Crystal (programming language)

Crystal

Paradigm	Multi-paradigm: Object-oriented
Designed by	Ary Borenszweig
Developer	Manas Technology Solutions
Preview release	0.20 / November 22, 2016 (2016-11-22)
Typing discipline	static
Implementation language	Crystal
Platform	'IA-32' (i386), 'x86-64'
OS	OS X, Linux, FreeBSD
License	Apache License 2.0
Filename extensions	.cr
Website	crystal-lang.org
Influenced by
Ruby,[1] C, Rust, Go,[1] C#,[1] Python[1]

Crystal is a general-purpose, object-oriented programming language designed and developed by Ary Borenszweig and Juan Wajnerman and over one-hundred listed contributors.^[2] Crystal is developed as open source software (under the Apache License, Version 2.0) with syntax inspired by Ruby. The language is statically type-checked but does not require that the type of variables or method arguments be specified. This is the result of advanced global type inference.^[3] The language is in an active development phase.

History

Work on the language began in June 2011,^[4] with the purpose of creating a language which had the elegance and productivity of Ruby and the speed, efficiency and type safety of a compiled language.^[5][4] Initially called Joy, it was quickly renamed to Crystal.^[4]

In November 2013, the Crystal compiler (previously written in Ruby) became self-hosting.^[6] The first official version was released in June 2014.^[7] In July 2016 Crystal was added to the TIOBE Index.

Description

Although resembling the Ruby programming language in syntax, Crystal compiles to much more efficient native code using an LLVM backend, at the cost of disallowing the dynamic aspects of Ruby. However, the advanced global type inference used by the Crystal compiler, combined with the usage of union types, give Crystal the feel of a higher-level scripting language than many other comparable programming languages. Recent benchmarks have demonstrated that Crystal has a performance broadly similar to C for a wide range of computing tasks.^[8][9][10] The language has automated garbage collection and currently offers a Boehm collector. Crystal possesses a macro system and supports generics and method and operator overloading. Crystal's concurrency model is inspired by communicating sequential processes (CSP), and implements light-weight fibers and channels (for communicating between fibers) inspired by the Go programming language.^[1]

Examples

Hello World

This is the simplest way to write the Hello World program in Crystal:

puts "Hello World!"

Or using an object-oriented programming style:

class Greeter
  def initialize(name : String)
    @name = name
  end

  def salute
    puts "Hello #{@name}!"
  end
end

g = Greeter.new("world")
g.salute

HTTP Server

require "http/server"

server = HTTP::Server.new(8080) do |context|
  context.response.content_type = "text/plain"
  context.response.print "Hello world! The time is #{Time.now}"
end

puts "Listening on http://0.0.0.0:8080"
server.listen

Type Inference and Union Types

The following code defines an array containing different types with no usable common ancestor. Crystal automatically creates a union type out of the types of the individual items.

desired_things = [:unicorns, "butterflies", 1_000_000]
p typeof(desired_things.first) # typeof returns the compile time type, here (Int32 | String | Symbol)
p desired_things.first.class   # the class method returns the runtime type, here Symbol

Concurrency

Channels can be used to communicate between fibers, which are initiated using the 'spawn' keyword.

channel = Channel(Int32).new

spawn do
  puts "Before first send"
  channel.send(1)
  puts "Before second send"
  channel.send(2)
end

puts "Before first receive"
value = channel.receive
puts value # => 1

puts "Before second receive"
value = channel.receive
puts value # => 2

References

External links

• Crystal official site
• Crystal source code