Emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station

"PLB" redirects here. For other uses, see PLB (disambiguation).
Emergency position-indicating radio beacon stations (EPIRS)
A handheld Personal Locator Beacon (PLB)

An emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station (short: EPIRS or EPIRB) is a station in the mobile service used in search and rescue operations.[1] In marine use the terminology Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB) is used.

General description

EPIRBs are tracking transmitters which aid in the detection and location of boats, aircraft, and people in distress. A PLB (personal locator beacon) is particular type of EPIRB that is typically smaller, has a shorter battery life and unlike a proper EPIRB is registered to a person rather than a vessel. The terms ELB (emergency locator beacon) and ELT (emergency locator transmitter) are used interchangeably with EPIRB only when used on aircraft. Strictly, they are radiobeacons many of which interface with worldwide offered service of Cospas-Sarsat, the international satellite system for search and rescue (SAR). Transmitters broadcasting on 406 MHz are recognized. When manually activated, or automatically activated upon immersion or impact, such beacons send out a distress signal. The signals are monitored worldwide and the location of the distress is detected by non-geostationary satellites doppler trilateration and in more recent EPIRBs also by GPS.[2]

The basic purpose of a distress radiobeacon is to help rescuers find survivors within the so-called "golden day"[3] (the first 24 hours following a traumatic event) during which the majority of survivors can usually be saved.

Since the inception of Cospas-Sarsat in 1982, distress radiobeacons have assisted in the rescue of over 28,000 people in more than 7,000 distress situations.[4] In 2010 alone, the system provided information which was used to rescue 2,388 persons in 641 distress situations.[5]

Most beacons are brightly colored and waterproof. EPIRBs and ELTs are larger, and would fit in a cube about 30 cm (12 in) on a side, and weigh 2 to 5 kg (4.4 to 11.0 lb). PLBs vary in size from cigarette-packet to paperback book and weigh 200 g to 1 kg (½ to 2½ lb). They can be purchased from marine suppliers, aircraft refitters, and (in Australia and the United States) hiking supply stores. The units have a useful life of 10 years, operate across a range of conditions −40 to 40 °C (−40 to 104 °F), and transmit for 24 to 48 hours.[6] The cost of radiobeacons varies according to performance and specifications.

Operation

The following is the process through which a transmission usually gets processed:

  1. The transmitter is activated, either automatically in a crash or after sinking, or manually by survivors of an emergency situation.
  2. At least one satellite picks up the beacon's transmission.
  3. The satellites transfer the beacon's signal to their respective ground control stations.
  4. The ground stations process the signals and forwards the data, including approximate location, to a national authority.
  5. The national authority forwards the data to a rescue authority
  6. The rescue authority uses its own receiving equipment afterwards to locate the beacon and commence its own rescue or recovery operations.

Once the satellite data is in, it takes less than a minute to forward the data to any signatory nation.

Overview diagram of EPIRB/COSPAS-SARSAT communication system

There are several systems in use, with beacons of varying expense, different types of satellites and varying performance. Note that carrying even the oldest systems provides an immense improvement in safety compared to not having a beacon.

Activation

There are two ways to activate a beacon:

Automatic EPIRBs are water activated, while automatic ELTs are impact monitors activated by g-force. Some EPIRBs also deploy; this means that they physically depart from their mounting bracket on the exterior of the vessel (usually by going into the water.)

For a marine EPIRB to begin transmitting a signal (or "activate") it first needs to come out of its bracket (or "deploy"). Deployment can happen either manually – where someone must physically remove it from its bracket – or automatically – where water pressure will cause a hydrostatic release unit to release the EPIRB from its bracket. If it does not come out of the bracket it will not activate. There is a magnet in the bracket which operates a reed safety switch in the EPIRB. This is to prevent accidental activation when the unit gets wet from rain or shipped seas.

Once deployed, EPIRBs can be activated, depending on the circumstances, either manually (crewman flicks a switch) or automatically (when water contacts the unit's "sea-switch".) All modern EPIRBs provide both methods of activation and deployment, and thus are labelled "Manual and Automatic Deployment and Activation."

Automatic hydrostatic release unit

A hydrostatic release unit or HRU is a pressure activated mechanism designed to automatically deploy when certain conditions are met. In the marine environment this occurs when submerged to a maximum depth of four meters. The pressure of the water against a diaphragm within the sealed casing causes a plastic pin to be cut thereby releasing the containment bracket casing, allowing the EPIRB to float free.

EPIRB hydrostatic release mechanism

Some common characteristics of HRUs are:

Several regulations and technical specifications govern EPIRB Hydrostatic Release Devices:

  1. Corrosion Resistance Test
  2. Temperature Tests
  3. Submergence and Manual Release Test
  4. Strength Tests
  5. Technical Tests on the Membrane
  6. Performance Test

Beacon Operation

GPS-based, registered

The most modern 406 MHz beacons with GPS (US$300+ in 2010) track with a precision of 100 meters in the 70% of the world closest to the equator, and send a serial number so the responsible authority can look up phone numbers to notify the registrator (e.g., next-of-kin) in four minutes.

The GPS system permits stationary, wide-view geosynchronous communications satellites to enhance the doppler position received by low Earth orbit satellites. EPIRB beacons with built-in GPS are usually called GPIRBs, for GPS position-indicating radio beacon or global position-indicating radio beacon.

However, rescue cannot begin until a doppler track is available. The COSPAS-SARSAT specifications say [8] that a beacon location is not considered "resolved" unless at least two doppler tracks match or a doppler track confirms an encoded (GPS) track. One or more GPS tracks are not sufficient.

High-precision registered

An intermediate technology 406 MHz beacon (now mostly obsolete in favor of GPS enabled units) has worldwide coverage, locates within 2 km (12.5 km² search area), notifies kin and rescuers in 2 hours maximum (46 min average), and has a serial number to look up phone numbers, etc. This can take up to two hours because it has to use moving weather satellites to locate the beacon. To help locate the beacon, the beacon's frequency is controlled to 2 parts per billion, and its power is five watts.

Both of the above types of beacons usually include an auxiliary 25 milliwatt beacon at 121.5 MHz to guide rescue aircraft.

Traditional ELT, unregistered

The oldest, cheapest (US$139) beacons are aircraft emergency locator transmitters (ELTs) that send an anonymous warble on the aviation band distress frequency at 121.5 MHz. The frequency is often routinely monitored by commercial aircraft, but has not been monitored by satellite since Feb. 1, 2009.[9]

These distress signals could be detected by satellite over only 60% of the earth, required up to 6 hours for notification, located within 20 km (12 mi) (search area of 1200 km²), were anonymous, and couldn't be located well because their frequency is only accurate to 50 parts per million and the signals were broadcast using only 75–100 milliwatts of power. Coverage was partial because the satellite had to be in view of both the beacon and a ground station at the same time – the satellites did not store and forward the beacon's position. Coverage in polar and south-hemisphere areas was poor.

False alarms were common, as the beacon transmitted on the aviation emergency frequency, and there is interference from other electronic and electrical systems. To reduce false alarms, a beacon was confirmed by a second satellite pass, which could easily slow confirmation of a 'case' of distress to up to about 4 hours (although in rare circumstances the satellites could be position such that immediate detection becomes possible.)

Aircraft ELTs have been increasingly supplemented with ADS-B transmitters, which may be monitored by other aircraft to help prevent collisions.

Location by Doppler (without GPS)

The Cospas-Sarsat system was made possible by Doppler processing. Local unit terminals (LUTs) detecting non-geostationary satellites interpret the Doppler frequency shift heard by LEOSAR and MEOSAR satellites as they pass over a beacon transmitting at a fixed frequency. The interpretation determines both bearing and range. The range and bearing are measured from the rate of change of the heard frequency, which varies both according to the path of the satellite in space and the rotation of the earth. This triangulates the position of the beacon. A faster change in the doppler indicates that the beacon is closer to the satellite's orbit. If the beacon is moving toward or away from the satellite track due to the Earth's rotation, it is on one side or other of the satellite's path. Doppler shift is zero at the closest point of approach between the beacon and the orbit.

If the beacon's frequency is more precise, it can be located more precisely, saving search time, so modern 406 MHz beacons are accurate to 2 parts per billion, giving a search area of only 2 square km, compared to the older beacons accurate to 50 parts per million that had 200 square kilometers of search area.

In order to increase the useful power, and handle multiple simultaneous beacons, modern 406 MHz beacons transmit in bursts, and remain silent for about 50 seconds.

Russia developed the original system, and its success drove the desire to develop the improved 406 MHz system. The original system was a brilliant adaptation to the low quality beacons, originally designed to aid air searches. It used just a simple, lightweight transponder on the satellite, with no digital recorders or other complexities. Ground stations listened to each satellite as long as it was above the horizon. Doppler shift was used to locate the beacon(s). Multiple beacons were separated when a computer program analysed the signals with a fast fourier transform. Also, two satellite passes per beacon were used. This eliminated false alarms by using two measurements to verify the beacon's location from two different bearings. This prevented false alarms from VHF channels that affected a single satellite. Regrettably, the second satellite pass almost doubled the average time before notification of the rescuing authority. However, the notification time was much less than a day.

Satellites

Receivers are auxiliary systems mounted on several types of satellites. This substantially reduces the program's cost.

The weather satellites that carry the SARSAT receivers are in "ball of yarn" orbits, inclined at 99 degrees. The longest period that all satellites can be out of line-of-sight of a beacon is about two hours.

The first satellite constellation was launched in the early 1970s by the Soviet Union, Canada, France and the United States.

Some geosynchronous satellites have beacon receivers. Since the end of 2003, there are four such geostationary satellites (GEOSAR) that cover more than 80% of the surface of the earth. As with all geosynchronous satellites, they are located above the equator. The GEOSAR satellites do not cover the polar caps.

Since they see the Earth as a whole, they see the beacon immediately, but have no motion, and thus no doppler frequency shift to locate it. However, if the beacon transmits GPS data, the geosynchronous satellites give nearly instantaneous response.

Search and Rescue response

Emergency beacons operating on 406 MHz transmit a unique 15, 22, or 30 character serial number called a Hex Code. When the beacon is purchased, the Hex Code should be registered with the relevant national (or international) authority. Registration provides Search and Rescue agencies with crucial information such as:

Registration information allows SAR agencies to start a rescue more quickly. For example, if a shipboard telephone number listed in the registration is unreachable, it could be assumed that a real distress event is occurring. Conversely, the information provides a quick and easy way for the SAR agencies to check and eliminate false alarms (potentially sparing the beacon's owner from significant false alert fines.)

An unregistered 406 beacon still carries some information, such as the manufacturer and serial number of the beacon, and in some cases, an MMSI or aircraft tail number/ICAO 24-bit address. Despite the clear benefits of registration, an unregistered 406 beacon is very substantially better than a 121.5/243.0 beacon; this is because the Hex Code received from a 406 beacon confirms the authenticity of the signal as a real SAR alert.
Modulation of a radio beacon of distress
Transmission of a distress radiobeacon on 121.5 MHz and 243 MHz
Problems playing this file? See media help.

Beacons operating on 121.5 and 243.0 MHz only simply transmit an anonymous siren tone, and thus carry no information to SAR agencies. Such beacons now rely solely on the terrestrial or aeronautical monitoring of the frequency. In the UK, the Distress and Diversion Cell of the Royal Air Force provides continuous monitoring of 121.5 and 243.0 MHz, with autotriangulation from a network of terrestrial receivers on both frequencies. In Canada, only air traffic service stations (control towers or flight service facilities) monitor 121.5 MHz during operating hours. Overflying commercial or private aircraft monitor 121.5 MHz only if equipped with a suitable receiver, and if time/courtesy permits; monitoring 121.5 MHz is not mandatory. SAR authorities have no way of knowing whether a 121.5/243.0 MHz signal is actually a SAR signal until they physically deploy to the location and home in on the source (and sound) of the transmission. Since SAR resources are scarce (and expensive), most countries do not deploy the most useful SAR homing assets (aircraft) until ambiguity has been resolved (see doppler).

Operational testing

According to the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration, ground testing of A-, B-, and S-type ELTs is to be done within the first 5 minutes of each hour. Testing is restricted to three audio sweeps.[10] Type I and II devices (those transmitting at 406 MHz) have a self test function and must not be activated except in an actual emergency.

The United States Coast Guard web page for EPIRBs states: "You may be fined for false activation of an unregistered EPIRB. The U.S. Coast Guard routinely refers cases involving the non-distress activation of an EPIRB (e.g., as a hoax, through gross negligence, carelessness or improper storage and handling) to the Federal Communications Commission. The FCC will prosecute cases based upon evidence provided by the Coast Guard, and will issue warning letters or notices of apparent liability for fines up to $10,000."[11]

Beacon modes

The most important aspect of a beacon in classification is the mode of transmission. There are two valid transmission modes: digital and analog. Where digital usually has a longer range, analog is more reliable. Analog beacons are useful to search parties and SAR aircraft, though they are no longer monitored by satellite.

Digital mode: 406 MHz beacons

406 MHz beacons transmit bursts of digital information to orbiting satellites, and may also contain a small integrated analog (121.5 MHz) homing beacon. They can be uniquely identified (via GEOSAR). Advanced beacons encode a GPS or GLONASS position into the signal. All beacons are located by doppler triangulation to confirm the location. The digital data identifies the registered user. A phone call by authorities to the registered phone number often eliminates false alarms (false alarms are the typical case). If there is a problem, the beacon location data guides search and rescue efforts. No beacon is ignored. Anonymous beacons are confirmed by two doppler tracks before beginning beacon location efforts.

The distress message transmitted by a 406 beacon contains the information such as:

The digital distress message generated by the beacon varies according to the above factors and is encoded in 30 hexadecimal characters. The unique 15-character digital identity (the 15-hex ID) is hard-coded in the firmware of the beacon. The 406.025 MHz carrier signal is modulated plus or minus 1.1 radians with the data encoded using Manchester encoding, which ensures a net zero phase shift aiding Doppler location [12]

406 MHz beacon facts and transmission schedule

Hex codes

Example hex codes look like the following: 90127B92922BC022FF103504422535 [16]

AIS SART

Main article: AIS-SART

These devices are distinct from traditional SAR radar transponders (SART), as they transmit AIS messages containing accurate GPS position information and include a GPS receiver and a transmitter on VHF AIS channels, so they show up on ship AIS receivers. They are lightweight and can be used to equip inflatable liferafts.

Analog mode: all other beacons

Frequency

Distress beacons transmit distress signals on the following key frequencies; the frequency used distinguishes the capabilities of the beacon. A recognized beacon can operate on one of the three (currently) Cospas-Sarsat satellite-compatible frequencies. In the past, other frequencies were also used as a part of the search and rescue system.

Cospas-Sarsat (satellite) compatible beacon frequencies

Channel frequency (status) [19][20]

Cospas-Sarsat incompatible beacon frequencies

Types

The type of a beacon is determined by the environment for which it was designed to be used:

Each type is sub-classified:

EPIRB sub-classification

Emergency position-indicating radio beacons (EPIRBs) are sub-classified as follows:[11]

Recognized categories:

Unrecognized classes:

ELT sub-classification

Emergency locator transmitters (ELTs) for aircraft may be classed as follows:[25]

Within these classes, an ELT may be either a digital 406 MHz beacon, or an analog beacon (see above).

PLB sub-classification

There are two kinds of personal locator beacon (PLB):

All PLBs transmit in digital mode on 406 MHz. There are AIS PLBs that transmit on VHF 70

Obsolete types

Obsolete EPIRBs

There are also several older types of EPIRB devices which are no longer recommended for use.

Furthermore, the U.S. Coast Guard recommend that no EPIRB of any type manufactured before 1989 be used.

Obsolete ELTs

Obsolete PLBs

Phase-out of 121.5 & 243 beacons

Since 1 February 2009, only 406 MHz beacons are detected by the international Cospas-Sarsat SAR satellite system. This affects all maritime beacons (EPIRBs), all aviation beacons (ELTs) and all personal beacons (PLBs). In other words, Cospas-Sarsat has ceased satellite detection and processing of 121.5/243 MHz beacons. These older beacons are now only detectable by ground-based receivers and aircraft.

121.5 and 243.0 MHz EPIRBs are banned on boats in the United States[27] and in many other jurisdictions. More information about the switch to 406 is available on Cospas-Sarsat's 121.5/243 Phase-Out page.

Despite the switch to 406 MHz, pilots and ground stations are encouraged to continue to monitor for transmissions on the emergency frequencies, as many 406 beacons are also equipped with 121.5 "homers." Furthermore, the 121.5 MHz frequency continues to be used as a voice distress frequency (especially in aviation).

Statutory requirements

In North America and Australasia (and most jurisdictions in Europe) no special license is required to operate an EPIRB. In some countries (for example the Netherlands[28]) a marine radio operators license is required. The following paragraphs define other requirements relating to EPIRBs, ELTs, and PLBs.

Registration

All distress alerting beacons operating on 406 MHz should be registered; all vessels and aircraft operating under International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) regulations must register their beacons. Some national administrations (including the United States, Canada, Australia, and the UK) also require registration of 406 MHz beacons.

The Cospas-Sarsat Handbook of Beacon Regulations provides the status of 406 MHz beacon regulations in specific countries and extracts of some international regulations pertaining to 406 MHz beacons.

The following list shows the agencies accepting 406 beacon registrations by country:

Responsible agencies

In the U.S. the Coast Guard investigates offshore beacons and rescues victims. On-shore beacons are investigated by local search-and-rescue services in Alaska. The Air Force Rescue Coordination Center responds to land-based emergency signals, usually dispatching volunteer members from the United States Air Force Auxiliary Civil Air Patrol. In the U.S., there are no published notification systems for other locations.

Environment-specific requirements

Aviation (ELTs)

Most general aviation aircraft in the U.S. are required to carry an ELT, depending upon the type or location of operation, while scheduled flights by scheduled air carriers are not. However, in commercial aircraft, a cockpit voice recorder or flight data recorder must contain an underwater locator beacon.

As per 14 CFR 91.207.a.1, ELTs built according to TSO-C91 (of the type described below as "Traditional ELT, unregistered") have not been permitted for new installations since June 21, 1995; the replacing standard was TSO-C91a. Furthermore, TSO-C91/91a ELTs are being replaced / supplemented by the TSO C126 406 MHz [29] ELT, a far superior unit.[30]

Although monitoring of 121.5 and 243 MHz (Class B) distress signals by satellite ceased in February 2009, the FAA has not mandated an upgrade of older ELT units to 406 in United States aircraft.[31] Transport Canada has put forward a proposed regulatory requirement that requires upgrade to Canadian registered aircraft to either a 406 MHz ELT or an alternate means system; however, elected officials have overruled the recommendation of Transport Canada for the regulation and have asked for a looser regulation to be drafted by Transport Canada.[32][33] Recent information indicates Transport Canada may permit private, general aviation flight with only an existing 121.5 ELT if there is a placard visible to all passengers stating to the effect that the aircraft does not comply with international recommendations for the carriage of the 406 MHz emergency alerting device and is not detectable by satellites in the event of a crash.[34]

Marine (EPIRBs)

EPIRBs are a component of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS). Most commercial off-shore working vessels with passengers are required to carry a self-deploying EPIRB, while most in-shore and fresh-water craft are not.

As part of the United States efforts to prepare beacon users for the end of 121.5 MHz frequency processing by satellites, the FCC has prohibited the use of 121.5 MHz EPIRBs as of January 1, 2007 (47 CFR 80.1051). See the United States Coast Guard (USCG) brief on the 121.5/243 Phase-out.

Personal locator beacons (PLBs)

Miniature Personal Locator Beacon
by Microwave Monolithics Incorporated
(image courtesy of NASA)
ACR ResQLink+ Personal Locator Beacons (PLBs)

Personal locator beacons operating on 406 MHz must be registered. PLBs should not be used in cases where normal emergency response exists.

History

A PLB that can use either GLONASS or GPS location services

Automatic SOS radios were developed as early as the 1930s.[35]

In the UK, by 1959 the first automatic beacon for liferafts had been produced by Ultra Electronics, and at the same time Burndept produced the TALBE (Talk and Listen Beacon Equipment) - VHF, and SARBE - Search-And-Rescue-Beacon Equipment (UHF) range of beacons which were used by the Fleet Air Arm and later, Royal Air Force. Later, SARBE beacons included a radio for voice communication by the survivor with the rescuing personnel.[36]

The original impetus for the program in the U.S. was the loss of Congressmen Hale Boggs (D-LA) and Nick Begich (D-AK) in the Alaskan wilderness on October 16, 1972. A massive search effort failed to locate them. The result was a U.S. law mandating that all aircraft carry an emergency locator transmitter. Technical and organizational improvements followed.

Cospas-Sarsat is an international organization that has been a model of international cooperation, even during the Cold War. SARSAT means Search And Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking. COSPAS (КОСПАС) is an acronym for the Russian words "Cosmicheskaya Sistema Poiska Avariynyh Sudov" (Космическая Система Поиска Аварийных Судов), which translates to "Space System for the Search of Vessels in Distress". A consortium of Russia, the U.S., Canada and France formed the organization in 1982. Since then, 29 others have joined.

Cospas-Sarsat defines standards for beacons, auxiliary equipment to be mounted on conforming weather and communication satellites, ground stations, and communications methods. The satellites communicate the beacon data to their ground stations, which forward it to main control centers of each nation that can initiate a rescue effort.

The U.S. Coast Guard once promoted an emergency beacon on maritime VHF emergency channels. It now promotes the superior Cospas-Sarsat system, and no longer services emergency beacons on maritime VHF frequencies.

Current events

In a Safety Recommendation released September 2007, the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board once again recommended that the U.S. FAA require all aircraft have 406 MHz ELTs.[37] They first recommended this back in 2000 and after vigorous opposition by AOPA, the FAA declined to do so. This recommendation is apparently a reaction to the cessation of 121.5 MHz satellite processing. Citing two recent accidents, one with a 121.5 MHz ELT and one with a 406 MHz ELT, the NTSB concludes that switching all ELTs to 406 MHz is a necessary goal to work towards.[38]

NASA has conducted crash tests with small airplanes to investigate how ELTs perform.[39][40][41]

Alternative technologies

There are also other personal devices in the marketplace which do not meet the standard for 406 MHz devices. These devices are commonly referred to as SEND (Satellite Emergency Notification Device)

GPS aircraft tracking

Main article: GPS aircraft tracking

Active aircraft tracking

There are several active aircraft tracking systems available on the market that use the "bread-crumb approach" to SAR. Rather than relying on an emergency locator transmitter to transmit upon impact, the next generation of emergency locating devices are active tracking devices that send position reports at regular time intervals. If the unit stops transmitting upon impact, the historical transmissions will give the last known location of the aircraft, its speed, direction and altitude. Tracking as an alternative or complement to current technology has recently been encouraged by the Coroner in New Zealand.[42]

SPOT

SPOT does not use the 406 MHz signal nor the system of satellites. Instead, it depends on the GlobalStar satellite system. It has richer features (for instance, can send many non-emergency signals) - but it does not work in as many places as 406 MHz PLBs - for instance under dense forest canopy or steep canyons.[43] When a user presses the "911" button on a SPOT device an emergency message containing the unit's identification and GPS location is transmitted to the GEOS International Emergency Response Center who then notifies the appropriate emergency agency for the region after first calling the user to ensure the transmission is not accidental.[44][45]

SPOT additionally has the ability to provide non-emergency web based tracking information. This allows family or friends at home to track the holder's progress. The tracking operates by sending a tracking signal to the GlobalStar network every 10 minutes. This feature can additionally be useful to provide location of an individual even if the individual is unable to activate the emergency '911' button.[46]

Typical costs are $169 plus a $99/year service fee for basic services or $150/yr for basic services and tracking services, as compared to around $250 for a 406-MHz PLB with no service fee.

Spidertracks

Spidertracks is also completely independent of the 406 MHz system. A unit in the aircraft periodically transmits its position via the Iridium satellite constellation. The position is recorded. If no position report is received when it is expected, a series of emergency contacts are alerted in sequence. If no response is received, SAR are called with the last recorded position. The aircraft's position is also available via a website.[47]

Yellowbrick

Yellowbrick, like SPOT, does not use the 406 MHz signal nor the system of satellites. Instead, it depends on the Iridium satellite system. Unlike SPOT, Yellowbrick is a two way system capable of receiving confirmation that the message was received and exchange two-way messages via short emails and SMS. Alert messages are transmitted to destinations specified by the owner.[48]

inReach

inReach, like SPOT, does not use the 406 MHz signal nor the system of satellites. Instead, it depends on the Iridium satellite system. Unlike SPOT, inReach is a two way system capable of receiving confirmation that the message was received. Like SPOT, the message is transmitted to the private GEOS International Emergency Response Center who then notifies the appropriate SAR authorities.

inReach also provides tracking capability and two way SMS text messages.

TracMe

TracMe [49] is a single use beacon which once activated simply transmits an automated voice message saying "Help - Emergency" once every 15 seconds on a short-range FRS UHF CB frequency until the battery runs out. Tracme does not notify authorities that the user is missing, TracMe's website recommends you arrange for rescue by notifying a friend about your plans, and ask them to call authorities and inform them of your general whereabouts and that you have a TracMe if you are late returning.[50] Then, a search-and-rescue team, if they have purchased a special single purpose tracker sold by TracMe, will need to radio-locate the signal in the area you have told friends you are visiting within the effective radius of the short ranged beacon; 2–4 miles was the maximum range that an experimentally equipped aircraft SAR team was able to achieve in testing.[51][52] Doug Ritter of Equipped to Survive, an educational NGO which researches and addresses search and rescue public policy and evaluates survival equipment and scenarios,[53] stated with regard to TracMe, "SAR just isn't ready to take advantage of it in any compelling manner and they don't yet appear ready to help out SAR either in an effective manner should someone use one of these tomorrow." [54] Tracme is sold as a PLB or "Personal Locator Beacon". TracMe has had a dispute with the FCC over the requirement for 406mhz SAR-Sat satellite connection to sell a device as a PLB.[55]

APRS

Automatic Packet Reporting System is used by amateur radio operators to track positions and send short messages. Most APRS packets contain a GPS latitude and longitude, so they can be used for both normal and emergency tracking. They also are routed to the Internet, where they are archived for some period of time, and viewable by others. There are several emergency packet types that can indicate distress. Since it is part of the amateur radio service, it costs nothing to transmit on and uses the extensive network, however, one must be a licensed amateur radio operator. There is also no guarantee that an APRS distress packet report would be seen or handled by emergency responders. It would have to be seen by an amateur radio operator and forwarded on.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.93, definition: emergency position-indicating radiobeacon station
  2. ↑ What happens when I activate my beacon?
  3. ↑ Community Emergency Response Team Participant Handbook
  4. ↑ "SAR statistics". Retrieved 9 Oct 2012.
  5. ↑ "Rescue Stories". Retrieved 9 October 2012.
  6. ↑
  7. ↑ Life-saving appliances: including LSA code/ International Maritime Organization (2nd ed.). London. 2010. ISBN 9789280115079.
  8. ↑ See COSPAS-SARSAT document A.001, 2005
  9. ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/11/world/americas/11iht-fly.4.7466479.html?_r=0
  10. ↑ http://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/ATC/atc1002.html
  11. 1 2 3 Position Indicating Radiobeacon (EPIRB) – USCG Navigation Center
  12. ↑ Albert Helfrick, Principles of Avionics, 5th Edition, Avionics Communications, 2009 ISBN 1885544278, p 287
  13. ↑ http://www.cospas-sarsat.int/images/stories/SystemDocs/Current/CS-T-001-Oct2014.pdf
  14. ↑ http://www.cospas-sarsat.int/images/stories/SystemDocs/Current/T-018-OCT-2014.pdf
  15. ↑ NASA Search and Rescue Mission Office : Distress Alerting Satellite System (DASS)
  16. ↑ Example of 406 MHz Beacon Coding
  17. ↑ beacon decoder webpage, When one enters the transmitted (i.e. GPS-location-included) 15-hex into the decoder, the unmodified 15-hex ID is printed at the bottom of the output of the Beacon Decoder page. This method can be used to confirm that a beacon is encoding the correct 15-hex ID (as printed on the side of the beacon) into its distress messages. Accessed November 23, 2009
  18. ↑ Microsoft Word -G3Oct30.98D.­
  19. ↑ http://www.cospas-sarsat.int/images/stories/SystemDocs/Current/T012-OCT-2014.pdf
  20. ↑ http://www.icao.int/safety/acp/ACPWGF/ACP-WG-F-22/ACP-WGF22-IP11-9718_5ed_unedited_version_en.pdf
  21. 1 2 RSS-187, Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons, Emergency Locator Transmitters, Personal Locator Beacons, and Maritime Survivor Locator Devices
  22. ↑ Sport Aviation: 10. March 2009. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  23. ↑ KANNAD 406 AS
  24. ↑ Milovanovich, C. (7 May 2009). "Inquest into the death of David Iredale" (PDF). Lawlink. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 22, 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2010.
  25. ↑ RSS-187, Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacons, Emergency Locator Transmitters, Personal Locator Beacons, and Maritime Survivor Locator Devices
  26. ↑ "Inmarsat will withdraw epirb service in 2006 and promises new safety service on next generation I-4 satellites". Archived from the original on December 9, 2006.
  27. ↑ Use of 121.5/243 MHz EPIRBs Banned. BoatUS Magazine. March 2007.
  28. ↑
  29. ↑ TSO-126
  30. ↑
  31. ↑ Emergency Locator Transmitters
  32. ↑ Regulations Amending the Canadian Aviation Regulations (Parts I and VI – ELT) Canada Gazette
  33. ↑ Canada Backs Off 406 ELTs
  34. ↑ COPA Flight 8 Ottawa: July 2009 Update on 4006 MHz ELTs
  35. ↑ "Another Automatic SOS" Flight 15 September 1938 p241
  36. ↑ http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1959/1959%20-%202361.html
  37. ↑ Safety recommendation (A-07-51). National Transportation Safety Board. 4 September 2007.
  38. ↑ NTSB to FAA: Require 406 MHz ELTs | Doug Ritter’s Equipped.org Blog
  39. ↑ McDonald, Samuel (2015-07-29). "Second Crash Test Harvests Valuable Data to Improve Emergency Response". NASA.
  40. ↑ Kauh, Elaine (2015-08-26). "NASA Completes ELT Crash Tests". AVweb.
  41. ↑ NASA crash video on YouTube
  42. ↑ Ihaka, James (27 May 2010). "Erceg coroner urges use of GPS tracking devices for aircraft". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 28 September 2011.
  43. ↑ SPOT Satellite Messenger FIRST LOOK - EQUIPPED TO SURVIVE (tm)
  44. ↑ SPOT Emergency Response
  45. ↑ GEOS Search And Rescue
  46. ↑ How SPOT works
  47. ↑ Live flight tracking | Spidertracks
  48. ↑ Yellowbrick Website
  49. ↑ Official Web site http://www.tracme.com.au/
  50. ↑ TracMe Official Web site FAQ.
  51. ↑ http://www.equipped.org/blog/?p=71
  52. ↑ TrackMe
  53. ↑ http://www.equipped.org/etsfi.htm
  54. ↑ http://www.equipped.org/tracme_eval.htm
  55. ↑ TracMe to FCC: You Can’t Make Us... | Doug Ritter’s Equipped.org Blog

References

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