orchids in the Moonlight. But after the premiere, RKO were worried about their economic problems and decided not to renew del Río's contract.^[41] In 1934, as an independent producer, Selznick offered del Río the lead female role in the film Viva Villa!. But del Río read the script and did not agree with the historical vision of the character. She rejected the character, citing "Mexican reasons". Fay Wray finally took her place in the film.^[42]

In 1934 Jack Warner met del Río at a party and offered her a starring role in two films for Warner.^[42] The first was the musical comedy Wonder Bar, directed by Lloyd Bacon. Busby Berkeley was the choreographer and Al Jolson her co-star. Del Río and Jolson were gradually stealing the show. Del Río's character grew, while the character of Kay Francis, the other female star of the film, was reduced. Francis even threatened to stop filming. The film was released in March 1934 and was a huge blockbuster for Warner.^[43]

Warner began filming Madame Du Barry with del Rio as star and William Dieterle as director. Dieterle focused on her beauty with the help of an extraordinary cloakroom designed by Orry Kelly (considered one of the most beautiful and expensive at the time).^[44] But Madame Du Barry was a major cause of dispute between the studio and the Hays Code office, primarily because it presented the court of Louis XV as a sex farce centered around del Rio.^[38] The film was severely mutilated by censorship and did not get the expected success.^[45]

In the same year, del Río, along with other Mexican film stars in Hollywood (like Ramón Novarro and Lupe Vélez), was accused of promoting Communism in California. This happened after the mentioned film stars attended a special screening of the Sergei Eisenstein's film ¡Que Viva México!, copies of which were claimed to have been edited by Joseph Stalin,^[46] and a film which promoted nationalist sentiment with socialist overtones. In the midst of this scandal, in September 29, 1934, del Rio returned to Mexico. Along with Novarro and Velez, she was invited by Mexican President Abelardo L. Rodriguez at the opening of the Palace of Fine Arts in Mexico City.^[47]

In 1935 Warner called her again to star in another musical comedy called In Caliente (1935), where she plays a sultry Mexican dancer who has an affair with the character played by Pat O'Brien. In the same year she starred in I Live for Love, with Busby Berkeley as a director. This time there were dance numbers and Berkeley focused on her glamour with a sophisticated wardrobe. The last film she made with Warners was The Widow from Monte Carlo (1936), which went unnoticed.^[48]

In 1937, with the support of Universal Studios, del Río filmed The Devil's Playground opposite Chester Morris and Richard Dix. However, despite the popularity of the three stars, the film was a failure. In 1938, she signed a contract with 20th Century Fox to perform two films with George Sanders. In both films (Lancer Spy and International Settlement), del Río plays the role of a seductive spy. But both films were box-office failure.^[49] In the same year, Mexican film producers Pancho Cabrera and Archibaldo Burns visited her in Hollywood to offer the star the Mexican film The Night of the Mayas. But economic conditions were not favorable for del Río's film debut in her country.^[50]

Cedric Gibbons used his influences with MGM and gained for del Río the main female role in the film The Man from Dakota (1940). But despite his position at the studio, Gibbons could never help his wife in his place of work, where the leading figures were Greta Garbo, Norma Shearer, Joan Crawford and Jean Harlow. Louis B. Mayer and Irving Thalberg both admired del Río's beauty, but her career did not interest them.^[51] She was put on a list entitled "box office poison", along with Crawford, Garbo, Katharine Hepburn, Marlene Dietrich, Mae West, Fred Astaire, and others. The list was submitted to Los Angeles newspapers by an independent movie theater whose point was that these stars' high salaries and public popularity did not counteract the low ticket sales for their movies. Some of the stars rebounded (Crawford, Hepburn); others did not.^[52]

Amid the decline of her career, in 1940 Dolores met actor and filmmaker Orson Welles. The couple felt a mutual attraction and began a discreet affair, which caused the divorce of del Río and Gibbons.^[53] While looking for ways to resume her career, she accompanied Orson Welles in his shows across the United States, radio programs and shows at the Mercury Theatre.^[54] She was at his side during filming and controversy of his masterpiece: Citizen Kane. The film, considered a masterpiece today, caused a media scandal by performing open criticism against the magnate William Randolph Hearst, who began to boycott Welles' projects. If del Río was saved from scandal, it was probably thanks to her friendship with actress Marion Davies, Hearst's mistress.^[55]

At the beginning of 1942, she began work on Journey into Fear with Norman Foster as director and Welles as producer. Nelson Rockefeller, in charge of the Good Neighbor policy (and also associated with RKO through his family investments), hired Welles to visit South America as an ambassador of good will to counter fascist propaganda about Americans. Welles left the film four days later and traveled to Rio de Janeiro on his goodwill tour. Welles went crazy with the carnival in Rio de Janeiro, becoming promiscuous. She decided to end the relationship, through a telegram that he never answered.^[56] That same year, her father died in Mexico.

In the midst of this personal and professional crisis, del Río decided to return to Mexico, commenting:

Divorced again, without the figure of my father. A film where I barely appeared, and one where they were really showing me the way of the art. I wanted to go the way of the art. Stop being a star and become an actress, and that I could only do in Mexico. I wish to choose my own stories, my own director, and camera man. I can accomplish this better in Mexico. I wanted to return to Mexico, a country that was mine and I did not know. I felt the need to return to my country.^[57]

Mexico

Since the late 1930s, she was sought by Mexican film directors, but economic circumstances were not favorable for the entry of del Río to the Mexican cinema.^[58] She was a friend of noted Mexican artists, such as Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo, and maintained ties with Mexican society and cinema. After breaking off her relationship with Welles, del Río went to Mexico, disappointed by the American star system.

Mexican director Emilio "El Indio" Fernández invited her to film Flor silvestre (1943). This was del Río's first Spanish-language film. The film gathers a successful film crew consisting of Fernandez, the photographer Gabriel Figueroa, the screenwriter Mauricio Magdaleno and Dolores and Pedro Armendariz as the stars. Subsequently they filmed Maria Candelaria, the first Mexican film to be screened at the Cannes International Film Festival where it won the Grand Prix (now known as the Palme d'Or) becoming the first Latin American film to do so.^[59] Fernández has said that he wrote an original version of the plot on 13 napkins while sitting in a restaurant. He was anxious because he was in love with del Río and could not afford to buy her a birthday present.^[60]

Her third film with Fernández Las Abandonadas (1944), was a controversial film where del Río plays a woman who gives up her son and falls into the world of prostitution. She won the Silver Ariel (Mexican Academy Award) as best actress for her role in the film. Bugambilia (1944) was her fourth movie directed by Fernández. Bugambilia filming became a torture for both and for the rest of the team, who had to endure the mood swings of the director and the constant threats of del Río leaving the film. When the film was completed in January 1945, Dolores del Río announced that she would never work with "El Indio" Fernández.^[61]

In 1945, del Río filmed La selva de fuego directed by Fernando de Fuentes. Interestingly the script of this film came to her by error, by a confusion messaging. The film had been specially created for Maria Felix, another popular Mexican movie star at that time. Félix meanwhile, received the script for Dizziness, a film originally created for del Rio. When the two stars realized the mistake they refused to return the scripts. Del Rio was fascinated by playing a different character which also performed daring scenes with Arturo de Córdova. From this time the press began speculating a strong rivalry between del Rio and Felix.^[62]

In 1946 del Río worked by first time under Roberto Gavaldón's direction in La Otra (1946), a successful film where del Río plays a twin sisters (the film inspired the movie Dead Ringer, starred by Bette Davis in 1964).^[63]

In 1947 was invited by the film director John Ford to film The Fugitive, an adaptation of the novel The Power and the Glory by Graham Greene.^[64] alongside Henry Fonda. Emilio Fernández also served as associate producer and Gabriel Figueroa as a photographer. In the film del Río plays an indigenous woman in love with a priest played by Fonda.^[65] In the same year she travels to Argentina to film Historia de una mala mujer, a film adaptation of the Oscar Wilde's Lady Windermere's Fan, directed by Luis Saslavsky. Dolores remained a long time in Argentina, and returning to Mexico in early 1948, had to face the attacks of the press, who accused her of having been part of the Ford film, unfairly classified as a communist.^[66]

In 1949, del Río accept worked again with Emilio Fernández and her film team in the film La Malquerida. The film is based on the novel of the Spanish writer Jacinto Benavente. Del Río won critical acclaim for her portrayal of Raymunda, a woman confronted with her own daughter for the love of a man. The role of her daughter was played by actress Columba Dominguez, the new film muse of Emilio Fernandez.^[67]

In 1950 del Río was directed again by Roberto Gavaldón in two films: La casa chica and Deseada. In the first she played the role of the mistress of a respectable doctor. The film also shows a series of murals of Diego Rivera in which del Río appears embodied, as well as a sculpture of the actress made for the film by the artist Francisco Zúñiga.^[68] Deseada is based in Xtabay, an argument of the writer Antonio Mediz Bolio. Her partner was the Spanish heartthrob Jorge Mistral and the film was framed archaeological beauties of Yucatán.^[69] In the same year, del Río's cousin, activist Maria Asúnsolo, asked her to sign a document for a "conference for the world peace".^[69]

In 1951, Dolores starred in Doña Perfecta, based on the novel by Benito Perez Galdos. For this work she won her second Silver Ariel Award for Best Actress. In 1953 Gavaldón directed her again in the film El Niño y la Niebla (1953). Her portrayal of an overprotective mother with a mental instability attracted critical acclaim and she was honored with her third Silver Ariel Award.^[70] In 1952, del Río joined to the radio project El derecho de nacer, a radio drama based on the novel of the Cuban novelist Felix B. Caignet.^[71]

In 1954, del Río was slated to appear as the wife of Spencer Tracy's character in the 20th Century Fox film Broken Lance. The U.S. government denied her permission to work in the United States, accusing her of being sympathetic to international Communism. The document signed by her cheering for world peace, as well as her links with figures openly communist (as Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo) and her past relationship with Orson Welles, had been interpreted in the United States as sympathy for the communism.^[72] She was replaced in the film by Katy Jurado. She reacted by sending a letter to the U.S. government, stating: "I believe that after all this, I have nothing [for which] to reproach myself. I'm a woman who only wants to live in peace with God and with men."^[70] In 1956, her political situation in the United States was resolved and she says an interview with Louella Parsons: "In Mexico we are worried and fighting against communism."^[73] While hersituation was solved in the United States, del Río accepted the proposal of filming in Spain another adaptation of a novel by Benavente, Señora Ama, directed by her cousin, the filmmaker Julio Bracho. Unfortunately the prevailing censorship in the Spanish cinema caused the film was seriously wounded during the editing.^[74] In 1957 she was selected as vice president of the jury of the 1957 Cannes Film Festival. She was the first woman to sit on the jury.^[75]

In 1959, Mexican filmmaker Ismael Rodríguez brought del Río and María Félix together in the film La Cucaracha. The meeting of the two actresses, considered the main female stars of Mexican cinema, was a success at the box office.

Theater

In 1955 Dolores del Río was not filmed a movie, so she began to listen with interest theatrical offerings. Del Río was already thinking that the play Anastacia of Marcelle Maurette, would be a good choice for her debut. It was the story of a woman chosen by a group of exiles to impersonate the daughter of Czar Nicholas II of Russia, executed by Bolsheviks in 1918.^[76] To prepare for this new facet of her career, she engaged the services of Stella Adler as her acting coach. Del Rio debuted successfully at the theater on the Falmouth Playhouse in Massachusetts on July 6, 1956 and to continue with a tour of seven other theaters throughout New England.^[77][78]

She and her then partner Lew Riley founded their own production company called Producciones Visuales.^[79] Mexican writer Salvador Novo became the translator of her plays. Her first production in Mexico City was Oscar Wilde's Lady Windermere's Fan, which she had made as a film in Argentina several years earlier. She toured Mexico in the play, and enterprise that was both financially and critically successful, and she later took it to Buenos Aires.^[80]

In July 1959, Dolores del Rio and Pedro Armendáriz began the rehearsals of the play The Road to Rome, by Robert E. Sherwood. But Armendariz had a personality clash with the director and retired. Wolf Ruvinskis replaced him. But the play did not like the public and was withdrawn from the billboard.^[81]

In early 1962, Dolores prepare the stage production of Ghosts by playwright Henrik Ibsen. She would play the role of Mrs. Alving a litmus test for any actress. The work was released on 4 May 1962 and she received a warm ovation for her performance.^[82]

In 1963, del Rio got the rights of the play Dear Liar: A Comedy of Letters, by Jerome Kilty, based on correspondence between the novelist George Bernard Shaw and actress Stella Campbell. The play premiered in late June of that year with the del Río in the role of Campbell and Ignacio López Tarso as Shaw. The play was released in a short season in 1966.

In August 1964 del Río premiered the play La Voyante, by the French Andre Roussin. The play was considered one of the most successful projects in her theatrical aspect, although the actress limited season only thirty days.^[83]

In 1967 del Río returned to the theater with a play by Italian playwright Ugo Betti, The Queen and the Rebels, but the news took an unexpected and scandalous bias and some newspapers published things like "Dolores del Rio in a communist play." The play divided critics at its premiere.^[84]

In 1968 del Río starred onstage in The Lady of the Camellias, directed by the Broadway producer Jose Quintero. Unfortunately, professional differences between del Río and Quintero caused a legal problem which ended with the dismissal of the director. The play was resumed soon after and debuted with great success.

Later films

In 1960 Dolores returned to Hollywood after 18 years. She was hired by Fox to play the role of mother of Elvis Presley in the film Flaming Star, directed by Don Siegel.

In 1961 she acts in the Mexican film El pecado de una madre, where he shares credit with Argentina star Libertad Lamarque. In the same year she was part of the jury in the San Sebastián Film Festival.^[85] and a year later was designed as vice president of the Berlin Film Festival (1962)^[86]

In 1964, she appeared in John Ford's Cheyenne Autumn.^[87] In 1966, the actress returns to Spain, where she filmed the movie La Dama del Alba, directed by Francisco Rovira Beleta. The next year, she filmed her last Mexican film, Casa de Mujeres. In the same year, the Italian filmmaker Francesco Rosi invited her to be part of the movie More Than a Miracle with Sophia Loren and Omar Sharif. She played Sharif's character's mother.

In 1978, del Rio appeared in the film The Children of Sanchez, directed by Hall Bartlett and starring Anthony Quinn. She made a brief appearance playing the grandmother. This was her last film appearance.^[64]

Television

In 1957, she appeared in the role of an Spanish lady in the American television series Schlitz Playhouse of Stars, opposite Cesar Romero. The next year she appears in an episode of The United States Steel Hour.

In 1960 she appeared in an episode of The Dinah Shore Chevy Show with the also Mexican actors Gilbert Roland, Ricardo Montalbán and Tito Guízar. In 1965 she appeared in the TV movie The Man Who Bought Paradise' with Buster Keaton and Paul Lukas.^[88] In 1966 she appeared in episodes of the television series I Spy, opposite Bill Cosby and Branded opposite Chuck Connors. In 1968, the actress first performed on Mexican television in an autobiographical documentary narrated by herself.

Her last appearance on television was in a 1970 episode of Marcus Welby, M.D..^[89]

Later years

On November 24, 1959, del Río married for the third time with the theatrical producer and entrepreneur Lewis A. Riley, after a long courtship that began in 1949.^[90] In the late 1950s, she became a main promoter of the Acapulco International Film Review, serving as host on numerous occasions.^[91] In 1966, del Río was co-founder of the Society for the Protection of the Artistic Treasures of Mexico with the philanthropist Felipe García Beraza. The society was responsible for protecting buildings, paintings and other works of art and culture in México.^[92]

On January 8, 1970, she, in collaboration with other renowned Mexican actresses, founded the union group "Rosa Mexicano", which provided a day nursery for the children of the members of the Mexican Actor's Guild. Del Río was responsible for various activities to raise funds for the project and she trained in modern teaching techniques.^[93] She served as the president from its founding until 1981. After her death, the day nursery adopted the official name of Estancia Infantil Dolores del Río (The Dolores del Río Day Nursery), and today remains in existence.^[94]

In 1972, she helped found the Cultural Festival Cervantino in Guanajuato. Her deteriorating health led her to cancel two television projects in 1975. The American television series Who'll See the Children? and Mexican telenovela Ven Amigo. In her work in supporting children she became a spokeswoman of the UNICEF in Latin America and records a series of television commercials for the organization.^[95] In 1976 she served as president of the jury in the San Sebastian Film Festival.^[96]

In 1978 the Mexican American Institute of Cultural Relations and the White House gave Dolores a diploma and a silver plaque for her work in cinema as a cultural ambassador of Mexico in the United States. During the ceremony she was remembered as a victim of McCarthyism.^[97]

At the age of 76 del Rio appeared on the stage of the Palace of Fine Arts theater the evening of October 11, 1981 for an unforgettable tribute at the 25th San Francisco International Film Festival.^[98] During the ceremony, filmmakers Francis Ford Coppola, Mervyn LeRoy and George Cukor spoke. You're the First Lady of American cinema said, kneeling, Cukor. There are still stars, said Ford Coppola.^[99] This was her last known public appearance.^[100] In 1982, she was awarded the George Eastman Award, given by George Eastman House for distinguished contribution to the art of film.^[101]

Personal life

In 1921, Dolores married Jaime Martinez del Río, Mexican aristocrat belonging to a family of high lineage and several years older than her. The marriage ended in 1928. The differences between the couple emerged after settling in Hollywood. In Mexico City, she had been the wife of Jaime Martinez del Rio, but in Hollywood Jaime became husband of Dolores del Rio, a movie star. To this he was added trauma miscarriage, and later, doctors advised del Río not have children. After a brief separation, Dolores filed for divorce. Six months later, she received news that Jaime had died in Germany.^[102]

In 1930 Dolores married the MGM art director Cedric Gibbons, one of the most influential men in Hollywood. The couple Del Rio-Gibbons, was one of the most famous social axes of Hollywood in the early thirties. They organized famous 'Sunday brunches' on their fabulous Art Deco mansion, considered one of the most modern and elegant in the high circles of Hollywood.^[103] But in the late thirties continuous commitments Gibbons in his profession caused a rift between the couple. In 1940, she met and fell in love with Orson Welles and sought a divorce from Gibbons.

Her relationship with Welles ended after four years largely due to his infidelities. Rebecca Welles, the daughter of Welles and Rita Hayworth, expressed her desire to travel to Mexico to meet Dolores. In 1954, Dolores received her at her home in Acapulco. After their meeting, Rebecca said: My father considered Dolores the great love of his life. She is a living legend in the history of my family. According to Rebecca, until the end of his life, Welles felt for del Río, a kind of obsession.^[104]

At different times in her life, she was also romantically linked to actor Errol Flynn,^[105] filmmaker John Farrow,^[106] writer Erich Maria Remarque, film producer Archibaldo Burns, and Mexican actor Tito Junco^[107] In 1949, she met the American millionaire Lewis A. Riley in Acapulco. Riley was known in the middle of Hollywood cinema in the forties for being a member of the Hollywood Canteen, an organization created from movie stars to support relief efforts in the World War II. At that time Riley lived a torrid affair with Bette Davis.^[108] Riley settled with his brother in Acapulco at the end of the decade, and somehow, was crucial to the rise experienced by the port early in the next decade figure. After ten years together, Dolores and Riley were married in New York in 1959. Dolores remained attached to Riley until the end of her life.

The Mexican filmmaker Emilio Fernández was one of the biggest admirers of Dolores. Fernández said that he appeared as an extra in several films of Dolores in Hollywood just to be near her. The beauty and elegance of del Río had impressed him deeply. Fernández said: I fell in love with her, but she always ignored me. I adored her... really I adored her.^[109]

There are many anecdotes about her rivalry with Lupe Velez. Dolores never understood the strife that Lupe had with her. She bothered meet her and infuriates her that Vélez derided her. But the prestige of Dolores was known and respected, and Lupe could not ignore this. Lupe dressed in spectacular costumes, but never reached the supreme elegance of del Río. Velez was popular, had many friends and admirers rendered, but never attended the social circle of Hollywood, where del Río was accepted without reservation. Vélez spoke ill of del Río, but she never mentioned her name offensively. Lupe obviously resented the success of Dolores during the years when both were in Hollywood.^[110]

There was media speculation about a strong rivalry between Dolores and María Félix, the other diva of the Mexican Cinema.^[111] Félix said in her autobiography: "With Dolores I don't have any rivalry. On the contrary. We were friends and we always treated each other with great respect. We were completely different. She [was] refined, interesting, soft on the deal, and I'm more energetic, arrogant and bossy".^[112] Félix said in another interview: "Dolores del Río was a great lady. She behaved like a princess. A very intelligent and very funny woman. I appreciate her very much and I have great memories of her".^[113]

After her death, actor Vincent Price used to sign his autographs as "Dolores del Río". When asked why, the actor replied: I promised Dolores on her deathbed that I would not let people forget about her.^[114]

Death

In 1978, she was diagnosed with osteomyelitis, and in 1981 she was diagnosed with Hepatitis B following a contaminated injection of vitamins. In 1982, del Río was admitted to the Medical Center of La Jolla, California, where hepatitis led to cirrhosis.^[85]

On April 11, 1983, Dolores del Río died from liver disease, aged 78, in Newport Beach, California. She was cremated and her ashes were interred in the Dolores Cemetery in Mexico City, Mexico. That same day she had been invited to appear at the next Academy Awards telecast.^[85]

Image

Dolores del Río was considered one of the prototypes of female beauty in the 1930s. In 1933, the American film magazine Photoplay conducted a search for "the most perfect female figure in Hollywood", using the criteria of doctors, artists and designers as judges. The "unanimous choice" of these selective arbiters of female beauty was del Río. The question posed by the search for the magazine and the methodology used to find "the most perfect female figure" reveal a series of parameters that define femininity and feminine beauty at that particular moment in the US history.^[115][116] Larry Carr (author of the book More Fabulous Faces) said that the Dolores del Río's appearance in the early 30's influenced everyone in Hollywood. Women imitated her style of dress and makeup. A new kind of beauty occurs, and Dolores del Río, was the forerunner.^[117]

According to the filmmaker Josef von Sternberg, stars such as del Río, Marlene Dietrich, Carole Lombard and Rita Hayworth helped him to define his concept of the glamour in Hollywood.^[118]

When del Río returned to Mexico, she radically changed her image. In Hollywood, she had lost ground to the modernity of the faces. In Mexico, she had the enormous fortune that the filmmaker Emilio Fernandez will emphasize the Mexican indigenous features. She does not come to Mexico as the Latina bombshell from Hollywood but she transforms her makeup highlighting her indigenism features turning her into a very attractive woman. Del Río herself defined the change that her appearance suffered in her native country: I took off my furs and diamonds, satin shoes and pearl necklaces; all I swapped by the shawl and bare feet.^[119]

Joan Crawford said on a visit to Mexico in 1963:

"Dolores became, and remains, as one of the most beautiful stars in the world'".^[120]

Marlene Dietrich said of del Río:

"Dolores del Río was the most beautiful woman who ever set foot in Hollywood."^{[121][122][123]}

George Bernard Shaw once said:

"The two most beautiful things in the world are the Taj Mahal and Dolores del Río."^[124]

Fashion designer Elsa Schiaparelli said:

"I have seen many beautiful women in here, but none as complete as Dolores del Río!"^[125]

Diego Rivera said:

"The most beautiful, the most gorgeous of the west, east, north and south. I'm in love with her as 40 Mexicans and 120 million Americans that can't be wrong."^[126]

Mexican writer Carlos Fuentes said:

"Garbo and Dietrich were women turned into goddesses. Del Rio was a goddess about being a woman".^[127]

Photographer Jerome Zerbe said:

"Dolores del Río and Marlene Dietrich are the most beautiful women I've ever photographed."^[128]

German writer Erich Maria Remarque, who compared her beauty with Greta Garbo, described that a perfect woman would be a merger between the two actresses.^[129] When she appeared swimming naked in the movie Bird of Paradise, Orson Welles said that del Río represented the highest erotic ideal with her performance in the film.^[130]

In 1952 she was awarded the Neiman Marcus Fashion Award, and was called "The best-dressed woman in America."^[131]

In art and literature

Poet Salvador Novo wrote her a sonnet and translated all her stage plays. She inspired Jaime Torres Bodet's novel La Estrella de Día (Star of the Day), published in 1933, which chronicles the life of an actress named Piedad. Vicente Leñero was inspired by del Río to write his book Señora. Carlos Pellicer also wrote her a poem in 1967.^[132] In 1982, del Río and Maria Félix were parodied in the novel Orchids in the Moonlight: Mexican Comedy by Carlos Fuentes .^[133]

In the 1920s, she was captured on the canvases of the Mexican painters Roberto Montenegro and Ángel Zárraga. In 1938, her portrait was drawn by Mexican artist Diego Rivera in New York. Rosa Rolanda also made a portrait of her in 1938.^[134] In 1941, she was also portrayed by Mexican muralist José Clemente Orozco. Other artists were reflected her in their works were Miguel Covarrubias,^[135] John Carroll^[99] and Adolfo Best Maugard^[136] In 1970, the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes y Literatura, the Mexico's Screen Actors Guild, the Humane Society of the Artistic Treasures of Mexico and the Motion Picture Export Association of America paid her a tribute titled Dolores del Rio in the Art in which her main portraits and a sculpture by Francisco Zúñiga were exhibited.^[137]

Del Rio was the model of the statue of Evangeline, the heroine of Longfellow's romantic poem located in St. Martinville, Louisiana. The statue was donated by del Río, who played Evangeline in the 1929 film.^[138]

In her will, del Río stipulated that all her artworks were donated to the National Institute of Fine Arts and Literature of Mexico, for display in various museums in Mexico City, including the National Museum of Art, the Museum of Art Carillo Gil and the Home-Studio of Diego Rivera and Frida Kahlo.^[139]

Legacy and memorials

Dolores del Rio was the first Mexican actress to succeed in Hollywood. The others have been Lupe Velez, Katy Jurado, and in recent years Salma Hayek.^[141]

Dolores del Rio raised the potential of Latinas in Hollywood. She created the myth of the Latina in Hollywood. Seen from today's perspective, enjoyed prestige since the way the Hollywood media described her. She was never the Latin bombshell, hot tamale, sultry, spitfire or hot cha cha. Adjectives to describe her were such as sophisticated, aristocratic, elegant, glamorous, "a lady".^[142] Although, early in her career, the filmmakers sought in her a female replica of the male Latin Lovers, who fascinated the Anglo spectators, Dolores del Rio always detached a special elegance to her beauty, which somehow led her away to be considered as a Latin Bombshell like Lupe Velez, who even moved her role beyond the screens.^[143]

Del Río with her career, had a great impact on the trajectories of each Latinas in Hollywood, who followed her. Stars like Salma Hayek, Jennifer Lopez, Eva Mendes and Penelope Cruz follow the steps forged by Dolores del Rio.

She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1630 Vine Street in recognition of her contributions to the motion picture industry. Dolores del Río has also a statue at Hollywood-La Brea Boulevard in Los Angeles, designed by Catherine Hardwicke built to honor the multi-ethnic leading ladies of the cinema together with Mae West, Dorothy Dandridge and Anna May Wong. Del Río has also a mural painted on the east side of Hudson Avenue just north of Hollywood Boulevard painted by the Mexican-American artist Alfredo de Batuc.^[144] Del Río is one of the entertainers displayed in the mural "Portrait of Hollywood", designed in 2002 by the artist Eloy Torrez in the Hollywood High School.^[145][146]

Del Río's memory is honored in three monuments in Mexico City. The first is a statue located in the second section of Chapultepec Park.^[147] The other two are busts. One is located in the Sunken Park, in the south of the city,^[148] and the other is in the nursery that bears her name. In Durango, Mexico, her hometown, one avenue is named after her.^[149]

After her death, her photo archive was given to the Center for the Study of History of Mexico CARSO by Lewis Riley. She appeared in vintage footage in the Woody Allen's film Zelig (1983). Since 1983, the society Periodistas Cinematográficos de México (Mexican Film Journalists) (PECIME) has been giving the Diosa de Plata (Dolores del Río) Award for the best dramatic female performance. She was played by the actress Lucy Cohu in the TV film RKO 281 in 1999.

In 2005, on what was believed to be the centenary of her birth (she was actually born in 1904), her remains were moved to the Rotonda de las Personas Ilustres in Mexico City.^[150]

In 2015, the actress was selected as the image of the AFI Fest. The face of the Mexican actress was illustrated on invitations, posters and presentations at the festival. The director of this event Jacqueline Lyanga said: "Dolores del Rio had a great magnetism on the big screen in the 1930s and had a huge impact on the American cinema."

Selected filmography

Notes

References

• Beltrán, Mary (2009). Latina/o stars in U.S. eyes: the making and meanings of film and TV stardom. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252076510. 
• Carr, Larry (1979). More Fabulous Faces: The Evolution and Metamorphosis of Bette Davis, Katharine Hepburn, Dolores del Río, Carole Lombard and Myrna Loy. Doubleday and Company. ISBN 0-385-12819-3. 
• Chandler, Charlotte (2006). The Girl Who Walked Home Alone: Bette Davis, A Personal Biography. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780743289054. 
• Félix, María (1993). Todas mis Guerras. Clío. ISBN 9686932089. 
• Franco Dunn, Cinta (2003). Grandes Mexicanos Ilustres: Dolores del Río (Great Illustrious Mexicans: Dolores del Río). Promo Libro. ISBN 84-492-0329-5. 
• Hall, Linda (2013). Dolores del Río: Beauty in Light and Shade. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804786218. 
• Hershfield, Joanne (2000). The invention of Dolores del Río. University of Minnesota. ISBN 0-8166-3410-6. 
• McNulty, Thomas (2004). Errol Flynn: The Life and Career. McFarland. ISBN 9780786417506. 
• Moreno, Luis (2002). Rostros e Imagenes (Faces and Images). Editorial Celuloide. ISBN 9789709338904. 
• Noble, Andrea (2005). Mexican National Cinema. Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415230100. 
• Price, Victoria (2014). Vincent Price: A Daughter's Biography. Open Road Media. ISBN 9781497649408. 
• Ramón, David (1997). Dolores del Río vol. 1: Un cuento de hadas (Dolores del Río vol. 1: A Fairy Tale). Editorial Clío. ISBN 968-6932-36-4. 
• Ramón, David (1997). Dolores del Río vol. 2: Volver al origen (Dolores del Río vol. 2: Return to the Origin). Editorial Clío. ISBN 968-6932-37-2. 
• Ramón, David (1997). Dolores del Río vol. 3: Consagración de una Diva (Dolores del Río vol. 3: Consecration of a Diva). Editorial Clío. ISBN 968-6932-38-0. 
• Revista Somos: Dolores del Río: El Rostro del Cine Mexicano (Dolores del Río: The Face of the Mexican Cinema). Editorial Televisa S.A de C.V. 1995. 
• Revista Somos: Dolores del Río: La Mexicana Divina (Dolores del Río: The Divine Mexican). Editorial Televisa S.A de C.V. 2002. 
• Revista Somos: Katy Jurado: Estrella de Hollywood orgullosamente mexicana (Katy Jurado: Proudly Mexican Hollywood Star). Editorial Televisa S.A de C.V. 1999. 
• Reyes, Luis, Rubie, Peter (1994). Hispanics in Hollywood: An Encyclopedia of Film and Television. Garland. ISBN 0815308272. 
• Riva, Maria (1994). Marlene Dietrich. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-345-38645-0. 
• Torres, Jose Alejandro (2004). Los Grandes Mexicanos: Dolores del Río (The Greatest Mexicans: Dolores del Río). Grupo Editorial Tomo, S.A. de C.V. ISBN 970-666-997-3. 
• Tuñón, Julia (2003). The Cinema of Latin America. Wallflower Press. ISBN 9780231501941. 
• Zolov, Eric (2015). Iconic Mexico: An Encyclopedia from Acapulco to Zócalo. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610690447. 

Further reading

• Agrasánchez Jr., Rogelio (2001). Bellezas del cine mexicano/Beauties of Mexican Cinema. Archivo Fílmico Agrasánchez. ISBN 968-5077-11-8. 
• Bodeen, DeWitt (1976). From Hollywood: The Careers of 15 Great American Stars. Oak Tree. ISBN 0498013464. 
• E. Fey, Ingrid., Racine, Karen (2000). Strange Pilgrimages: Exile, Travel, and National Identity in Latin America, 1800-1990s: "So Far from God, So Close to Hollywood: Dolores del Río and Lupe Vélez in Hollywood, 1925–1944,". Wilmington, Delaware, Scholarly Resources. ISBN 0-8420-2694-0. 
• Lacob, Adrian (2014). Film Actresses Vol.23 Dolores del Rio, Part 1. On Demand Publishing, LLC-Create Space. ISBN 9781502987686. 
• Lopez, Ana M. (1998). "From Hollywood and Back: Dolores del Rio, a Trans (national) Star." Studies in Latin American Popular Culture 17. ISSN 0730-9139.
• Mendible, Myra (2010). From Bananas to Buttocks: The Latina Body in Popular Film and Culture. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-77849-X. 
• Nericcio, William (2007). Tex[t]-Mex: Seductive Hallucinations of the "Mexican" in America. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-71457-2. 
• Parish, James Robert (2002). Hollywood divas: the good, the bad, and the fabulous. Contemporary Books. ISBN 9780071408196. 
• Parish, James Robert (2008). The Hollywood beauties. Arlington House. ISBN 9780870004124. 
• Ramón, David (1993). Dolores del Río: Historia de un rostro (Dolores del Río: Story of a Face). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CCH Dirección Plantel Sur. ISBN 9789686717099. 
• Rivera Viruet, Rafael J.; Resto, Max (2008). Hollywood: Se Habla Español. Terramax Entertainment. ISBN 0-981-66500-4. 
• Rodriguez, Clara E. (2004). Heroes, Lovers, and Others: The Story of Latinos in Hollywood. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-195-33513-9. 
• Ruíz, Vicki; Sánchez Korrol, Virginia (2006). Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. 1. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34681-9. 
• Shipman, David (1995). The Great Movie Stars: The Golden Years. Little Brown and Co. ISBN 0-316-78487-7. 
• Taibo, Paco Ignacio (1999). Dolores del Río: mujer en el volcán (Dolores del Río: Woman in the Volcano). GeoPlaneta, Editorial, S. A. ISBN 9789684068643. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dolores del Rio.

• Dolores del Río at the Internet Movie Database
• Dolores del Río at AllMovie
• Dolores del Río at the TCM Movie Database
  
• Dolores del Río at the Cinema of Mexico site of the ITESM (Spanish)
• Dolores del Río profile, Virtual-History.com
• Dolores del Río at Find a Grave
• The Dolores del Rio mural 1990 by artist Alfredo de Batuc, 6529 Hollywood Boulevard + Hudson St, Los Angeles, California
• Dolores del Rio statue on Hollywood-La Brea Boulevard
• Photographs of Dolores del Rio