Corn cyst nematode

Corn cyst nematode
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Chromadorea
Order: Tylenchida
Family: Heteroderidae
Genus: Heterodera
Species: H. zeae
Binomial name
Heterodera zeae
Koshy, Swarup, and Sethi 1970

The corn cyst nematode (CCN) Heterodera zeae is a plant parasitic nematode that feeds on corn Zea mays. The CCN has a limited economic impact worldwide due to its high soil temperature requirements.[1]

History

CCN was first described from a population in India in 1970. It was later reported in Egypt and Pakistan. In India the CCN is considered to be one of the four economically important cyst nematodes.[2] The first report of the species in the Western hemisphere came in 1981 from four colonies in Maryland, Harford, Cecil, Kent, and Queen Anne’s counties. These four counties were placed under quarantine. The nematode was later identified from Cumberland Co., VA, over 170 miles from the nearest known infested field in Maryland. In Virginia the nematode was restricted to a 3 by 2.5 mile strip of land along the Appomattox River.[3]

Description

The cysts of CCN are light brown in color and lemon shaped. The cysts also have a zig-zag pattern on the cyst wall with four prominent finger-like bullae below the underbridge. The juveniles have an average stylet length of 20 μm and have a thin finely pointed tail. Females have a vulva slit of approximately 33 μm.[4]

Distribution and economic importance

The CCN has been found in India, Pakistan, Egypt, and the United States. In India and Egypt it is considered to be of economic importance.[5] [6] In the United States it is not considered to be of economic importance due to its limited distribution and high soil temperature requirements for reproduction.[7] Surveys have found the nematode in four Maryland counties and one county in Virginia. However, extensive surveys from 2004 to 2011 failed to identify H. zeae from New Jersey, Florida, Wisconsin, Minnesota, South Dakota, North Dakota, and Idaho.[8]

Reproduction & Life Cycle

The life cycle of the CCN is similar to other cyst nematodes in the genus Heterodera. Individuals begin as eggs contained within a cyst, the hardened body of a dead female. Juveniles complete the molt from first stage to second stage within the egg, and it is the second stage juvenile or J2, which hatches from the egg.[9] The J2 will seek out the roots of a suitable host plant and penetrate the root in search of a feeding site. The J2 will establish a permanent feeding site known as a syncytium and progress to adulthood. Males have not been described, but are assumed to exist.[10] Female development is highly temperature dependent with development being minimal at 75°F and steadily increasing in rate from 80°F to 97°F. The optimal developmental temperature is ≥ 97°F, which is considered high for cyst nematodes. In the greenhouse females will produce around 150 eggs when developing on corn.[11] Upon completion of their life adult females will darken in color and become hardened forming protective cysts, which contain their eggs.

Host Parasite Relationship

The CCN is known to be capable of parasitizing and reproducing on 42 different members of the Poaceae family of plants. These include the economically important crops of oat, barley, rice, sorghum, and wheat.[12] Corn is the preferred host with reproduction on corn far exceeding the other crops.

The CCN is a sedentary endoparasitic nematode, establishing feeding sites in the roots of host plants near the vascular tissue. Like other cyst nematodes, CCN feeds from a specialized feeding site known as a syncytium. This feeding site is formed by the deterioration of cell walls of adjoining plant cells in response to elicitors delivered through the nematode’s stylet. This cell wall deterioration leads to the formation of a single multi-nucleated feeding cell. Through the diversion of nutrients to the syncytium, CCN can stunt corn plant growth and reduce yield.[13][14]

Management

The CCN is currently not considered an economically important pest of corn in the United States.[15] If CCN reaches damaging levels crop rotation to non-host crops would be a viable management option as the CCN’s host range is limited to grasses and its non-hosts include soybean, alfalfa, and cotton.[16] Host plant resistant corn lines have been found and could be used to develop resistant hybrids if needed.[17]

References

  1. ↑ Hashmi, S.; L. R. Krusberg; S. Sardanelli (1993). "Reproduction of Heterodera zeae and its suppression of corn plant growth as affected by temperature.". Journal of Nematology. 25: 55–58.
  2. ↑ Koshy, P.K.; G. Swarup (1971). "Distribution of Heterodera avenue, H. zeae, H. cajani, and Anguina tritici. in India.". Indian Journal of Nematology. 1: 106–111.
  3. ↑ Eisenback, J.D.; E. Traut (1994). "The final report of the corn cyst nematode survey in Virginia.": 1–10.
  4. ↑ Golden, A.M.; R.H. Mulvey (1982). "Morphological and diagnostic features of Heterodera zeae, the corn cyst nematode.". Journal of Nematology. 14: 442.
  5. ↑ Aboul-Eid, H.Z.; A.I. Ghorab (1981). "The occurrence of Heterodera zeae in maize fields in Egypt.". Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology. 13: 51–61.
  6. ↑ The species of certain plants in India that were hosts of the corn cyst nematode differed from those found in the United States
  7. ↑ Koenning, S.R.; C. Overstreet; J. W. Noling; P. A. Donald; J. O. Becker; B. A. Fortnum (1999). "Survey of crop losses in response to phytoparasitic nematodes in the United States for 1994.". Journal of Nematology. 31: 587–618.
  8. ↑ National Agricultural Pest Information System (NAPIS). "Survey Status of Corn Cyst Nematode (CCN) - Heterodera zeae (All Years).". Purdue University. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
  9. ↑ Hashmi, S.; L. R. Krusberg; S. Sardanelli (1993). "Reproduction of Heterodera zeae and its suppression of corn plant growth as affected by temperature.". Journal of Nematology. 25: 55–58.
  10. ↑ Golden, A. M.; R. H. Mulvey (1982). "Morphological and diagnostic features of Heterodera zeae, the corn cyst nematode.". Journal of Nematology. 14: 442.
  11. ↑ Hashmi, S.; L. R. Krusberg; S. Sardanelli (1993). "Reproduction of Heterodera zeae and its suppression of corn plant growth as affected by temperature.". Journal of Nematology. 25: 55–58.
  12. ↑ Ringer, C. E.; S. Sardanelli; L. R. Krusberg (1987). "Investigations of the host range of the corn cyst nematode, Heterodera zeae, from Maryland.". Annals of Applied Nematology. 1: 97–106.
  13. ↑ Hashmi, S.; L. R. Krusberg; S. Sardanelli (1993). "Reproduction of Heterodera zeae and its suppression of corn plant growth as affected by temperature.". Journal of Nematology. 25: 55–58.
  14. ↑ Krusberg, L. R.; S. Sardanelli; A. P. Grybauskas (1997). "Damage potential of Heterodera zeae to Zea mays as affected by edaphic factors.". Fundamentals of Applied Nematology. 20: 593–599.
  15. ↑ Koenning, S. R.; C. Overstreet; J. W. Noling; P. A. Donald; J. O. Becker; B. A. Fortnum (1999). "Survey of crop losses in response to phytoparasitic nematodes in the United States for 1994.". Journal of Nematology. 31: 587–618.
  16. ↑ Ringer, C. E.; S. Sardanelli; L. R. Krusberg (1987). "Investigations of the host range of the corn cyst nematode, Heterodera zeae, from Maryland.". Annals of Applied Nematology. 1: 97–106.
  17. ↑ Hashmi, S.; L. R. Krusberg; R. N. Huettel (1993). "Resistance in Zea mays to Heterodera zeae.". Journal of Nematology. 25: 820–823.
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