Conjoined twins

Conjoined twins are identical twins^[1] joined in utero. An extremely rare phenomenon, the occurrence is estimated to range from 1 in 49,000 births to 1 in 189,000 births, with a somewhat higher incidence in Southeast Asia and Africa.^[2] Approximately half are stillborn, and an additional one-third die within 24 hours. Most live births are female, with a ratio of 3:1. Most stillborns are male.^[2][3]

Two contradicting theories exist to explain the origins of conjoined twins. The more generally accepted theory is fission, in which the fertilized egg splits partially.^[4] The other theory, no longer believed to be the basis of conjoined twinning,^[4] is fusion, in which a fertilized egg completely separates, but stem cells (which search for similar cells) find like-stem cells on the other twin and fuse the twins together. Conjoined twins share a single common chorion, placenta, and amniotic sac, although these characteristics are not exclusive to conjoined twins as there are some monozygotic but non-conjoined twins who also share these structures in utero.^[5]

The most famous pair of conjoined twins was Chang and Eng Bunker (Thai: อิน-จัน, In-Chan) (1811–1874), Thai brothers born in Siam, now Thailand. They traveled with P.T. Barnum's circus for many years and were labeled as the Siamese Twins. Chang and Eng were joined by a band of flesh, cartilage, and their fused livers at the torso. In modern times, they could have been easily separated.^[6] Due to the brothers' fame and the rarity of the condition, the term "Siamese twins" came to be used as a synonym for conjoined twins.^[7]

Types of conjoined twins

Conjoined twins are typically classified by the point at which their bodies are joined. The most common types of conjoined twins are:

• Thoraco-omphalopagus (28% of cases):^[4] Two bodies fused from the upper chest to the lower chest. These twins usually share a heart, and may also share the liver or part of the digestive system.^[8]
• Thoracopagus (18.5%):^[4] Two bodies fused from the upper thorax to lower belly. The heart is always involved in these cases.^[8] As of 2015, separation of a genuinely shared heart has not offered survival to two twins; a designated twin may survive if allotted the heart, sacrificing the other twin.
• Omphalopagus (10%):^[4] Two bodies fused at the lower abdomen. Unlike thoracopagus, the heart is never involved in these cases; however, the twins often share a liver, digestive system, diaphragm and other organs.^[8]
• Parasitic twins (10%):^[4] Twins that are asymmetrically conjoined, resulting in one twin that is small, less formed, and dependent on the larger twin for survival.
• Craniopagus (6%):^[4] Fused skulls, but separate bodies. These twins can be conjoined at the back of the head, the front of the head, or the side of the head, but not on the face or the base of the skull.^[8]

Other less-common types of conjoined twins include:

• Cephalopagus: Two faces on opposite sides of a single, conjoined head; the upper portion of the body is fused while the bottom portions are separate. These twins generally cannot survive due to severe malformations of the brain. Also known as janiceps (after the two-faced god Janus) or syncephalus.^[8]
• Syncephalus: One head with a single face but four ears, and two bodies.^[8]
• Cephalothoracopagus: Bodies fused in the head and thorax. In this type of twins, there are two faces facing in opposite directions, or sometimes a single face and an enlarged skull.^[8][9]
• Xiphopagus: Two bodies fused in the xiphoid cartilage, which is approximately from the navel to the lower breastbone. These twins almost never share any vital organs, with the exception of the liver.^[8] A famous example is Chang and Eng Bunker.
• Ischiopagus: Fused lower half of the two bodies, with spines conjoined end-to-end at a 180° angle. These twins have four arms; one, two, three or four legs; and typically one external set of genitalia and anus.^[8]
• Omphalo-Ischiopagus: Fused in a similar fashion as ischiopagus twins, but facing each other with a joined abdomen akin to omphalopagus. These twins have four arms, and two, three, or four legs.^[8]
• Parapagus: Fused side-by-side with a shared pelvis. Twins that are dithoracic parapagus are fused at the abdomen and pelvis, but not the thorax. Twins that are diprosopic parapagus have one trunk and two faces. Twins that are dicephalic parapagus have one trunk and two heads, and have two (dibrachius), three (tribrachius), or four (tetrabrachius) arms.^[8]
• Craniopagus parasiticus: Like craniopagus, but with a second bodiless head attached to the dominant head.
• Pygopagus (Iliopagus): Two bodies joined at the pelvis.^[8]
• Rachipagus: Twins joined along the dorsal aspect (back) of their bodies, with fusion of the vertebral arches and the soft tissue from the head to the buttocks^[10]

Separation

Surgery to separate conjoined twins may range from very easy to very hard, depending on the point of attachment and the internal parts that are shared. Most cases of separation are extremely risky and life-threatening. In many cases, the surgery results in the death of one or both of the twins, particularly if they are joined at the head or share a vital organ. This makes the ethics of surgical separation, where the twins can survive if not separated, contentious. Alice Dreger of Northwestern University found the quality of life of twins who remain conjoined to be higher than is commonly supposed.^[11] Lori and George Schappell and Abby and Brittany Hensel are notable examples.

In 1955, neurosurgeon Harold Voris (1902-1980)^[12] and his team at Mercy Hospital in Chicago performed the first successful operation to separate Siamese twins conjoined (Craniopagus twins) at the head, which resulted in long-term survival for both.^[13][14][15] The larger girl was reported in 1963 as developing normally, but the smaller was permanently impaired.^[16]

In 1957, Bertram Katz and his surgical team made international medical history performing the world's first successful separation of conjoined twins sharing a vital organ.^[17] Omphalopagus twins John Nelson and James Edward Freeman (Johnny and Jimmy) were born to Mr. and Mrs. William Freeman of Youngstown, Ohio, on April 27, 1956. The boys shared a liver but had separate hearts and were successfully separated at North Side Hospital in Youngstown, Ohio by Bertram Katz. The operation was funded by the Ohio Crippled Children's Service Society.^[18]

Recent successful separations of conjoined twins include that of the separation of Ganga & Jamuna Shreshta in 2001, who were born in Kathmandu, Nepal, in 2000. The 197-hour surgery on the pair of craniopagus twins was a landmark one which took place in Singapore; the team was led by neurosurgeons Chumpon Chan and Keith Goh.^[19] The surgery left Ganga with brain damage and Jamuna unable to walk. Seven years later, Ganga Shrestha died at the Model Hospital in Kathmandu in July 2009, at the age of 8, three days after being admitted for treatment of a severe chest infection.^[20]

A case of particular interest was that of infants Rose and Grace ("Mary" and "Jodie") Attard, conjoined twins from Malta who were separated in Great Britain by court order Re A (Children) (Conjoined Twins: Surgical Separation) over the religious objections of their parents, Michaelangelo and Rina Attard. The surgery took place in November, 2000, at St Mary's Hospital in Manchester. The operation was controversial because Rose, the weaker twin, would die as a result of the procedure as her heart and lungs were dependent upon Grace's. (The twins were attached at the lower abdomen and spine.) However, if the operation had not taken place, it was certain that both twins would die.^[21][22] Grace survived to enjoy a normal childhood.^[23]

In 2003 two 29-year-old women from Iran, Ladan and Laleh Bijani, who were joined at the head but had separate brains (craniopagus) were surgically separated in Singapore, despite surgeons' warnings that the operation could be fatal to one or both. Their complex case was accepted only because high tech graphical imagery and modelling would allow the medical team to plan the risky surgery. Unfortunately, an undetected major vein hidden from the scans was discovered during the operation.^[24] The separation was completed but both women died while still in surgery on July 8, 2003.

Causes

Embryo splitting in which zygote divide asexually, to produce identical children, is blocked by mitosis inhibitor.

Conjoined twins in history

Conjoined brothers from Nuremberg Chronicle (1493).

Conjoined twin sisters from Nuremberg Chronicle (1493).

Moche ceramics depicting conjoined twins. 300 CE Larco Museum Collection Lima, Peru.

The Moche culture of ancient Peru depicted conjoined twins in their ceramics dating back to 300 CE.^[25] Writing around 415 CE, St. Augustine of Hippo in his book City of God refers to a man "double in his upper, but single in his lower half--having two heads, two chests, four hands, but one body and two feet like an ordinary man."^[26] The earliest known documented case of conjoined twins dates from the year 942, when a pair of conjoined twin brothers from Armenia were brought to Constantinople for medical evaluation.

In Arabia, the twin brothers Hashim ibn Abd Manaf and 'Abd Shams were born with Hashim's leg attached to his twin brother's head. Legend says that their father, Abd Manaf ibn Qusai, separated his conjoined sons with a sword and that some priests believed that the blood that had flowed between them signified wars between their progeny (confrontations did occur between Banu al'Abbas and Banu Ummaya ibn 'Abd Shams in the year 750 AH).^[27] The Muslim polymath Abū al-Rayhān al-Bīrūnī described Siamese twins in his book Kitab-al-Saidana.^[28]

The English twin sisters Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst, who were conjoined at the back (pygopagus), lived from 1100 to 1134 (or 1500 to 1534) and were perhaps the best-known early historical example of conjoined twins. Other early conjoined twins to attain notice were the "Scottish brothers", allegedly of the dicephalus type, essentially two heads sharing the same body (1460–1488, although the dates vary); the pygopagus Helen and Judith of Szőny, Hungary (1701–1723), who enjoyed a brief career in music before being sent to live in a convent; and Rita and Cristina of Parodi of Sardinia, born in 1829. Rita and Cristina were dicephalus tetrabrachius (one body with four arms) twins and although they died at only eight months of age, they gained much attention as a curiosity when their parents exhibited them in Paris.

Grave of Eng and Chang Bunker near Mt. Airy, North Carolina

Several sets of conjoined twins lived during the nineteenth century and made careers for themselves in the performing arts, though none achieved quite the same level of fame and fortune as Chang and Eng. Most notably, Millie and Christine McCoy (or McKoy), pygopagus twins, were born into slavery in North Carolina in 1851. They were sold to a showman, J.P. Smith, at birth, but were soon kidnapped by a rival showman. The kidnapper fled to England but was thwarted because England had already banned slavery. Smith traveled to England to collect the girls and brought with him their mother, Monimia, from whom they had been separated. He and his wife provided the twins with an education and taught them to speak five languages, play music, and sing. For the rest of the century the twins enjoyed a successful career as "The Two-Headed Nightingale" and appeared with the Barnum Circus. In 1912 they died of tuberculosis, 17 hours apart.

Giovanni and Giacomo Tocci, from Locana, Italy, were immortalized in Mark Twain's short story "Those Extraordinary Twins" as fictitious twins Angelo and Luigi. The Toccis, born in 1877, were dicephalus tetrabrachius twins, having one body with two legs, two heads, and four arms. From birth they were forced by their parents to perform and never learned to walk, as each twin controlled one leg (in modern times physical therapy allows twins like the Toccis to learn to walk on their own). They are said to have disliked show business. In 1886, after touring the United States, the twins returned to Europe with their family, where they fell very ill. They are believed to have died around this time, though some sources claim they survived until 1940, living in seclusion in Italy.

List of notable conjoined twins

Names listed in boldface are of twins who have been separated.

Born 19th century and earlier

Chang and Eng Bunker, watercolor on ivory, 1835 or 1836

• Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst, alleged names of the Biddenden Maids (per tradition, born in the 12th century) of Kent, England.^[29] They are the earliest set of conjoined twins whose names are (purportedly) known.
• Lazarus and Joannes Baptista Colloredo (1617-164?)
• Helen and Judith of Szony (Hungary, 1701–1723)
• Chang and Eng Bunker (1811–1874), from Thailand (formerly Siam), joined by the areas around their xiphoid cartilages, but over time the join stretched; the expression Siamese twins is derived from their case
• Millie and Christine McCoy (July 11, 1851 - October 8, 1912) were American conjoined twins who went by the stage names "The Two-Headed Nightingale" and "The Eighth Wonder of the World."
• Giacomo and Giovanni Battista Tocci (1875?-1912?)

Born 20th century

• Daisy and Violet Hilton of Brighton, England (1908–1969), actresses, appeared in the movies Freaks and Chained for Life.
• Lucio and Simplicio Godina of Samar, Philippines (1908–1936)
• Masha and Dasha Krivoshlyapova of Moscow, Russia (1950–2003), rarest form of conjoined twins, one of few cases of dicephalus tetrabrachius tripus (two heads, four arms, three legs).
• Ronnie and Donnie Galyon of Ohio (b. 1951), currently the world's oldest living conjoined twins, Omphalopagus.
• Lori and George Schappell born September 18, 1961 in Reading, Pennsylvania, American entertainers, craniopagus.
• Ladan and Laleh Bijani of Shiraz, Iran (1974–2003); died during separation surgery in Singapore.
• Viet and Duc Nguyen, born on February 25, 1981 in Kon Tum Province, Vietnam, and separated in 1988 in Ho Chi Minh City. Viet died on October 6, 2007.
• Patrick and Benjamin Binder, first successfully separated twins joined at the head, in 1987 by team of doctors led by 2016 U.S. Presidential Candidate Ben Carson.
• Abigail and Brittany Hensel are dicephalic parapagus twins born March 7, 1990 in Carver County, Minnesota. Both graduated in 2012 from Bethel University, St. Paul, hired as teachers.
• Joseph and Luka Banda (born March 7, 1990 in Zambia), and separated in 1997 by Ben Carson.
• Ganga and Jamuna Mondal of India, born 1969 or 1970, known professionally as The Spider Girls and The Spider Sisters.

Born 21st century

Conjoined twin lambs

• Carl and Clarence Aguirre, born with vertical craniopagus in Silay City, Negros Occidental on April 21, 2002. Both were successfully separated in August 4, 2004.^[30]
• Kendra and Maliyah Herrin, ischiopagus twins separated in 2006 at age 4.^[31]
• Anastasia and Tatiana Dogaru, born outside Rome of Lazio, Italy on January 13, 2004. As Craniopagus twins, the top of Tatiana's head is attached to the back of Anastasias's head.
• Lakshmi Tatma (born 2005) was an ischiopagus conjoined twin born in Araria district in the state of Bihar, India. She had four arms and four legs, resulting from a joining at the pelvis with a headless undeveloped parasitic twin.^[32]
• Krista and Tatiana Hogan, Canadian twins conjoined at the head. Born October 25, 2006. Share part of their brain and can pass sensory information and thoughts between each other.
• Trishna and Krishna from Bangladesh were born in December, 2006, Craniopagus twins, joined on the tops of their skulls, and sharing a small amount of brain tissue. In 2009, they were separated in Melbourne, Australia.^[33]
• Maria and Teresa Tapia, born in the Dominican Republic on April 8, 2010. Conjoined by the liver, pancreas, and a small portion of their small intestine. Separation occurred on November 7, 2011.

In fiction

• Tamil actor Suriya portrays Vimalan and Akilan, conjoined twins in the 2012 film, Maattrraan.
• The book "The Girls", by Lori Lansens, published in 2006, is the fictional autobiography of craniopagus twins Rose and Ruby Darlen.
• Actress Sarah Paulson portrays Bettie "Bette" and Dorothy "Dot" Tattler, conjoined twins, in the fourth installment of the American Horror Story anthology series.
• "The Addams Family (film)" Actresses Darlene and Maureen Sue Levin portray conjoined twins Flora and Fauna Amor in both The Addams Family and Addams Family Values.
• The film Stuck on You depicts Bob and Walt Tenor, conjoined twins portrayed by Matt Damon and Greg Kinnear. 2003.
• CatDog depicts Cat and Dog, a hybrid of a dog and cat who are brothers.
• Dragon Tales, a children's show which depicts Zak and Wheezie, a two-headed dragon that are brother and sister.
• South Park features Nurse Gollum with a fetus on her head.
• The Simpsons features Hugo in Treehouse of Horror VII, who is Bart Simpson's conjoined twin. They were separated at birth by Dr. Hibbert, and Hugo was imprisoned in the Simpsons' attic.
• The Oblongs, depicts Biff Oblong (Randy Sklar) and Chip Oblong (Jason Sklar) – 17-year-old conjoined twins who are attached at the waist and share a middle leg.
• In the episode "Humbug" of The X-Files, Vincent Schiavelli portrayed a circus performer named Lanny, with an underdeveloped conjoined twin named Leonard. The episode also includes a reference to Chang and Eng.
• The Prophet of Yonwood has a reference to the Chang and Eng when the main character, Nickie, finds a picture of them in her great-grandfather's old house in Siam.
• The film Big Fish has a reference to the North Korean twins singers, who were mentioned in one of the stories told by the main character.
• Brothers of the Head by Brian Aldiss has two meanings: The blighted beach area where these conjoined twins, Barry & Tommy Howe, live, and the malformed, rudimentary third head that they have. The two enter the world of rock, sex -and drugs. When the third head wakes up, horror ensues.
• In the anime Naruto, Sakon (左近) and his conjoined twin brother Ukon (右近), are the strongest of the Sound Four and count as one member due to their abilities to merge bodies and kill an opponent at a cellular level. They both serve as antagonists.
• The Broadway musical Side Show depicts the lives of real-life conjoined twins Daisy and Violet Hilton, portrayed in the original Broadway production by Alice Ripley and Emily Skinner.
• The American medical drama Grey's Anatomy featured several cases of conjoined twins.
• The 2001 movie Not Another Teen Movie depicts Kara and Sara Fratelli, conjoined twins portrayed by Samaire Armstrong and Nectar Rose.
• The musical group Evelyn, Evelyn depicts a pair of conjoined twin sisters- often referred to as 'The Evelyn Sisters'- in many of their songs and music videos. The fictional sisters are shown to be child prostitutes in the music video for "Sandy Fishnets", and the song "Evelyn, Evelyn" describes their longing for privacy and to be separated from one another.
• The Bride with White Hair, 1993 Hong Kong movie, the villain in that movie is conjoined twins
• Fran Bow, 2015 indie psychological horror game, Clara and Mia Buhalmet, from the video game, Fran Bow, are a set of mentally ill conjoined twins. They were surgically sewn together, much like an experiment performed by Josef Mengele, aka the Angel of Death, in which a pair of twins were sewn together back to back by blood vessels and organs, in an attempt to create Siamese twins.

See also

• Biddenden Maids
• Medical law
• Monoamniotic twins
• Polycephaly

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Conjoined twins.

• Types and social history of conjoined twins
• The site of the medical Saudi team responsible for numerous successful separation surgeries
• Eng and Chang - The Original Siamese Twins; The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, The North Carolina Collection Gallery
• The Human Marvels: A Historical Reference Site run by J. Tithonus Pednaud, Teratological Historian
• Cases of conjoined and incomplete twins
• Clara and Alta Rodriguez, joined at the pelvis and successfully separated in 1974 at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia by surgeons including C. Everett Koop
• National Library of Medicine: Selected Moments in the History of Conjoined Twins
• Conjoined Twins Fast Facts (also lists additional twins)
• Emedicine article (this article includes post-mortem images)
• Facts About Multiples: Conjoined Records and stats