Competitive programming

Open championship on programming Yandex.Algorithm, August 22, 2013.

Competitive programming is a mind sport usually held over the Internet or a local network, involving participants trying to program according to provided specifications. Contestants are referred to as sport programmers. Competitive programming is recognized and supported by several multinational software and Internet companies, such as Google,^[1][2] Facebook^[3] and IBM.^[4] There are several organizations who host programming competitions on a regular basis.

A programming competition generally involves the host presenting a set of logical or mathematical problems to the contestants (who can vary in number from tens to several thousands), and contestants are required to write computer programs capable of solving each problem. Judging is based mostly upon number of problems solved and time spent for writing successful solutions, but may also include other factors (quality of output produced, execution time, program size, etc.)

History

One of the oldest contests known is ACM-ICPC which originated in the 1970s, and has grown to include 88 countries in its 2011 edition. Interest in competitive programming has grown extensively since 2000, and is strongly connected to the growth of the Internet, which facilitates holding international contests online, eliminating geographical problems.

Overview

The aim of competitive programming is to write source code of computer programs which are able to solve given problems. A vast majority of problems appearing in programming contests are mathematical or logical in nature. Typical such tasks belong to one of the following categories: combinatorics, number theory, graph theory, geometry, string analysis and data structures. Problems related to artificial intelligence are also popular in certain competitions.

Irrespective of the problem category, the process of solving a problem can be divided into two broad steps, constructing an efficient algorithm, and implementing the algorithm in a suitable programming language (the set of programming languages allowed varies from contest to contest). These are the two most commonly tested skills in programming competitions.

In most contests, the judging is done automatically by host machines, commonly known as judges. Every solution submitted by a contestant is run on the judge against a set of (usually secret) test cases. Normally, contest problems have an all-or-none marking system, meaning that a solution is "Accepted" only if it produces satisfactory results on all test cases run by the judge, and rejected otherwise. However, some contest problems may allow for partial scoring, depending on the number of test cases passed, the quality of the results, or some other specified criteria. Some other contests only require that the contestant submit the output corresponding to given input data, in which case the judge only has to analyze the submitted output data.

Notable competitions

There are two types of competition formats: short-term and long-term. Each round of short-term competition lasts from 1 to 3 hours. Long-term competitions can last from a few days to a few months.

Short-term

• ACM-ICPC - one of the oldest competitions, for students of universities in groups of 3 persons each, sponsored by IBM
• ACSL - computer science competition with written and programming portions, for middle/high school students
• CodeChef Cook-Off^[5] - an ACM-ICPC style programming contest held on second last Sunday of every month
• CodeChef LunchTime^[5] - a Junior Programming series held on last Sunday of every month, for middle/high school students
• CodeChef SnackDown^[6] - An annual multi round global programming contest hosted by CodeChef
• Facebook Hacker Cup - competition held from 2011, provided and sponsored by Facebook
• Google Code Jam - competition held from 2003, provided and sponsored by Google
• HackerRank Ad Infinitum^[7] - Math Programming Contest by HackerRank
• HackerRank Week of Code^[8] - 7-day contest by HackerRank
• ICFP Programming Contest - competition held since 1998 by the International Conference on Functional Programming
• IEEEXtreme Programming Competition - competition held since 2006 by IEEE
• IOI - one of the oldest competitions, for secondary school students
• TopCoder Open - Algorithm - competition held since 2004 by TopCoder;

In most of the above competitions, since the number of contestants is quite large, competitions are usually organized in several rounds. They usually require online participation in all rounds except the last, which require onsite participation. A special exception to this is IEEEXtreme, which is a yearly 24-hour virtual programming competition. The top performers at IOI and ACM-ICPC receive gold, silver and bronze medals while in the other contests, cash prizes are awarded to the top finishers. Also hitting the top places in the score tables of such competitions may attract interest of recruiters from software and Internet companies.

Long-term

• CodeChef Long Challenges^[5]
• Google AI Challenge
• HackerRank Week of Code
• Kaggle
• Russian AI Cup open artificial intelligence programming contest
• TopCoder Marathon matches

Online contest and training resources

The programming community around the world has created and maintained several internet-resources dedicated to competitive programming. They offer standalone contests with or without minor prizes. Also the past archives of problems are a popular resource for training in competitive programming. These include:

See also

• Code golf

References

External links

Open-source project for running contests

• Contest Management System Open-source tool in Python to run and manage a programming contest on a server IOI 2012 and IOI 2013.