Comparison of Portuguese and Spanish

Portuguese and Spanish, although closely related sister languages, differ in many details of their phonology, grammar, and lexicon. Both are part of a broader group known as West Iberian Romance, which also includes several other languages or dialects with fewer speakers, all of which are mutually intelligible to some degree.

The most obvious differences are in pronunciation. Mutual intelligibility is generally greater for the written languages than for their spoken forms. Compare, for example, the following sentences:

Al buen entendedor pocas palabras bastan (Spanish: [al ˈβwen entendeˈðor ˈpokas paˈlaβɾaz ˈβastan])
Ao bom entendedor poucas palavras bastam (European Portuguese: [ɐw ˈβõ ẽtẽdɨˈðoɾ ˈpo(w)kɐʃ pɐˈlavɾɐʒ ˈβaʃtɐ̃w], Brazilian Portuguese: [aw ˈbõw ĩtẽdeˈdoʁ ˈpo(w)kɐs paˈlavɾɐz ˈbastɐ̃w])

—roughly equivalent to the English proverb "A word to the wise is sufficient," or, a more literal translation, "To a good listener, a few words are enough."

There are also some significant differences between Brazilian Portuguese and European Portuguese as there are between British and American English or Peninsular and Latin American Spanish. This article notes these differences below only where:

Sample texts

Portuguese and Spanish share a great number of words that are spelled either identically or almost identically (although the pronunciation almost always differs), or which differ sometimes in predictable ways. Consider, for example, the following paragraph, taken from the Gramática esencial del español, by Manuel Seco (Espasa Calpe, 1989), and compare it to the Portuguese rendition below, noting the lexical similarity and the slight changes in word order:

Pero, a pesar de esta variedad de posibilidades que la voz posee, sería un muy pobre instrumento de comunicación si no contara más que con ella. La capacidad de expresión del hombre no dispondría de más medios que la de los animales. La voz, sola, es para el hombre escasamente una materia informe, que para convertirse en un instrumento perfecto de comunicación debe ser sometida a un cierto tratamiento. Esa manipulación que recibe la voz son las "articulaciones".
Mas, apesar da variedade de possibilidades que a voz possui, seria um instrumento de comunicação muito pobre se não se contasse com mais do que ela. A capacidade de expressão do homem não disporia de mais meios que a dos animais. A voz, sozinha, é para o homem apenas uma matéria informe, que para se converter num instrumento perfeito de comunicação deve ser submetida a um certo tratamento. Essa manipulação que a voz recebe são as "articulações".

Vocabulary

Cognates

Most of the frequent words in the two languages share a common origin in Latin,[1] but several of these cognates differ, to a greater or lesser extent, in meaning.

Two forms vs. one form

Some words have two forms in one language, but just one in the other:

False friends

Some pairs of cognates differ in that they have a broader or narrower meaning in one language than in the other, or their meanings are entirely different. On this basis they are termed "false friends":

Spanish Portuguese English
cola (< Lat. cauda)

fila, bicha, cauda, rabo, linha (< Fr. file, < Lat. bestius, < Lat. cauda, < Lat. rapum, < Lat. linea)

queue, file, tail
vaso (< Lat. vasum)

copo (< Lat. cupa)

glass, cup
despido (< Lat. expetere)

demissão (< Lat. dimissĭo)

dismissal, firing
oso (< Lat. ursus)

urso (< Lat. ursus)

bear
polvo (< Lat. pulvis)

(< Lat. pulv(er)is)

dust
tienda (< Lat. tenda < tendĕre)

loja, negócio, butique, estabelecimento, depósito (< Fr. loge < Frankish. laubja, < Lat. negotium, < Fr. boutique < Lat. apotheca, < Lat. stabilire, < Lat. depositum)

shop, business, depot
ganancia (< Gothic ganan)

ganho, lucro, interesse, rendimento, proveito, vencimento, acréscimo (< Frankish waidanjan, < Lat. lucrum, < Lat. interesse, < Lat. re- + dare, < Lat. profectus, < Lat. vincere, < Lat. accrescere + -imo)

profit, gain, interest
embarazada (< Port. embaraço)

grávida (< Lat. gravō + -idus/-ida)

pregnant

estafa (< Ita. staffa)

calote, fraude, burla (< Fr. culotte, < Lat.fraudis, < probably Lat. burrŭla)

swindle, fraud, trickery

exquisito (< Lat. exquisitus)

esquisito, estranho, bizarro, peculiar (< Lat. exquisitus, < Lat. extrāneus, < Fr. bizarre < Basque bizar, < Lat. peculiāris)

exquisite

molestia (< Lat. moles)

incómodo, inconveniência, maçada (< Lat. incommodus, < Lat. inconvenientis, < Lat. matea + Port. -ada)

inconvenience, disturbance

servicios (< Lat. servitium)

lavabo, toilette, toalete, WC, sanitário (< Lat. lavabo, < Fr. toilette, < Eng. water closet, < Lat. sanitas)

toilet, WC

perro (< onomatopoeic perr perr)

cão (< Lat. canis), cachorro (< Lat. catulus + Basque -orro)

dog

berro (< Celt. beruros)

agrião (< Gr. ágrios)

watercress

aceite (< Ar. az-zayt)

óleo (< Lat. oleum)

oil

oficina (< Lat. opus + ficium < officium < officina)

escritório, gabinete, atelier, agência, cartório, bureau/birô, departamento, workshop, oficina de reparação automóvel, garagem auto mecânica (< Lat. scriptorĭum, < Fr. cabinet < Fr. atelier, < It. agenzia, < Lat. carta + suffix 'orio', < Fr. atelier, < Lat. departimentum, < Lat. + Gr departimentum, < Eng. workshop, < Fr. + Gr. + Lat. garage + αὐτο + mechanicus)

office, workshop

firma (< Lat. firmus)

assinatura (< Lat. signator)

signature

presunto (< Lat. praesumptus)

presumível, suspeito, provável (< Lat. praesumptus, < Lat. suspectum, < Lat. probabilis)

presumed, suspect

topo (< Lat. talpa)

toupeira (< Lat. talpa + Port. -eira)

mole, moleskin

Portuguese Spanish English
cola (< Lat. coloere)

pegamento (< Lat. pix)

glue
vaso (< Lat. vasum) maceta, tiesto (< Hisp.-Ar. maceta, maybe < Ita. mazzetto, < Lat. testu)

vase, flowerpot

despido (< Lat. expedire)

desnudo (< Lat. ex + nudus)

naked
osso (< Lat. ossum)

hueso (< Lat. ossum)

bone
polvo (< Gr. πολύπους)

pulpo (< Gr. πολύπους)

octopus
tenda (< Lat. tenda < tendĕre)

tienda, lona, toldo (< Lat. tenda < tendĕre, < Fr. Olonne, < Fr. taud < Old Germ. tialz)

tent, marquee
ganância (< Gothic ganan)

codicia, avaricia, afán (< Lat. cupiditia, < Lat. avaritia, < Probably Lat. afannae)

greed, avarice, covetousness
embaraçada (< Lat. in + Ar. barass)

avergonzada (< Lat. verecundia)

embarrassed

estafa (< Ita. staffa)

agotamiento, fatiga, extenuación (< Lat.gutta, < Lat.fatigāre, < Lat. extenuāre,')

exhaustion, tiredness, wear out

esquisito (< Lat. exquisitus)

raro, extraño, peculiar (< Lat. rarus, < Lat. extrāneus, < Lat. peculiāris)

odd, strange, peculiar

moléstia (< Lat. molestiae)

enfermedad, achaque, plaga, peste (< Lat. infirmitas, < Ar. saka, < Lat. plaga, < Lat. pestis )

disease, plague

serviço (< Lat. servitium)

servicio (< Lat. servitium)

service

perro (< uncertain, maybe Sp. perro')

oxidado (< Greek + Lat. suffix oxis + tatus)

rusty

berro (< Lat. barrire)

chillido (< Lat. cisclare)

screech, shriek

aceite (< Lat. acceptāre)

aceptado (< Lat. acceptāre)

accepted

oficina (< Lat. < officium < officina)

taller, taller de coches, taller mecánico de autos (< Old Fr. astelier, < Old Fr. + Lat. estalier + cocca, < Old Fr. + Lat. + Gr. astelier + mechanicus + αὐτο)

auto repair centre, repair garage, workshop

firma (< Lat. firmus)

empresa; compañía; sociedad, negocio (< Lat. prenhendere, companio, societas, nec otium)

business, firm, company, corporation, enterprise, venture, establishment, group, house

presunto (< Lat. persuctus)

jamón (< Fr. jambon)

ham, prosciutto

topo (< Gr. tópos)

cumbre (< Lat. columen)

top

Semantic change

Many pairs of cognates have come to have different meanings due to semantic change. These false friends include the following:

Frequent function words

A number of the frequent "function words" (pronouns, conjunctions, etc.) are cognates in the two languages but are used in slightly different ways, including the following:

Spanish todo, Portuguese tudo

The Spanish pronoun todo can mean 'all/every', or 'everything'. Portuguese distinguishes between todo 'all/every' (masculine) and tudo 'everything' (neuter, used for an indefinite object or abstraction).

Todos los insectos tienen seis patas. (Spanish)
Todos os insetos têm seis patas. (Portuguese)
'All insects have six legs.'
El ladrón lo robó todo. (Spanish)
O ladrão roubou tudo. (Portuguese)
'The thief stole everything' or 'The thief stole it all.'
Relative and interrogative pronouns

Spanish uses an acute accent on interrogative pronouns, while the corresponding relative pronouns (etymologically the same words) are spelled without the accent to mark the difference in prosodic stress.[3] (As explained below, the acute accent often changes the vowel sound in Portuguese, but not Spanish.) For example, ¿quién? (who?) and quien (who) in Spanish, but quem for both in Portuguese. Apart from that, while "quem" is invariable, Spanish has both the singular "quién" and the plural "quiénes."

¿Quiénes son esas personas? (Spanish)
Quem são essas pessoas? (Portuguese)
'Who are those people?'
Spanish muy and mucho, Portuguese muito

Spanish distinguishes the adjective mucho 'much/many' from the adverb muy 'very/quite'. Portuguese uses muito for both (there's also mui, but it is considered old-fashioned)

Saqué muchas fotos durante el viaje. (Spanish)
Tirei muitas fotos durante a viagem. (Portuguese)
'I took many photos during the trip.'
Las cerezas están muy maduras. (Spanish)
As cerejas estão muito maduras. (Portuguese)
'The cherries are quite ripe.'

As an adjective, muito is inflected according to the gender and number of the noun it qualifies, like mucho. As an adverb, it is invariable like muy. Thus, it would be incorrect to say *muitas maduras in the second example.

Cardinal numbers

The cardinal numbers are very similar in Spanish and Portuguese, but there are differences of usage in numbers one and two. Spanish has different words for the masculine singular indefinite article ('a, an') and the numeral 'one', thus un capítulo 'a chapter', but capítulo uno 'chapter one'. In Portuguese, both words are the same: um capítulo and capítulo um. Spanish uno can also be used as a pronoun, like the English generic "one", to represent an indeterminate subject, but this is not possible with Portuguese um; the reflexive pronoun se is used instead. Se may be used in Spanish to form passive and impersonal constructions, as well.[4]

Uno (or Se) debe pensar antes de actuar. (Spanish)
Deve-se pensar antes de agir. (Portuguese)
'One should think before acting.'

This still applies in cases where a relatively indeterminate subject is genderized, such as the Spanish todos a una [voz] ('all at once', literally 'all at one [voice]'). It should be rewritten in Portuguese without any cardinal number. For example, todos juntos 'all together'.

On the other hand, in Portuguese, cardinal number 'two' inflects with gender (dois if masculine, duas if feminine), while in Spanish dos is used for both.

Uno más uno es igual a dos. (Spanish)
Um mais um é igual a dois. (Portuguese)
'One plus one equals two.'
Dos cabezas piensan mejor que una. (Spanish)
Duas cabeças pensam melhor que uma. (Portuguese)
'Two heads think better than one.'
Tengo dos hermanos y dos hermanas. (Spanish)
Tenho dois irmãos e duas irmãs. (Portuguese)
'I have two brothers and two sisters.'
Conjunctions

The conjunction "and" in Spanish is y (pronounced [i] before a consonant, [j] before a vowel) before all words except those beginning with an [i] sound (spelled i- or hi-). Before a syllabic [i] sound (and not the diphthong [je] as in hierro), the Spanish conjunction is e [e̞]. Portuguese uses e [i] before all words.

Sal y pimienta. (Spanish)
Sal e pimenta. (Portuguese)
'Salt and pepper.'
Judío e hindú. (Spanish)
Judeu e hindu. (Portuguese)
'Jewish and Hindu.'
Leones y hienas. (Spanish)
Leões e hienas. (Portuguese)
'Lions and hyenas.'

Similarly, for the conjunction "or" Spanish uses o [o̞] before all words except those beginning with o- or ho-, in which case it uses u [w]. Portuguese always uses ou [ow]~[o].

Vino o agua. (Spanish)
Vinho ou água. (Portuguese)
'Wine or water.'
Uno u otro. (Spanish)
Um ou outro. (Portuguese)
'One or the other.'
Se, si, , and sim

In Portuguese, the word se can be a reflexive pronoun or a conjunction meaning 'if'. This may give the false impression that a Portuguese verb is pronominal when it is not. For example, Se ficou em Paris... means 'If (he/she) remained in Paris...' When the conjunction se precedes a pronominal verb, it is common to have a double se in the sentence, such as Se se esqueceu da sua senha... 'If you forgot your password...'

Meaning and description Spanish Portuguese
'yes' sim [sĩ]
'himself' / 'herself' / 'itself' / 'themselves'
(stressed reflexive pronoun, object of preposition)
si
'if' (conjunction) si se
'himself' / 'herself' / 'itself' / 'themselves'
(unstressed reflexive pronoun)
se
Indirect object pronouns

Spanish le and les are changed to se when followed by lo, la, los, or las. For example, "Mi abuelo les compró los regalos" becomes "Mi abuelo se los compró". See also "Combining pronouns in Spanish" below. In addition, Spanish uses as an irregular verb in the first person singular indicative of saber (to know), and the second person singular imperative of ser (to be). In Portuguese, these are sei and respectively.

Dissimilar words

Despite the mostly cognate vocabulary between Spanish and Portuguese, a significant number of common words are entirely different in the two languages (although in some cases, cognates exist but are rare or archaic in one of the two languages). Examples include the following:

Meaning Spanish Portuguese Notes
store, shop tienda < Late Lat. tendam (< tendere) loja < Fr. loge < Frankish laubja
knee rodilla < Lat. rotellam ('little wheel')joelho < Lat. genuculum The learned word rótula ('kneecap' in both Sp. and Port.) is from the same root as Spanish rodilla. Sp. de hinojos 'kneeling' is from the same source as Port. joelho.
street calle < Lat. callem rua < Lat. [viam] rūgam
highway, road carretera < carreta + era
< carro < Lat. carrus < Gaulish carros
estrada < Lat. strata
retailer minorista < Lat. minor + istaretalhista < Late Lat. taliare + ista
sales rebajas < Lat. prefix 're' + bassussaldos, liquidação < Ita. saldo < soldo, Lat. liquidus Port. also has rebaixas
leather piel < Lat. pelliscouro, coiro < Lat. cŏrĭum
fight, brawl pelea < Lat. pilusbriga < Ita. or Occitan briga
riff-raff, mob chusma < Genoese ciüsma < Gr. κέλευσμαcanalha < Occitan canalha
goose oca < Lat. aucaganso < Gothic/Suebian gans Spanish also has ganso.
chicken pollo < Lat. pullusfrango < Probably Fr. francolin < Ita. francolino, all of uncertain origin
owl búho < Lat. bubocoruja (*maybe from Lat. cunicularis) of uncertain origin
ground suelo < Lat. solumchão < Lat. planus
ground floor planta baja < Lat. planta + bassusrés-do-chão, rés-de-chão< Lat. rāsus + planus Brazilian Port. tends to use térreo
nappy, diaper (baby) pañal < Lat. pannusfralda < Gothic falthan/faldan
prison cárcel < Lat. carcerprisão< Lat. prehensionis Spanish also has prisión.
squirrel ardilla < Pre-Roman harda or probably Berber aġárdaesquilo Lat. scūrĭōlus < Gr. σκίουρος
watercress berro < Celtic bẹrŭroagrião < Gr. άγριος
mint menta < Lat mentha < Gr. μίνθηhortelã < Lat. hortus Port. also has menta.
skirt falda < Germanic faldansaia < Lat. saga < sagum
stream, creek arroyuelo < Pre-Roman arrugiaribeira, ribeiro < Lat. riparius < ripae
wave onda < Lat. undavaga < Old Norse vágr[5] Port. also has onda.
broom aulaga < Ar. algawláqagiesta < Lat. genista
pants, knickers bragas < Lat. braca < Celtic bracaecuecas < Lat. culus + suffix 'ecas'
basketball baloncesto < Frankish balla + Lat. cistabasquetebol < Eng. basketball
cashew anacardo < Lat. anacardiumcaju < Tupi aka'yu
pumpkincalabaza < Pre-Romanabóbora < Lat. peporis Port. cabaça means 'calabash'
date fecha < Lat. facta data < Lat. data
elsewhere, somewhere, nowhere en otro lugar < Lat. in alter localis, en alguna parte < Lat. in aliquis unos pars, en ningún lugar < Lat. in nec unus localis alhures < Provençal alhors, algures < Lat. + Provençal aliquod + hors, nenhures < Lat. + Provençal nec + hors
nobody nadie < Lat. nati < natus ninguém < Lat. nec + quem
lawn césped < Lat. caespesrelvado, grama < Lat. relevare, < Lat. gramen
holiday, vacation vacaciones < Lat. vacatio < vacationisFérias < Lat. feriae
card tarjeta < Fr. targe + diminutive suffix eta cartão, carta < Gr. χάρτης < Lat. charta
beef steak filete < Lat. filumbife < Eng. beef steak
retaliation retorsión < Lat. retorsusretaliação < Lat. retalio
boot (car) maletero < Old Fr. + Sp. suffix malle + eta + eroporta-bagagens < Lat. + Germanic portare + baugaz
glove box (car) guantero < Frankish + Sp. suffix want + eroporta-luvas < Lat. + Gothic/Suebian portare + lôfa
thin delgado < Lat. delicātum magro < Lat. macrum Sp. magro means 'lean', in reference to meat
surface, peel superficie < Lat. superficĭestona < Celt. tondā/tunna
earring pendiente < Lat. penderebrinco < Lat. vinculum
watermelon sandía < Ar. sindiyyahmelancia < balancia < Lat. bilanx
window ventana < Lat. ventānamjanela < Lat. iānuellam Lat. ventānam 'wind opening' < ventus 'wind'. Lat. iānuella is a diminutive of iānua 'door, opening' (the same root as Eng. January and janitor) < the name ianus, the God of gates or doors.
counter ventanilla < Lat. ventānam + suffix 'illa'balcão < Germanic balkōn Sp. balcón means 'balcony'
to erase borrar < Late Lat. burrāreapagar < Lat. appācāre Port. borrar means 'to smudge'; cf. Sp. borroso 'blurry'. Sp. apagar means 'to turn off' (a meaning that also exists in Port., e.g. apagar a luz 'to turn off the light').
to forget olvidar < Lat. oblītāreesquecer < Lat. excadescere Olvidar also exists in Port. (but is far less common). A learned cognate, obliterar, exists in both languages.
to throw, to add echar < Lat. iactare atirar, pôr < Gothic/Suebian taíran, < Lat. ponere < pono
to smell oler < Lat. olēre cheirar < Lat. flagrāre
fear temor < Lat. timore receio < Lat. re + celare
harvest, crop cosecha < Lat. collectaseara < Celtic seni + aro Port. colheita and recolha (both < Lat. collecta) generally refer to the harvest of wine and fruit.
black negro < Lat. nigerpreto < Lat. pressus 'compressed, dense'
near cerca < Lat. circaperto perh. < Lat. *prettus,
alteration of pressus 'compressed'
far lejos < Lat. laxius longe < Lat. longe
spark chispa (onomatopoeic) faísca < Germanic falwiskan
dew rocío < Lat. rosidus orvalho < Gothic/Suebian 'ur' + 'vallen' < Proto-Germanic ūrą + fallaną
pen bolígrafo < Lat. bulla + Gr. γράφειν caneta < Lat. cannae + Por. eta
windrow hilera < Lat. fīlum + Sp. era leira < Proto-Celtic ɸlāryo
yesterday ayer < Lat. ad heriontem < Lat. ad noctem
to stay quedarse < Lat. quietāreficar < Vulg.Lat. *figicāre
hairdresser peluquero < peluque < French perruque "wig" cabeleireiro < cabeleira 'head of hair; wig' < cabelo < Lat. capillus Port. peruca means 'wig'
chair silla < Lat. sellacadeira < Lat. *cathedra, perh. < Proto-Celtic *cathair
cup, mug taza < Arabic ṭassachávena < Malay chãvan < Chinese < chã-kvãn, caneca < Germanic can Brazilian Port. tends to use xícara < Sp. jícara < Nahuatl xīcalli.
fork tenedor < Lat. + Sp. suffix tenēre + dorgarfo < either via Lat. graphium or < Fr. greffe
ladybird mariquita < Lat. toponymic Maria + dimin.suffix 'quita' Joaninha < Lat. toponymic Iohanna + suffix 'inha'
mackerel jurel < Hisp.Arabic šuríl, < Lat. saurus, < Gr. σαῦροςcarapau < unknown origin
robin petirrojo < Lat. pectus + russuspisco < Lat < Gaulish pincio Sp. also has pinzón
peach melocotón < Lat. malum cotoniumpêssego < Lat. [malum] persicum
pillowcase funda < Lat. fundusfronha < Celt. srogna
grasshopper saltamontes < Lat. salto + monsgafanhoto < Proto-Celtic gabalā
weasel, skunk mofeta < Ita. moffettadoninha < Lat. domina + Port. suffix inha
trousers pantalón < Fr. pantalon < Ita. pantaleone calças < Lat. calceu Sp. calzas (cognate with Port. calças) means hose (clothing), or leggings.
thunder trueno < Lat. tonaretrovão < Lat. turbōnis
noise ruido < Lat. rugitusbarulho < Gaulish bruge Port. also has ruído

Vocabulary differences between the two languages arose from various factors:

French influence

Both Portuguese and Spanish have borrowed loanwords either directly from French or by way of French as an intermediary from other (mostly Greco-Latin) sources. Although no statistical study based on uniform criteria has been carried out, it has been suggested that words of French origin in Portuguese are significantly more numerous than those in Spanish.[6] Here are some examples:

Meaning Portuguese < French Spanish
lampshade, lamp abajur, abat-jour < abat-jour lámpara < Gr. Λάμπας
dam barragem < barrage dársena < Arabic دار الصناعة (dār aṣ-ṣināʕa)
clutch (car) embraiagem, embreagem < embrayage < Gaulish/Celtic 'braca' embrague < Lat. 'braca' < Gaulish/Celtic 'braca'
lipstick batom < bâton pintalabios < Lat. pingere+labium
crib berço < berceau cuna < Lat. cūna
beetroot, beet beterraba < betterave remolacha < Ita. ramolaccio, < Lat. armoracĭum, < Gr. αρμορακία
brioche brioche < brioche bollo de leche < Lat. bulla + lacte
candy, sweet bombom, bombons < bonbon(s) dulce < Lat. dulcis
cap boné < bonnet gorra < (unknown)
basket, shopping-basket cabaz < cabas < Old Provençal/Occitan cabas cesta < Lat. cista
helmet capacete < cabasset < Old Provençal/Occitan cabas casco < Lat. quassare
to tidy up (verb) arrumar < arrimer < arrumer arreglar < Lat. regulare
buffet bufete, bufê, buffet < buffet mostrador de comidas, buffet < Lat. monstrātor + prefix 'com'+edere
earbuds, cotton buds cotonetes < cotonnettes bastoncillos (de algodón) < Lat. bastum + suffix illo
scarf (ladies) echarpe, écharpe < écharpe bufanda < Probably Old Fra. bouffante
éclair (pastry) éclair, ecler < éclair pastelillo de crema < Lat. pastellus + suffix illo
badge crachá < crachat distintivo < Lat. distinctus + suffix 'ivo'
quay, wharf cais < quai muelle < Lat. mollis
hat chapéu < chapeau sombrero < sombra 'shade'
gypsy, roma, traveller cigano < Old French cigain < Rus цыган (tsigan) gitano < Lat. aegyptano
croquette, quenelle croquete < croquette albóndiga < Hisp. Ar. albúnduqa < Arabic بندقه (bunduqah)

(Sp. also has croqueta)

crunchy, crisp crocante < croquant crujiente < probably Lat. cruscĭre
crochet crochê, croché < crochet ganchillo < gancho (probably pre-Roman)
courgette, zucchini courgette, curgete < courgette calabacín < Persian kharbuz
takeoff (aviation) decolagem, descolagem < décollage despegue < Lat. des + picare
screen ecrã, écran < écran pantalla < Catalan ventall(a) or Fr. ventaille
package, packing embalagem < emballage envase < Lat. vasum
envelope envelope < enveloppe sobre < sobre (Spanish preposition)
crook, swindler escroque < escroc estafador < estafar < Ital. staffare
rubber boot, Wellington boot galocha < galoche katiuska < Russ. Катюшка (woman's name)
station gare < gare estación < Lat. statiōnem
strike (work stoppage) greve < grève huelga < holgar < Late Lat. fŏllicāre
nightclub, club boate, boîte < boîte club de noche, nightclub < Eng. club + Sp. de noche, < Eng. nightclub
box office, ticket window guichê < guichet taquilla < Arabic ṭāqa
wheel rim jante < jante aro < Lat. arum < Greek ἄρον
newspaper jornal < journal periódico < período < Lat. periodus< Anc.Gr. Περίοδος
madam madame < madame señora < Lat. seniōrem
blueberry mirtilo < myrtille arándano < Celt. aran + < Lat. rodandărum, (Port. arando means 'cranberry')
Afternoon show matinée, matiné < matinée función de tarde < Lat. functio + tardus
omelette omelete < omelette tortilla < Lat.+ diminutive torta + illa
slippers pantufas < pantoufles zapatillas de casa < Arabic سباط (sabbat) + Sp. suffix illa
patois, tongue patoá < patois dialecto < Gr. διάλεκτoς
New Year's Eve réveillon < réveillon (fiesta de) nochevieja < Lat. noctem + vetulus
survey, poll, probe sondagem < sondage sondeo < Lat. subundare
train comboio < convoi tren < Fr. train

Brazilian Portuguese uses trem < train

tureen, terrine terrina, terrine < terrine sopera < Ger + Sp. suppa + era
toilet toalete < toilette servicios, aseos < Lat. servitĭum, assediāre, (etc.)
screening triagem < triage selección < Lat. selectiōnem
vehicle viatura < voiture vehículo < Lat. vehiculum

Arabic influence

Spanish kept much of the Mozarabic vocabulary of Arabic origin, while the Mozarabic component was less influential in Portuguese, even if still found. Thus we find a number of cases in which the usual Spanish word is derived from Arabic, while the corresponding word in Portuguese is Latin or Celtic-derived, as in the following examples:

Meaning Portuguese Spanish < Arabic
stonemason pedreiro < pedra < Lat. petra albañil < al-bannī
mayor presidente da câmara (Portugal), prefeito (Brazil):

< presidir < Lat. praesidēre; < Lat. camera; < Lat. praefectus

alcalde < al-qāḍī
monkey, macaque macaco < Uncertain, maybe Bantu makaku mono < ون (maymūn)
aloe aloé < Lat. aloe acíbar, sábila, zabila < Hisp.Ar- aṣṣíbr < çabira

(Spanish also has aloé)

blackbird, thrush melro, tordo < Lat. merŭlus, < Lat. turdus zorzal < zurzál < zurzūral[7]

(Spanish also has mirlo)

bishop (chess) bispo < Lat. episcopus alfil < al-fīl 'elephant'
cobble (stone) paralelo < Gr. παραλληλεπίπεδον adoquín < addukkín < دكان (dukkān)
defence (player) defesa (jogador) < Lat. defensa zaguero < sáqa, < sāqah

(Sp. also has defesa (jugador))

flight attendant hospedeira < Lat. hospitem (+ Port. -eira) azafata < as-sáfat

(Latin-American Spanish tends to use auxiliar de vuelo)

lad, youth rapaz, jovem < Lat. rapax, juvene zagal < Hisp.-Ar. zaḡál < zuḡlūl

(Sp. also has joven)

rental aluguel/aluguer, locação, renda < Lat. locarĭum, locatio, Lat. rendita, reddere alquiler < kira
beach, boulevard areal, passeio < Lat. arēnāle, passus rambla, paseo
gazpacho (soup) gaspacho < Sp. gazpacho gazpacho < Hisp.-Ar. gazpáčo < Gr. γαζοφυλάκιον
cupboard, pantry armário < Lat. armarium alacena < alẖazána, < ẖizānah [8]

(Sp. also has armario)

sewer esgoto < Lat. es + gŭtta alcantarilla < al-qantarah
amount montante, valor < Lat. montare, valoris cifra < sifr
oil óleo < Lat. oleum (Port. azeite is exclusively 'olive oil'.) aceite < az-zait

(Sp. óleo is 'oil painting')

melissa (herb) erva-cidreira, melissa < Lat. herba + citrea, < Gr. mélissa toronjil < turunǧán < turunǧān [9]

(Sp. also has melisa)

plug tomada, encaixe < Uncertain origin, < Lat. in +capsa enchufe < Hisp.-Ar.guf < Ar.gawf
basil manjericão < Uncertain origin, maybe a combination of Por. manjar and < Lat. basilicon albahaca < al-habaqa
sir, lord senhor < Lat. seniorem cid < sidi or sayyid (سيد)[10]
pea ervilha < Lat. ervilia guisante < (Hisp.-Ar.) biššáuṭ < Lat. pisum sapidum
poppy papoila or papoula < Lat. papaver amapola, ababol < (Hisp.-Ar.) ḥababawra
esparto (grass) esparto < Lat. spartum atocha < (Hisp.-Ar.) attáwca

(Sp. also has esparto)

syrup calda < Lat. calda almíbar < al-miba
waistcoat colete < Ital. coletto chaleco < yalika
bathrobe, dressing-gown roupão (de banho), robe < Gothic raupa, < Fr. robe albornoz < Al'burnus (البرنس)

(Sp. also has ropón)

corner canto < Proto-Celtic kanto rincón < rukūn < rukn
flowerbed canteiro < Proto-Celtic kanto arriate < riyāḍ
clown, buffoon palhaço, bufão < Ital. pagliaccio, buffone mamarracho < muharráǧ, < muharriǧ

(Sp. also has payaso/bufón)

bowl, basin bacia < via Late Lat. baccia from Gaulish bacca tazón, jofaina < طَسَّة (tassah), < algufáyna,[11][12][13]
bean feijão < Lat. faseolus alubia < al-lūbiyā
to flatter (verb) lisonjear < Provençal lauzenja, likely < Lat. laudis or Gaulish lawsyā < Proto-Celtic laws halagar < ẖalak

(Sp. also has lisonjear)

to set (verb) engrenar, endentar < Fr. engrener, < Lat. in + dentis engarzar < ġarzah
sheath, dressing bainha, ligadura < Lat. vagina, < Lat. ligatura jareta < šarīṭah
breast cancer cancro da mama/câncer de mama < Lat. cancer zaratán < saraṭān [14][15]

(Sp. also has cáncer de mama)

wild boar, wild swine porco-montês, porco-bravo < Lat. porcus jabalí < جَبَلي خِنْزِير– (ḫinzîr) ǧabalî

(Por. also has javali)

clairvoyant, water diviner vidente, vedor d’água < Lat. videns zahorí < zahuri

(Sp. also has vidente, rabdomante)

rogue, crafty trapaceiro < Fr. trappe < Low Frankish trappa + Por. suffix ceiro zamacuco < ṣamakūk
to cop out (verb) encostar < Lat. en + costa escaquearse < Hisp-Ar. iššáh < aš-šāh

There are some examples where a word of Arabic origin is used in Portuguese but not in Spanish, such as: Sp. romero, Port. alecrim (Port. rosmaninho or rosmarinho means 'lavender'), 'rosemary'; Sp. lechuga, Port. alface (in Port. leituga means 'catsear'), 'lettuce', or more commonly used in Portuguese than in Spanish although the word exists in both languages, such as: chafariz 'fountain' (Port.fonte, Sp. fuente) or garrafa 'bottle' (Port. botelha, Sp. botella). In a few cases Spanish and Portuguese have both borrowed different Arabic-derived words for the same meaning, such as: Sp. alfombra, Port. alcatifa, 'carpet'.

There are Arabic-derived surnames in Spain, such as the following:

Abenamir, Abengoa, Avengoa, Abenójar, Alcalá,[16] Almuzara, Acebrón, Aceituno, Aceitón, Aguera,[17] Aguiló, Alamar, Alamino, Alanzor, Albarral, Albarrán, Albo, Alcantud, Alcazar,[18] Alcudia, Alguacil, Allobar, Almaguer, Almandós, Almandoz, Almodóvar, Almoravit, Ambasil, Amor, Andujar, Aranda, Ayas, Aias, Benayas, Bardaxí, Benajara, Benameji,[19] Benasar, Bennásar, Benavides, Bendala, Calatayud, Cervatos, Ceuta, Cid, Córdoba, Dris, Faulí, Gálvez, Godesteiz, Granada, Guadalupe,[20] Gudiel, Hispán, Yllán, Illán, Illanes, Jaén, Madrid, Manzaneque,[21] Mezquita, Mezquitas, Mudarra, Palacios, Palomoque, Pascual, Quirino, Toledo, Valls, Zanata, Zaratan, Zarate,[22] Zaratin, Zegrí, Cegrí, Zorita.[23]

Influences from other languages

Spanish and Portuguese have acquired different words from various (Amerindian, African, and Asian languages, as in the following examples:

Days of the week

Unlike the other Romance languages, modern Portuguese does not use the Roman planetary system for the days Monday through Friday. Instead, the weekdays are numerical, and derived from Ecclesiastical Latin. The word feira (from Latin fēria) refers to daily (Roman Catholic) religious celebrations; it is cognate with feira 'fair' or 'market', as well as with férias 'vacation' and feriado 'holiday'. In Spanish, the days of the week are all masculine; in Portuguese, the feira days are feminine, while sábado and domingo are masculine.

Spanish Portuguese English
lunes (< Lat. diēs lūnae 'Moon's day')

segunda-feira ('second fēria')

Monday
martes (< Lat. diēs martis 'Mars' day')

terça-feira ('third fēria')

Tuesday

miércoles (< Lat. diēs mercuriī 'Mercury's day')

quarta-feira ('fourth fēria')

Wednesday

jueves (< Lat. diēs iovis 'Jupiter's day')

quinta-feira ('fifth fēria')

Thursday

viernes (< Lat. diēs veneris, 'Venus' day')

sexta-feira ('sixth fēria')

Friday

sábado (< Lat. sabbatum 'Sabbath') Saturday
domingo (< Lat. diēs dominica 'Lord's day') Sunday

The form terça-feira (< Lat. tertia fēria) differs in its first component from the usual Portuguese word for 'third', terceira (< Lat. tertiāria).

In actual usage, the word feira is often dropped:

Vou visitar-te na segunda. (European Portuguese)
Vou te visitar na segunda. (Brazilian and European Portuguese)
'I'll visit you on Monday.'

Grammar

Broadly speaking, the grammars of Portuguese and Spanish share many features in common. Nevertheless, some differences between them can present hurdles to people acquainted with one and learning the other.

Gender

Spanish has three forms for the singular definite article, el, masculine, la, feminine, and lo, neuter. The last is used with adjectives to form abstract nouns employed in a generic sense, and also to intensify the meaning of adjectives. In Portuguese, there is only o, masculine, and a, feminine. Literary Spanish has also three corresponding third person pronouns, él 'he', ella 'she', and ello 'it' (referring to a broad concept, not a named object), while Portuguese has only ele, masculine, and ela, feminine. The Spanish neuters lo and ello have no plural forms.

Some words are masculine in Spanish, but feminine in Portuguese, or vice versa. A common example are nouns ended in -aje in Spanish, which are masculine, and their Portuguese cognates ending in -agem, which are feminine. For example, Spanish el viaje 'the journey' (masculine, like French le voyage and Italian il viaggio) corresponds to the Portuguese feminine a viagem. Similarly, el puente 'bridge', el dolor 'pain', or el árbol 'tree' are masculine nouns in Modern Spanish, whereas a ponte, a dor, and a árvore are feminine in Portuguese. On the other hand, the Spanish feminine la leche 'the milk' corresponds to Portuguese o leite (masculine, like French le lait, Italian il latte). Likewise, nariz 'nose' is feminine in Spanish and masculine in Portuguese.

Some Spanish words can be both masculine and feminine, with different meanings. Both meanings usually exist also in Portuguese, but with one and the same gender, so that they can't be differentiated unless further information is provided. For instance, the word orden 'order' can mean both 'harmonious arrangement' and 'directive', like its counterparts in English and Portuguese. But the Spanish word is masculine when used with the first meaning, and feminine with the second:

Me sorprendió el orden. ('I was surprised by the order [i.e., by how orderly it all was].')
Me sorprendió la orden. ('I was surprised by the order [i.e., by the directive that was given].')

In Portuguese, the equivalent word ordem is always feminine:

Surpreendeu-me a ordem. ('I was surprised by the order.')

Without additional context, it is impossible to tell which meaning was intended in Portuguese and English (though other words could be substituted; in English, one would likely use orderliness in the first case above rather than order, which would, by itself, suggest the second case).

Use of the definite article

In many varieties of Portuguese, personal names are normally preceded by a definite article, a trait also found in Catalan but only in certain dialects in Spanish. In Portuguese, this is a relatively recent development, which some Brazilian dialects have not adopted yet, most notably in some states of the Brazilian Northeast. In those dialects of Portuguese that do regularly use definite articles before proper nouns, the article may be omitted for extra formality, or to show distance in a literary narrative. Compare, for example, English "Mary left", Spanish María salió, and Portuguese A Maria saiu. Note, however, that in many Spanish dialects the definite article is used before personal names; thus, la María salió is commonly heard.

Portuguese uses the definite article before the names of some cities and almost all countries except relatively new ones, such as Cingapura/Singapura ('Singapore'), and those related to Portugal (or that Portugal has historical relationships with, even though this is a rough rule) and the Portuguese-speaking countries, e.g., a Holanda but Portugal; o México but Angola, a Suécia, but Moçambique. The major exception to the country rule is o Brasil. In Spanish, use of the definite article is optional with some countries: (la) China, (el) Japón, (la) India, (la) Argentina, (el) Ecuador, (el) Perú, (el) Uruguay, (el) Paraguay, (el) Brasil, (los) Estados Unidos, etc. The same is true with two continents: (la) Antártida and (el) África; with archipelagos and islands: (las) Filipinas, (las) Canarias, (las) Azores, with some provinces, regions or territories: (el) Tíbet, (la) Toscana, (el) Piamonte, (el) Lacio and with some cities: (el) Cairo, (la) Valeta. Spanish uses the definite article with all geographical names when they appear with an adjective or modifying phrase, as in the following examples: la España medieval 'medieval Spain', el Puerto Rico prehispánico 'pre-Hispanic Puerto Rico', el Portugal de Salazar 'Portugal during Salazar's dictatorship', etc.

Santiago es la capital de Chile. (Spanish)
Santiago é a capital do Chile. (Portuguese)
'Santiago is the capital of Chile.'
Él es de Costa Rica, que está en América Central. (Spanish)
Ele é da Costa Rica, que fica na América Central. (Portuguese)
'He is from Costa Rica, which is in Central America.'
Tengo un boleto para (los) Estados Unidos de América. (Spanish)
Tenho um bilhete para os Estados Unidos da América. (Portuguese)
'I have a ticket to the United States of America.'
Nueva Delhi no es la ciudad más poblada de (la) India. (Spanish)
Nova Déli não é a cidade mais populosa da Índia. (Portuguese)
'New Delhi is not the most populous city in India.'
La Europa medieval pertenecía a monarcas absolutos. (Spanish)
A Europa medieval pertencia a monarcas absolutos. (Portuguese)
'Medieval Europe belonged to absolute monarchs.'

Portuguese omits the definite article in stating the time of day unless para as is used.

Son las nueve y quince, but also Son nueve y quince or Son nueve quince. (Spanish)
São nove e quinze. (Portuguese)
'It's nine fifteen.'

In addition, in most dialects of Portuguese the definite article is used before possessive adjectives (like in Italian), which is not possible in Spanish. For instance, the sentence 'This is my brother' is Este es mi hermano in Spanish, but may be Este é o meu irmão in Portuguese. Nevertheless, in many Brazilian dialects (mostly in the Northeast) and in casual BP the article is not used in sentences such as: Este é meu irmão (although it usually appears in sentences such as O meu irmão está lá).

Possessives

In Portuguese, possessive adjectives have the same form as possessive pronouns, and they all agree with the gender of the possessed item. In Spanish, the same is true of nuestro/nuestra ("our") and vuestro/vuestra ("your" [plural]), but for all other possessives, the pronoun has a longer form that agrees with the gender of the possessed item, while the adjective has a shorter form that does not change for gender. The possessive adjectives are normally preceded by a definite article in Continental Portuguese, less so in Brazilian Portuguese, and never in Spanish. The possessive pronouns are preceded by a definite article in all dialects of both languages. See examples in the table below.

Gender of
possessed item
Spanish Portuguese
Adjective Pronoun Adjective Pronoun
Feminine su casa
"your house"
la suya
"yours"
(a) sua casa
"your house"
a sua
"yours"
Masculine su libro
"your book"
el suyo
"yours"
(o) seu livro
"your book"
o seu
"yours"

Pronouns

Object pronouns

In Portuguese, third-person clitic pronouns have special variants used after certain types of verb endings, which does not happen in Spanish. The default object pronouns o/a/os/as change to lo/la/los/las when they follow a verb that ends in ⟨r⟩, ⟨s⟩ or ⟨z⟩, and to no/na/nos/nas when they follow a verb that ends in a nasal sound.

Spanish Portuguese Meaning
manténgalo mantenha-o 'keep it'
mantenerlo mantê-lo 'to keep it'
lo mantienen mantêm-no 'they keep it'

In Brazilian Portuguese, these forms are uncommon, since the pronoun normally precedes the verb (i.e., você o mantenha in the above example), and third-person subject pronouns are used informally as object pronouns (mantenha ele), which has been proved to be present in the language since Galician-Portuguese times. However, as it has been considered ungrammatical to begin a sentence with an object pronoun, the above examples are, on rare occasion, used in Brazil as well.

Clitic personal pronouns

European Portuguese differs from Brazilian Portuguese with regard to the placement of clitic personal pronouns, and Spanish is in turn different from both of them.

Spanish Portuguese Meaning
Ella le dio un libro. Ela deu-lhe um livro.
Ela lhe deu um livro.
'She gave him a book.'
Dígame dónde ha estado.
Dime dónde has estado.
Diz-me onde estiveste.[25]
Diga-me por onde esteve.
'Tell me where you've been.'
Tómame una foto.
Sácame una foto.
Tira-me uma foto.
Me tira uma foto.
'Take a picture for me.'
Quería verte.
Te quería ver.
Queria ver-te.
Queria te ver.
'I wanted to see you.'
No te he conseguido ver.
No he conseguido verte.
No conseguí verte.
Não consegui ver-te.
Não consegui te ver.
'I didn't manage to see you.'

Mesoclisis

In Portuguese, verbs in the future indicative or conditional tense may be split into morphemes, and the clitic pronoun can be inserted between them, a feature known as mesoclisis. This also occurred in Old Spanish, but no comparable phenomenon takes place in modern Spanish:

Lo traerá. (Spanish)
Trá-lo-á. (European Portuguese and formal written Brazilian Portuguese)
'He/She will bring it.'

However, these tenses are often replaced with others in the spoken language. Future indicative is sometimes replaced by present indicative; conditional is very often replaced by imperfect indicative. In colloquial language, most Portuguese would state trá-lo-á as vai trazê-lo ('going to bring it') or irá trazê-lo ('will bring it').In Brazilian Portuguese, "vai trazer ele" would be the vernacular use.

Combining pronouns in Spanish

The Spanish construction, se lo dio, means either '[He/She] gave it to [him/her]' or '[He/She] gave it to himself/herself'. The expected pattern for the former would be *le lo dio, but such a construction does not exist. This is unique to Spanish.

Thus, modern Spanish makes no distinction between the reflexive pronoun se and the dative personal pronoun se. Note that this did not happen in old Spanish: diógelo, 'he gave it to him', dióselo, 'he gave it to himself'. The medieval g sound (similar to that of French) was replaced with s in the 14th-15th centuries (cf. Spanish coger, 'to catch', but cosecha, 'harvest', Port. colher and colheita, both from Lat. colligere).

Use of stressed pronouns for inanimate subjects

In Spanish, stressed pronouns are never used for inanimate subjects (i.e., things, as opposed to people or animals), not even for clarity or disambiguation purposes.[26] Portuguese knows no such restriction, so that stressed pronouns referring to inanimate subjects can either be used or dropped:

¿Dónde están las llaves? Están en la mesa. (Spanish – pronoun is always dropped)
Onde estão as chaves? (Elas) estão na mesa. (Portuguese – pronoun is optional)
'Where are the keys? They are on the table.' (English – pronoun is required)

Second-person pronouns

The use of second-person pronouns differs dramatically between Spanish and Portuguese, and even more so between European and Brazilian Portuguese. Spanish and usted correspond etymologically to Portuguese tu and você, but Portuguese has gained a third, even more formal form o(s) senhor(es), a(s) senhora(s), demoting você to an "equalizing" rather than respectful register. The old familiar forms have been largely lost in the Portuguese-speaking world, as the Portuguese equalizing forms você or vocês have displaced tu to a large extent and vós almost entirely; and even where tu is still used, the second-person verb forms that historically corresponded to it are often replaced by the same (third-person) forms that are used with "você".

In the plural, Portuguese familiar vós is archaic nearly everywhere (as with the old English second singular "thou"), and both the subject pronoun and its corresponding second-person plural verb forms are generally limited to the Bible, traditional prayers, and spoken varieties of certain regions of rural Portugal; normally, the familiar (and equalizing) form is now vocês, although in Portugal the second person plural forms are retained for both object and possessive pronouns (e.g., vocês e a vossa família). In the case of Peninsular Spanish, , usted, vosotros, and ustedes have more or less kept their original functions; if anything, is displacing usted out of common use and usted is coming to be used only for formal situations (like o senhor in Portuguese). Latin American Spanish is more complicated: vosotros has fallen out of use in favor of ustedes, but certain regions of Spanish America also use vos as a singular informal pronoun, displacing out of its original role to a greater or lesser extent (see voseo).

Spoken Brazilian Portuguese has dramatically simplified the pronoun system, with você(s) tending to displace all other forms. Although a few parts of Brazil still use tu and the corresponding second-person singular verb forms, most areas either use tu with third-person verb forms or (increasingly) drop tu entirely in favor of você. This has in turn caused the original third-person possessive seu, sua to shift to primarily second-person use, alongside the appearance of a new third-person possessive dele, dela (plural deles, delas, "their") that follows the noun (thus paraphrases such as o carro dele "his car", o carro dela "her car"). The formal o senhor is also increasingly restricted to highly formal situations, such as that of a storekeeper addressing a customer, or a child or teenager addressing an adult stranger.

More conservative in this regard is the fluminense dialect of Brazilian Portuguese (spoken in Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo and in the Zona da Mata of the state of Minas Gerais) – especially its carioca sociolect. This dialect generally preserves intimate or familiar tu, the standard equalizing form você, and the respectful or formal o senhor/a senhora, together with their related possessives, to such an extent that almost all speakers use these forms, according to context. Nevertheless, a minority of educated speakers correctly conjugates all of the tu pronouns formally; otherwise, it is mostly conjugated as você.

Standard Portuguese usage has vocês and os senhores/as senhoras as plurals of você and o senhor/a senhora, but the vernacular has also produced new forms with the second-person familiar plural function, such as gente (compare a gente as a possible colloquial variation of nós, "we"/"us", that should be conjugated—but commonly is not—as third-person singular), pessoas, pessoal, [meu] povo, cês (eye dialect for vocês in colloquial pronunciation), and galera (the latter mainly associated with youth slang).

It is often said that the gaúcho, nordestino and amazofonia dialects, as well as some sociolects elsewhere, such as that in and around the city of Santos, have preserved tu; but unlike in fluminense, the use of você is very limited, and entirely absent among some speakers, and tu takes its place. In these areas, the verb with tu is conjugated in the third-person form (as with você) – except among educated speakers in some urban centers such as Porto Alegre and, especially, Belém. See Brazilian Portuguese.

Verbs

"To be"

Spanish and Portuguese have two main copulas, ser and estar. For the most part, the use of these verbs is the same in both languages, but there are a few cases where it differs. The main difference between Spanish and Portuguese is in the interpretation of the concept of state versus essence and in the generalizations one way or another that are made in certain constructions. For instance,

Está prohibido fumar. (Spanish) [estar]
É proibido fumar. (Portuguese) [ser]
'Smoking is forbidden.'
La silla está hecha de madera. (Spanish) [estar]
A cadeira é feita de madeira. (Portuguese) [ser]
'The chair is made of wood.'
Sólo uno es correcto. (Spanish) [ser]
Só um está correto. (Portuguese) [estar]
'Only one is correct.'

Also, the use of ser regarding a permanent location is much more accepted in Portuguese. Conversely, estar is often permanent in Spanish regarding a location, while in Portuguese, it implies being temporary or something within the immediate vicinity (same house, building, etc.)

Nuestra oficina queda (or está) muy lejos. (Spanish) [quedar/estar]
O nosso escritório é (or fica) muito longe. (Portuguese) [ser/ficar]
'Our office is very far away.'
¿Dónde está (or queda) el aeropuerto? (Spanish) [estar/quedar]
Onde fica (or é) o aeroporto? (Portuguese) [ficar/ser]
'Where is the airport?'

Because the airport is obviously not anywhere nearby, ficar is used in Portuguese (most common), though ser can also be used.

Secondary copulas are quedar(se) in Spanish and ficar in Portuguese. Each can also mean 'to stay' or 'to remain.'

Me quedé dentro de la casa todo el día. (Spanish)
Fiquei dentro de casa todo o dia. (Portuguese)
'I stayed inside the house all day.'

The Spanish sentence using the reflexive form of the verb (quedarse) implies that staying inside the house was voluntary, while Portuguese and English are quite ambiguous on this matter without any additional context. (See also the next section.)

Both Spanish quedar(se) and Portuguese ficar can mean 'become':

Mi abuela se está quedando sorda. (Spanish)
A minha avó está ficando surda. (Brazilian Portuguese and some dialects of European Portuguese)
A minha avó está a ficar surda. (European Portuguese)
'My grandmother is becoming deaf.'

Reflexive verbs

Reflexive verbs are somewhat more frequent in Spanish than in Portuguese, especially with actions relating to parts of the body:

Guillermo se quebró la pierna jugando a la pelota. (Spanish)
O Guilherme quebrou a perna jogando bola. (Brazilian Portuguese)
O Guilherme partiu a perna a jogar à bola. (European Portuguese)
'William broke his leg playing football.'

"To like"

The Portuguese and Spanish verbs for expressing "liking" are similar in form (gostar and gustar respectively) but different in their arrangement of arguments. Arguments in linguistics are expressions that enable a verb to complete its meaning. Expressions of liking typically require two arguments: (1) a person who likes something (sometimes called the "experiencer"), and (2) something that the person likes (sometimes called the "theme"). Portuguese and Spanish (as well as English) assign different grammatical cases to these arguments, as shown in the following table:

Argument structure with verbs of liking
Person who likes Thing that is liked Form
Portuguese Subject Object of preposition de (Eu) gosto da música.
Spanish Indirect object Subject Me gusta la música.
English Subject Direct object I like the music.

The Portuguese sentence can be translated literally as "[I] [take satisfaction] [from] [the music]", while the Spanish corresponds to "[To me] [(it) is pleasing] [the music]."

It is also possible in Spanish to express it as: "(Yo) gusto de la música", although this use has become antiquated.

Auxiliary verb of the perfect

In Spanish, the compound perfect is constructed with the auxiliary verb haber (< Latin habēre). Although Portuguese used to use its cognate verb (haver) in this way, now it's more common to form these tenses with ter ('to have') (< Latin tenēre). Haver is more used in Brazilian Portuguese, while ter is used as an auxiliary by other Iberian languages; it is much more pervasive in Portuguese. Note that most Portuguese verb tables only contain ter with regard to the perfect.

Yo ya había comido cuando mi madre volvió. (Spanish) [imperfect form of haber]
Eu já comera quando a minha mãe voltou. (Portuguese) [pluperfect inherited from Latin]
Eu já tinha comido quando a minha mãe voltou. (Portuguese) [imperfect form of ter]
Eu já havia comido quando a minha mãe voltou. (Portuguese) [imperfect form of haver]
'I had already eaten when my mother returned.'

Imperfect subjunctive versus pluperfect indicative

A class of false friends between the two languages is composed of the verb forms with endings containing -ra-, such as cantara, cantaras, cantáramos, and so on. Spanish has two forms for the imperfect subjunctive, one with endings in -se- and another with endings in -ra- (e.g., cantase/cantara 'were I to sing'), which are usually interchangeable. In Portuguese, only cantasse has this value; cantara is employed as a pluperfect indicative, i.e., the equivalent to Spanish había cantado ('I had sung'). Although there is a strong tendency to use a verb phrase instead in the spoken language, like in Spanish and English (tinha cantado), the simple tense is still frequent in literature.

Present perfect

In Spanish, as in English, the present perfect is normally used to talk about an action initiated and completed in the past, which is still considered relevant or influential in the present moment. In Portuguese, the same meaning is conveyed by the simple preterite, as in the examples below:

No, gracias. Ya he cenado. (Spanish) [present perfect]
Não, obrigado. Já jantei. (Portuguese) [preterite]
'No, thank you. I have already dined.' [present perfect]
He ido a España dos veces. (Spanish) [present perfect]
Fui a Espanha duas vezes. (Portuguese) [preterite]
'I have been to Spain twice.' [present perfect]
¿Ha oído usted las últimas noticias, señor? (Spanish) [present perfect]
O senhor ouviu as últimas notícias? (Portuguese) [preterite]
'Have you heard the latest news, sir?' [present perfect]

Portuguese normally uses the present perfect (pretérito perfeito composto) for speaking of an event that began in the past, was repeated regularly up to the present, and could keep happening in the future. See the contrast with Spanish in the following example:

He pensado en pedirle matrimonio. (Spanish) [present perfect]
'I have thought of asking her/him [indirect object] to marry me [the thought has occurred to me at least once].' [present perfect]
Tenho pensado em pedi-la em casamento. (Portuguese) [present perfect]
'I have been thinking of asking her [direct object] to marry me.' [present perfect continuous]

As this example suggests, the Portuguese present perfect is often closer in meaning to the English present perfect continuous. See also Spanish verbs: Contrasting the preterite and the perfect.

Personal infinitive

Portuguese, uniquely among the major Romance languages, has acquired a "personal infinitive", which can be used as an alternative to a subordinate clause with a finite verb in the subjunctive.

A recepcionista pediu para esperarmos. (Portuguese) [personal infinitive]
A recepcionista pediu que esperássemos. (Portuguese) [imperfect subjunctive]
La recepcionista nos pidió que esperáramos/esperásemos. (Spanish) [imperfect subjunctive]
'The receptionist asked for us to wait.' (literal personal infinitive translation)
'The receptionist asked that we wait.' (literal Portuguese imperfect subjunctive translation)

The Portuguese perfect form of the personal infinitive corresponds to one of several possible Spanish finite verbs.

Alguém nos acusou de termos roubado uma caneta. (Portuguese)
Alguien nos acusó de haber robado un bolígrafo. (Spanish)
'Somebody accused us of having stolen a pen.'

On some occasions, the personal infinitive can hardly be replaced by a finite clause and corresponds to a different structure in Spanish (and English):

O hábito de fumares à janela é desagradável. (Portuguese, using personal infinitive. Literally, 'The habit of [you] smoking at the window is unpleasant.')
(O) teu hábito de fumar à janela é desagradável. (Portuguese, using impersonal infinitive. Literally, '(The) Your habit of smoking at the window is unpleasant.')
Tu hábito de fumar junto a una ventana es desagradable. (Spanish: 'Your habit of smoking close to a window is unpleasant.')

The personal infinitive is not used in counterfactual situations, as these require either the future subjunctive or the imperfect subjunctive. 'If we were/had been rich...' is Se fôssemos ricos..., not *Se sermos ricos... Also, it is conjugated the same as the future subjunctive (see next section), provided the latter is not irregular (ser, estar, ter, etc.) The personal infinitive is never irregular, though the circumflex accent may be dropped in writing on expanded forms (such as pôr).[27]

In the first and third person singular, the personal infinitive appears no different from the unconjugated infinitive.

É bom eu/ele esperar um bocadinho. (Portuguese)
'It is good that I/he wait(s) a bit.'

The above rules also apply whenever the subjects of the two clauses are the same, but independent of each other.

Para chegarmos cedo, temos/teremos que nos apressar. (Portuguese) [personal infinitive]
Para que lleguemos temprano, necesitamos apresurarnos. (Spanish) [present subjunctive]
'For us to arrive early, we will need to hurry.'
Para chegarmos cedo, tínhamos/teríamos que nos apressar. (Portuguese) [personal infinitive]
Para que llegáramos/llegásemos temprano, necesitaríamos apresurarnos. (Spanish) [imperfect subjunctive]
'For us to arrive early, we would need to hurry.'

As shown, the personal infinitive can be used at times to replace both the impersonal infinitive and the subjunctive. Spanish has no such alternative.

Future subjunctive

The future subjunctive, now virtually obsolete in Spanish,[28] continues in use in both written and spoken Portuguese. It is used in subordinate clauses referring to a hypothetical future event or state – either adverbial clauses (usually introduced by se 'if ' or quando 'when') or adjective clauses that modify nouns referring to a hypothetical future entity. Spanish, in the analogous if-clauses, uses the present indicative, and in the cuando- and adjective clauses uses the present subjunctive.

Se eu for eleito presidente, mudarei a lei. (Portuguese)
Si yo soy elegido presidente, cambiaré la ley. (Spanish)
'If I am elected president, I will change the law.'
Quando fores mais velho, compreenderás. (Portuguese)
Cuando seas mayor, comprenderás. (Spanish)
'When you are older, you'll understand.'
Dar-se-á/Se dará o prêmio à primeira pessoa que disser a resposta correta. (Portuguese)
Se dará el premio a la primera persona que diga la respuesta correcta. (Spanish)
'The prize will be given to the first person who says the right answer.'

Irregular verbs

A number of irregular verbs in Portuguese change the main vowel to indicate differences between first and third person singular: fiz 'I did' vs fez 'he did', pude 'I could' vs pôde 'he could', fui 'I was' vs foi 'he was', tive 'I had' vs teve 'he had', etc. These vowel differences stem from vowel raising (metaphony) triggered historically by the final -ī of the first-person singular in Latin. Spanish maintains such a difference only in fui 'I was' vs fue 'he was'. In all other cases, one of the two vowels has been regularized throughout the conjugation and a new third-person ending -o adopted: hice 'I did' vs hizo 'he did', pude 'I could' vs pudo 'he could', etc.

Contrarily, Spanish maintains many more irregular forms in the future and conditional: saldré 'I will leave', pondré 'I will put', vendré 'I will come', diré 'I will say', etc. Portuguese has only three: farei 'I will do', direi 'I will say', trarei 'I will carry'.

Portuguese drops -e in "irregular" third-person singular present indicative forms after ⟨z⟩ and ⟨r⟩, according to phonological rules: faz 'he does', diz 'he says', quer 'he wants', etc. Spanish has restored -e by analogy with other verbs: hace 'he does', dice 'he says', quiere 'he wants', etc. (The same type of analogy accounts for fiz vs hice 'I did' in the past tense. In nouns such as paz 'peace', luz 'light', amor 'love', etc. -e was dropped in both languages and never restored).

Prepositions

Contractions

In Spanish the prepositions a ('to') and de ('of, from') form contractions with a following masculine singular definite article (el 'the'): a + el > al, and de + el > del. This kind of contraction is much more extensive in Portuguese, involving the prepositions a ('to'), de ('of, from'), em ('in'), and por ('for') with articles and demonstratives regardless of number or gender.[29] All four of these prepositions join with the definite article, as shown in the following table:

Preposition +
definite article
(Portuguese)
a de em por
o
(masc.sing.)
ao do no 1 pelo
a
(fem.sing.)
à 2 da na pela
os
(masc.pl.)
aos dos 1 nos pelos
as
(fem.pl.)
às das nas pelas

1These Portuguese contractions include some potential "false friends" for the reader of Spanish, such as no (Port. 'in the', Sp. 'no, not') and dos (Port. 'of the', Sp. 'two').
2In European Portuguese, a is pronounced [ɐ], while à is pronounced [a]. Both are generally [a] in most of Brazil, although in some accents such as carioca and florianopolitano there may be distinction.

Additionally, the prepositions de and em combine with the demonstrative adjectives and pronouns as shown below:

Preposition +
demonstrative
(Portuguese)
de em
este (masc.sing.)
esta (fem.sing.)
estes (masc.pl.)
estas (fem.pl.)
deste
desta
destes
destas
neste
nesta
nestes
nestas
esse (masc.sing.)
essa (fem.sing.)
esses (masc.pl.)
essas (fem.pl.)
desse
dessa
desses
dessas
nesse
nessa
nesses
nessas
aquele (masc.sing.)
aquela (fem.sing.)
aqueles (masc.pl.)
aquelas (fem.pl.)
daquele
daquela
daqueles
daquelas
naquele
naquela
naqueles
naquelas

The neuter demonstrative pronouns (isto 'this' isso, aquilo 'that') likewise combine with de and em – thus, disto, nisto, etc. And the preposition a combines with the "distal" demonstratives (those that begin with a-) to form àquele, àquilo, etc.

The Portuguese contractions mentioned thus far are obligatory. Contractions also can be optionally formed from em and de with the indefinite article (um, uma, uns, umas), resulting in num, numa, dum, duma, etc. and from the third person pronouns (ele, ela, eles, elas), resulting in nele, nela, dele, dela, etc. Other optional contractions include de with aqui > daqui ('from here').

The Spanish con ('with', com in Portuguese) combines with the prepositional pronouns , ti, and to form conmigo, contigo, consigo ('with me', 'with you', 'with him-/herself '). In Portuguese this process not only applies to the pronouns mim, ti, and si (giving comigo, contigo, and consigo), but also is extended to nós and (in those varieties that use it) vós, producing connosco (conosco in Brazilian Portuguese) and convosco.

Personal "a"

Spanish employs a preposition, the so-called "personal a", before the direct object of a transitive verb (except tener) when it denotes a specific person(s), or domestic pet; thus Veo a Juan 'I see John'; Hemos invitado a los estudiantes 'We've invited the students.' In Portuguese, personal a is virtually non-existent, except before Deus 'God': louvar a Deus 'to praise God', amar a Deus 'to love God'.[30]

Ir a versus ir para

Quite common in both languages are the prepositions a (which often translates as "to") and para (which often translates as "for"). However, European Portuguese and Spanish distinguish between going somewhere for a short while versus a longer stay, especially if it is an intended destination, in the latter case using para instead of a. While there is no specified duration of stay before a European Portuguese speaker must switch prepositions, a implies one will return sooner, rather than later, relative to the context. This distinction is not made in English and Brazilian Portuguese. In Spanish the distinction is not made if the duration is given in the context (maybe implicitly), and in this case a is generally preferred.

Fui al mercado cerca de mi casa. (Spanish)
Fui ao mercado perto de/da minha casa./Fui para o mercado perto de/da minha casa. (European and Brazilian Portuguese)
'I went to the market near my house.' [temporary displacement]
El presidente anterior fue exiliado a Portugal. (Spanish)
O presidente anterior foi exilado para Portugal. (European and Brazilian Portuguese)
'The former president was exiled to Portugal.' [permanent, or more lasting displacement]

Note, though, in the first example, para could be used in Portuguese if in contrast to a very brief period of time.

Não fico muito tempo, só um minuto. Tenho que/de ir para o mercado. (Portuguese)
'I can't stay long, only a minute. I have to go to the market.' [pending task or appointment]

In informal, non-standard Brazilian Portuguese, em (in its original form or combined with a given article in a contraction, yielding no, na, numa, etc.), often replaces the preposition a from standard Portuguese.

Vou na padaria. (non-standard Brazilian Portuguese)
Vou à padaria. (standard Portuguese)
'I'm going to the bakery.'
Fui numa festa ontem. (non-standard Brazilian Portuguese)
Fui a uma festa ontem. (standard Portuguese)
'I went to a party yesterday.'

Such a construction is not used in Spanish or in European Portuguese.

In Portuguese the preposition até can also be used when the duration of the stay is expected to be short or when there is a specific reason for going somewhere. In Spanish hasta has the same meaning and function.

Vou até a praia.
Voy hasta la playa.
'I'm going to the beach.'

Hacia and para

Spanish has two prepositions of direction: para ('for', including 'headed for [a destination]') and hacia ('toward [not necessarily implying arrival]'). Of them, only para exists in Portuguese, covering both meanings.

Este regalo es para ti. (Spanish)
Este presente é para ti. (Portuguese)
'This gift is for you.'
Aquel/Ese avión va hacia Brasilia. (Spanish)
Aquele avião voa para Brasília. (Portuguese)
'That airplane is flying toward Brasília.'

Colloquially, para is often reduced in both languages: to pa' in Spanish,[31] and to pra (sometimes written p'ra and this form may be used in literature) or pa (only in slang in Portugal and Rio de Janeiro, and not permitted in writing) in Portuguese. Portuguese pra, in turn, may join with the definite article: pra + o > pro (BP) or prò (EP), pra + a > pra (BP) or prà (EP), etc.[32] In reference to the slang option pa, these become: pa + o > , pa + a > , etc.

"Going to" future

Both languages have a construction similar to the English "going-to" future. Spanish includes the preposition a between the conjugated form of ir "to go" and the infinitive: Vamos a cantar 'We're going to sing' (present tense of ir + a + infinitive). Usually, in Portuguese, there is no preposition between the helping verb and the main verb: Vamos cantar (present tense of ir + infinitive). This also applies when the verb is in other tenses:

Ayer yo iba a leer el libro, pero no tuve la oportunidad. (Spanish)
Ontem eu ia ler o livro, mas não tive oportunidade. (Portuguese)
Yesterday I was going to read the book, but never had the chance.

Other differences in preposition usage

While as a rule the same prepositions are used in the same contexts in both languages, there are many exceptions.

Nuestros gastos de energía. (Spanish)
(Os) nossos gastos com/de energia. (Portuguese)
Our energy expenses.
Voy a votar por Juan. (Spanish)
Vou votar em/no João. (Portuguese)
I'm going to vote for John.

Orthography

Alphabet

The traditional Spanish alphabet had 28 letters, while the Portuguese had 23. Modern versions of recent years added k and w (found only in foreign words) to both languages. Portuguese also added y for loanwords.

With the reform in 1994 by the 10th congress of the Association of Spanish Language Academies, Spanish alphabetization now follows the same pattern as that of other major West European languages. Prior to this date, however, digraphs were independently alphabetized. For example, the following surnames would be put in this order: Cervantes, Contreras, Cruz, Chávez, Dávila. Many Spanish dictionaries and other reference material still exist using the pre-reform rule of alphabetization.

Current Spanish alphabet (Spanish alphabet reform of 1994)
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n ñ o p q r s t u v w x y z
Digraphs
ch ll rr
Current Portuguese alphabet (Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990) introducing k, w and y
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
Digraphs
ch lh nh rr gu qu ss (cc cç sc sç xc xs)

In Spanish, ⟨gu⟩, ⟨qu⟩, and ⟨sc⟩ in Latin American Spanish are not called digraphs, however they are single sounds as in Portuguese (for the exception of ⟨sc⟩ in European Portuguese). Also Spanish has taken ⟨sh⟩ /ʃ/ from English as a loan sound; e.g., sherpa, show, flash. Brazilian Portuguese uses the trigraph ⟨tch⟩ /tʃ/ for loanwords; e.g., tchau, 'ciao', tcheco 'Czech', República Tcheca 'Czech Republic', tchê 'che' (this latter is regional), etc. European Portuguese normally replace the trigraph ⟨tch⟩ with ⟨ch⟩ /ʃ/: chau, checo, República Checa, etc.

Both Spanish and Portuguese use ⟨zz⟩ /ts/ (never as /dz/ – this sequence appears only in loanwords from Japanese, e.g., adzuki) for some Italian loanwords, but in Portuguese may sometimes not be pronounced as affricate, but having an epenthetic /i/ or /ɨ/; e.g., Sp. and Port. pizza 'pizza', Sp. and Port. paparazzo 'paparazzo', etc. Spanish also utilizes ⟨tz⟩ /ts/ for Basque, Catalan and Nahuatl loanwords, and ⟨tl⟩ /tɬ/ (or /tɬ/) for Nahuatl loanwords; e.g., Ertzaintza, quetzal, xoloitzcuintle, Tlaxcala, etc. Portuguese utilizes ⟨ts⟩ for German, originarily ⟨z⟩, and Japanese loanwords.

Question and exclamation marks

Only in Spanish do interrogatives and exclamations use the question mark or exclamation point respectively at the beginning of a sentence. The same punctuation marks are used, but these are inverted. This prepares the reader in advance for either a question or exclamation type of sentence.

Interrogative: ¿Cuántos años tienes? (Spanish)
Exclamation: ¡Cuidado con el perro! (Spanish)

On the other hand, in Portuguese, a person reading aloud lengthy sentences from unfamiliar text may have to scan ahead to check if what at first appears to be a statement, is actually a question. Otherwise, it would be too late to enable proper voice inflection. Neither language has the equivalent of the auxiliary verb to do, which is often used to begin a question in English. Both Spanish and English can place the verb before the subject noun to indicate a question, though this is uncommon in Portuguese, and almost unheard of in Brazil. In fact, most yes/no questions in Portuguese are written the same as a statement except for the final question mark.

Spanish: ¿Tiene usted una medida de cuál es su exposición a estos riesgos, y está usted confiado de que su organización está minimizando el impacto de los mismos sobre sus accionistas, equipo de trabajo y otros grupos interesados?
Portuguese: Você tem ideia de qual é a sua exposição a esses riscos, e tem confiança que a sua organização está minimizando os impactos resultantes, nos seus acionistas, funcionários e outros interessados?
English: 'Do you have a measure of what your exposure is to these risks, and are you confident that your organization is minimizing their impact on your shareholders, staff, and other interested parties?'

Aside from changes of punctuation in written language, in speech, converting any of the above examples from a question to a statement would involve changes of both intonation and syntax in English and Spanish, but intonation only in Portuguese.

Different spellings for similar sounds

The palatal consonants are spelled differently in the two languages.

Description Spanish Portuguese
Spelling Pronunciation Spelling Pronunciation
palatal "l" ll ʎ (~ ʝ)[33] lh ʎ
palatal "n" ñ ɲ nh ɲ (EP), (BP)
palatal "y" y ʝ i j

The symbols ⟨ll⟩ and ⟨ñ⟩ are etymological in Spanish, as the sounds they represent are often derived from Latin ll and nn (for those positions, Portuguese has simple ⟨l⟩ and ⟨n⟩; cf. rodilla/rodela, peña/pena). The Portuguese digraphs ⟨lh⟩ and ⟨nh⟩ were adopted from Occitan, as poetry of the troubadours was the most important influence on Portuguese literature up until the 14th century. King Denis of Portugal, who established Portuguese instead of Latin as the official language, was an admirer of the poetry of the troubadours and a poet himself. Examples include names such as Port. Minho (Sp. Miño) and Magalhães (Sp. Magallanes).

The letter ⟨y⟩ was used in Portuguese from the 16th to the early 20th century in Greek loans, much as in English (e.g., Psychologia, modern Psicologia 'Psychology'). The orthographic reform in 1911 officially replaced it with ⟨i⟩. The corresponding sound can be regarded as an allophone of the vowel /i/ in both languages. Compare Sp. rey ('king'), mayor ('larger, greater, elder') with Port. rei ('king'), maior ('larger, greater').

The exact pronunciation of these three consonants varies somewhat with dialect. The table indicates only the most common sound values in each language. In most Spanish dialects, the consonants written ⟨ll⟩ and ⟨y⟩ have come to be pronounced the same way, a sound merger known as yeísmo. A similar phenomenon can be found in some dialects of Brazilian Portuguese (e.g., “muié” for mulher, 'woman'), but it is much less widespread than in Spanish.

The Portuguese letter ⟨ç⟩ (c-cedilha), based on a Visigothic form of the letter ⟨z⟩: "". In Portuguese it is used before ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ (including nasals), and never at the beginning or end of any word. It always represents the "soft c" sound, namely [s]. In modern Spanish, it has been replaced by ⟨z⟩. Example: calzado (Sp.), calçado (Port.) 'footwear'.

Correspondences between word endings

Various word endings are consistently different in the two languages.

Álvarez, Fernández, Suárez, izquierda, mezquino, lápiz (Spanish)
Álvares, Fernandes, Soares, esquerda, mesquinho, lápis (Portuguese)

Accentuation and nasalization

Both languages use diacritics to mark the stressed syllable of a word whenever it is not otherwise predictable from spelling. Since Spanish does not differentiate between mid-open and mid-close vowels and nasal vowels, it uses only one accent, the acute. Portuguese usually uses the acute accent ( ´ ), but also uses the circumflex accent ( ˆ ) on the mid-close vowels ⟨ê⟩ and ⟨ô⟩ and the stressed (always nasal in Brasil) ⟨â⟩.

Although the Spanish ⟨y⟩ can be either a consonant or a vowel, as a vowel it never takes an accent. At the end of a word, the Portuguese diphthong -ai is the equivalent of the Spanish -ay, however, -ai can have an accent on the ⟨í⟩ to break the diphthong into two separate vowels, e.g., açaí (three syllables). Without the accent, as in Spanish, the last syllable would be a diphthong: Paraguai (Portuguese) and Paraguay (Spanish) 'Paraguay'.

Portuguese nasal vowels occur before ⟨n⟩ and ⟨m⟩ (see phonology below) without an accent mark, as these consonants are not fully pronounced in such cases. The tilde (~), is only used on nasal diphthongs such as ⟨ão⟩ [ɐ̃w̃] and ⟨õe⟩ [õj̃], plus the final ⟨ã⟩ [ɐ̃], which replaces the -am ending, as the latter is reserved for verbs, e.g., amanhã [amɐˈɲɐ̃] 'tomorrow'.

These do not alter the rules for stress, though note endings -im, -ins and -um, -uns are stressed, as are their non-nasal counterparts (see below). A couple of two-letter words consist of only the nasal vowel: em and um.

Phonetic vowel nasalization occurs in Spanish—vowels may get slightly nasalized in contact with nasal consonants—but it is not phonemically distinctive. In Portuguese, on the other hand, vowel nasalization is distinctive, and therefore phonemic: pois /ˈpojs/ or /ˈpojʃ/ 'because' vs pões /ˈpõj̃s/ or /ˈpõj̃ʃ/ '(you) put'.

Portuguese changes vowel sounds with (and without) accents marks. Unaccented ⟨o⟩ (/u/, /o/, /ɔ/) and ⟨e⟩ (/i/, /ɨ/, /e/, /ɛ/, /ɐ/), acute accented ⟨ó⟩ (/ɔ/) and ⟨é⟩ (/ɛ/), or circumflex accented ⟨ô⟩ (/o/) and ⟨e⟩ (/e/). Thus, nós [ˈnɔs] or [ˈnɔʃ] 'we' vs nos [nus] or [nuʃ] 'us', avô [aˈvo] 'grandfather' vs avó [aˈvɔ] 'grandmother', se [si] or [sɨ] 'itself, himself, herself' reflexive pronoun vs [ˈsɛ] 'seat, headquarters' vs [ˈse] 'to be' 2nd person imperative. Spanish pronunciation makes no such distinction.

The grave accent ( ` ) is also used in Portuguese to indicate the contraction of the preposition a (to) with a few words beginning with the vowel a, but not to indicate stress. In other cases, it is the combination of the preposition and the feminine definite article; in other words, the equivalent of a la ('to the') in Spanish. Às is used for the plural (a las in Spanish).

The diaeresis or trema ( ¨ ) is used in Spanish to indicate ⟨u⟩ is pronounced in the sequence ⟨gu⟩; e.g., desagüe [deˈsaɣwe]. As the Portuguese grave accent, the trema does not indicate stress. In Brazilian Portuguese it was also used for the digraphs ⟨gu⟩ and ⟨qu⟩ for the same purpose as Spanish (e.g., former BP spelling *qüinqüênio [kwĩˈkwẽɲu], EP quinquénio [kwĩˈkwɛnju] 'five-year period'), however since the implementation of the Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement in Brazil, the trema was abolished (current BP spelling quinquênio [kwĩˈkwẽɲu]), and its usage was restricted to some loanwords (e.g., mülleriano 'Müllerian').

The accentuation rules (including those of predictable stress) of Portuguese and Spanish are similar, but not identical. Discrepancies are especially pervasive in words that contain i or u in their last syllable. Note the Portuguese diphthongs ei and ou are the approximate Spanish equivalent of e and o respectively, but any word ending with these diphthongs is, by default, stressed on its final syllable.

Compare the following pairs of cognates, where the stress falls on the same syllable in both languages:

taxi, vi, bam, ansia, seria, sea, jardín, pensáis, pen (Spanish)
xi, vivi, bambu, ânsia, ria, seria, jardim, pensais, pensou (Portuguese)

Semivowel–vowel sequences are treated differently in both languages when it comes to accentuation rules. A sequence of a semivowel adjacent to a vowel is by default assumed to be read as a diphthong (part of the same syllable) in Spanish, whereas it is by default assumed to be read as a hiatus (belonging to different syllables) in Portuguese. For both languages, accentuation rules consistently indicate something other than the default.

A consequence of this is that words that are pronounced alike in both languages are written according to different accentuation rules. Some examples:

Another consequence (though less common) is that some words are written exactly (or almost exactly) the same in both languages, but the stress falls on different syllables:

Phonology

Although the vocabularies of Spanish and Portuguese are similar (at times identical), the two languages differ phonologically from each other. Phonetically Portuguese bears similarities to Catalan and to French while the phonetics of Spanish are more comparable to those of Sardinian and Sicilian. Portuguese has a significantly larger phonemic inventory than Spanish. This may partially explain why it is generally not very intelligible to Spanish speakers despite the strong lexical similarity between the two languages.

One of the main differences between the Spanish and Portuguese pronunciation are the vowel sounds. Standard Spanish has a basic vowel phonological system, with five phonemic vowels (/a/, //, /i/, //, /u/). Phonetic nasalization occurs in Spanish for vowels occurring between nasal consonants or when preceding a syllable-final nasal consonant (/n/ and /m/), but it is not distinctive as in Portuguese. Dialectally, there are Spanish dialects with a greater number of vowels, with some (as Murcian and Eastern Andalusian) reaching up to 8 to 10 vowel sounds. On the other hand, Portuguese has seven to nine oral vowels (/a/, /ɐ/*, /e/, /ɛ/, /ɨ/*, /i/, /o/, /ɔ/, /u/) (/ɐ/ is closer to [ə] in Portugal, while the near-close near-back unrounded vowel /ɨ/—also rendered as [ɯ̟] or [ʊ̜]—is only found in European Portuguese) plus five phonemic nasal vowels (/ɐ̃/, //, /ĩ/, /õ/, /ũ/) when preceding an omitted syllable-final nasal (⟨n⟩ and ⟨m⟩) or when is marked with a tilde (~): ⟨ã⟩ and ⟨õ⟩. Portuguese, as Catalan, uses vowel height, contrasting stressed and unstressed (reduced) vowels. Moreover, Spanish has two semivowels as allophones, [j, w]; while Portuguese has four, two oral [ ~ ɪ̯], [ ~ ʊ̯] and two nasalized glides [ ~ ɪ̯̃], [ ~ ʊ̯̃] (non-syllabic near-close vowels, as those of most English speech, are allophones of the glides in the Brazilian dialects where near-closeds are used).

The following considerations are based on a comparison of standard versions of Spanish and Portuguese. Apparent divergence of the information below from anyone's personal pronunciation may indicate one's idiolect (or dialect) diverges from the mentioned standards. Information on Portuguese phonology is adapted from Celso Pedro Luft (Novo Manual de Português, 1971), and information on Spanish phonology adapted from Manuel Seco (Gramática Esencial del Español, 1994).

Comparing the phonemic inventory of the two languages, a noticeable divergence stands out. First, standard Portuguese has more phonemes than Spanish. Also, each language has phonemes that are not shared by the other.

Early phonetic divergence

Vowels

Spanish and Portuguese have been diverging for over a thousand years. One of the most noticeable early differences between them concerned the result of the stressed vowels of Latin:

Classical Latin
(spelling)
Vulgar Latin
(pronunciation)
Spanish Portuguese
Spelling Pronunciation Spelling Pronunciation
a /a/ a ~ á /a/ a ~ á ~ â /a/ ~ /ɐ/1
ā
e, ae /ɛ/ ie ~ ié /je̞/ e ~ é /ɛ/
ē, oe /e/ e ~ é /e̞/ e ~ ê /e/
i
ī /i/ i ~ í /i/ i ~ í /i/
o /ɔ/ ue ~ ué /we̞/ o ~ ó /ɔ/
ō /o/ o ~ ó /o̞/ o ~ ô /o/
u
ū /u/ u ~ ú /u/ u ~ ú /u/
au /aw/ o ~ ó /o̞/ ou /ow/²

1The vowels /a/ and /ɐ/ occur largely in complementary distribution.
2This diphthong has been reduced to the monophthong /o/ in many dialects of modern Portuguese.

As vowel length ceased to be distinctive in the transition from Latin to Romance, the stressed vowels e and o became ie and ue in Spanish whenever they were short (Latin petra → Spanish piedra 'stone'; Latin moritvr → Spanish muere "he dies"). Similar diphthongizations can be found in other Romance languages (French pierre, Italian pietra, Romanian piatră; French meurt, Italian muore, Romanian moare), but in Galician-Portuguese these vowels underwent a qualitative change instead (Portuguese/Galician pedra, morre), becoming lower, as also happened with short i and short u in stressed syllables. The Classical Latin vowels /e/-/eː/ and /o/-/oː/ were correspondingly lowered in Spanish and turned into diphthongs /je̞/ and /we̞/. In Spanish, short e and o and long ē and ō merged into mid vowels, /e̞/ and /o̞/, while in Portuguese these vowels stayed as close-mid, /e/ and /o/ and open-mid, /ɛ/ and /ɔ/, as in Vulgar Latin.

Portuguese has five phonemic nasal vowels (/ɐ̃/, /ẽ/, /ĩ/, /õ/, /ũ/), which, according to historical linguistics, arose from the assimilation of the nasal consonants /m/ and /n/, often at the end of syllables. Syllable-final m and n are still written down to indicate nasalization, even though they are no longer fully pronounced, that is, either [ⁿ] (before obstruents) or elided completely. In other cases, nasal vowels are marked with a tilde (ã, õ). Not all words containing vowel + n have the nasal sound, as the subsequent letter must be a consonant for this to occur: e.g., anel /ɐˈnɛw/ ('ring') –oral/non-nasal– vs anca /ˈɐ̃kɐ/ ('hip') –nasal–.

However, in some Brazilian dialects, most vowels (including the allophones present only in unstressed environment) have nasal allophones before one of the nasal consonants /m/, /n/, /ɲ/, followed by another vowel. In other Brazilian dialects, only stressed vowels can be nasalized this way. In European Portuguese, nasalization is absent in this environment.

The Portuguese digraph ou (pronounced usually as the diphthong [ow], but sometimes as a monophthong [o]) corresponds to the final of Spanish -ar verbs in the preterite tense; e.g., Spanish descansó and Portuguese descansou ("he/she rested"). The Spanish irregular verb forms in -oy (e.g., doy "I give", estoy "I am", soy "I am", voy "I go") correspond to Portuguese forms in -ou (e.g., dou, estou, sou, vou). But in some other words, conversely, Spanish o corresponds to Portuguese oi, e.g., Spanish cosa, Portuguese coisa "thing"; Spanish oro "gold", Portuguese usually ouro, but sometimes oiro.

Stressed vowel alternations may occur in Portuguese, but not in Spanish:

Spanish Portuguese English
nuevo   [ˈnwe̞βo̞]

novo   [ˈnovu]

new (m. sg.)
nueva   [ˈnwe̞βa]

nova   [ˈnɔvɐ]

new (f. sg.)

nuevos   [ˈnwe̞βo̞s]

novos   [ˈnɔvuʃ]

new (m. pl.)

nuevas   [ˈnwe̞βas]

novas   [ˈnɔvɐʃ]

new (f. pl.)

Unstressed vowels

The history of the unstressed vowels in Spanish and Portuguese is not as well known as that of the stressed vowels, but some points are generally agreed upon. Spanish has the five short vowels of classical Latin, /a/, /e̞/, /i/, /o̞/, /u/. It has also two semivowels, [j] and [w], that appear in diphthongs, but these can be considered allophones of /i/ and /u/, respectively. The pronunciation of the unstressed vowels does not differ much from that of stressed vowels. Unstressed, non-syllabic /e̞/ /o̞/, and /a/ can be reduced to [ʝ], [w̝] and complete elision in some dialects; e.g., poetisa [pw̝e̞ˈtisa] ('poet' f.), línea [ˈlinʝa] ('line'), ahorita [o̞ˈɾita] ('now').

The system of seven oral vowels of Vulgar Latin has been fairly well preserved in Portuguese, as in the closely related Galician language. In Portuguese, unstressed vowels have been more unstable, both diachronically (across time) and synchronically (between dialects), producing new vowel sounds. The vowels written ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ are pronounced in different ways according to several factors, most notably whether they are stressed, and whether they occur in the last syllable of a word. The basic paradigm is shown in the following table (it has some exceptions).

Spanish Brazilian Portuguese European Portuguese
Stressed Syllable
before stress,
with coda
Unstressed
and
non-terminal
Unstressed
and
terminal
Stressed Onset of
diphthong
Unstressed
/a/ /a/ or /ɐ ~ ə/ § /a/ or /a ~ ɐ/ 1 /a ~ ɐ/ /ɐ ~ ə/ /a/ or /ɐ/ /a ~ ɐ/ 2
or /ə/
/ə/
/e̞/ /e/ or /ɛ/ /e ~ e̞/ or /ɛ/ 3 /e ~ e̞ ~ ɛ/
or /ɪ ~ i/
/ɪ ~ i/ /e/ or /ɛ/ /e/
(/ej ~ ɐj/ #)
/ɨ/
/o̞/ /o/ or /ɔ/ /o ~ o̞/ or /ɔ/ 3 /o ~ o̞ ~ ɔ/
or /ʊ ~ u/
/ʊ ~ u/ /o/ or /ɔ/ /o/
(/ow ~ ɐw/ #)
/u/

§ Always nasalized in this environment, that is, [ɐ̃ ~ ə̃]

1 Only in Florianópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo and eastern Minas Gerais.

2 Only before stressed syllables

3 Only in Northeastern Brazil. In some other dialects (including those of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais), this also occurs if the stressed vowel is open rather than closed (ɛ or ɔ, rather than e or o). It can be said that the opening of the stressed vowel influences the vowels of the preceding syllables to open too, while in other dialects they would remain closed. This means that europeia is pronounced /euɾɔ'pɛiɐ/, rather than /euɾo'pɛiɐ/, like in other dialects. In contrast, europeu is pronounced /euɾo'peu/ everywhere. This phenomenon affects all the syllables preceding the stressed one, as seen in the words perereca /pɛɾɛ'ɾɛkɐ/ and voçoroca /vɔsɔ'ɾɔkɐ/. While toró is /tɔ'ɾɔ/, torá is /to'ɾa/, with the first O remaining closed. This is because /a/ is not "perceived" as an open vowel, because it has no closed counterpart in this situation (unlike ɛ and ɔ, which have e and o as counterparts), hence its openness is taken for granted; I and U too are always open in stressed position.

# Only in some dialects, the first mainly in the area including and surrounding Lisbon (not present in much of northern and insular Portugal, as in Brazil), and the latter mainly in some hinterland northern Portuguese accents (not present in southern and insular Portugal, as in Brazil)

Brazilian unstressed vowel allophones are easy to guess by their geographical distribution. While near-close [ʊ], [j] and unstressed close-mid [e], [o] are found in southern and western accents, where postvocalic ars are "soft" (flap, coronal approximant or rhotic vowel) and postvocalic sibilants (written ⟨s⟩, ⟨x⟩, and ⟨z⟩) in native words are always alveolar [s, z], they do not happen in the northern and eastern accents where postvocalic ars are "hard" (guttural) and postvocalic sibilants may be, consistently or not, post-alveolar [ʃ, ʒ, ɕ, ʑ]. In the accents where postvocalic sibilants are always post-alveolar, such as those of Florianópolis and Rio de Janeiro, or in the accents influenced by them, any unstressed /a ~ ɐ/, [e̞ ~ ɛ] and [o̞ ~ ɔ] may be raised (like in Portugal), to [ɐ], [i] and [u], respectively (while this is true of all casual BP, it is especially characterist of those).

Similar alternation patterns to these exist in other Romance languages such as Catalan or Occitan. Although it is mostly an allophonic variation, some dialects have developed minimal pairs that distinguish the stressed variants from the unstressed ones. The vowel /ɨ/ is often elided in connected speech (it is not present in Brazilian Portuguese).

Some Brazilian dialects diphthongize stressed vowels to [ai̯], [ɛi̯], [ei̯], etc. (except /i/), before a sibilant at the end of a syllable (written ⟨s⟩, ⟨x⟩, ⟨z⟩, or rarely, ⟨sh⟩). For instance, Jesus [ʒe̞ˈzui̯s] 'Jesus', faz [ˈfai̯s] 'he does', dez [ˈdɛi̯s] 'ten'. This has led to the use of meia (meaning meia dúzia, 'half a dozen') for seis [sei̯s] 'six' when making enumerations, to avoid any confusion with três [tɾei̯s] 'three' on the telephone. In Lisbon and surrounding areas, stressed /e/ is pronounced [ɐ] or [ɐj] when it comes before an alveolo-palatal /ʎ/, /ɲ/, [ɕ], [ʑ] or palato-alveolar /ʃ/, /ʒ/ consonants followed by another vowel.

The orthography of Portuguese, which is partly etymological and analogical, does not indicate these sound changes. This makes the written language look deceptively similar to Spanish. For example, although breve ('brief') is spelled the same in both languages, it is pronounced [ˈbɾe̞βe̞] in Spanish, but [ˈbɾɛvi ~ ˈbɾɛv(ɨ)] in Portuguese. In Brazilian Portuguese, in the vast majority of cases, the only difference between final -e and -i is the stress, as both are pronounced as /i/. The former is unstressed, and the latter is stressed without any diacritical mark. In European Portuguese, final -e is usually not pronounced or is pronounced like [ɨ]), unlike i, which is pronounced [i].

Consonants

Some of the most characteristic sound changes undergone by the consonants from Latin to Spanish and Portuguese are shown in the table below.

Latin Spanish Portuguese Examples Meaning
cl-, fl-, pl- ll- or pl ch-

clāmāre → S. llamar, P. chamar
plumbum → S. plomo, P. chumbo
flammam → S. llama, P. chama
plēnum → S. lleno, P. cheio (also pleno)

'to call'
'lead' (metal)
'flame'
'full'

-lt-, -ct- -ch- -it-

multum → S. mucho, P. muito
noctem → S. noche, P. noite
pectum → S. pecho, P. peito

'much'
'night'
'chest'

f- h-
(later silent)
or f-
f-

fābulāre → S. hablar, P. falar
fīlium → S. hijo, P. filho
focum → S. fuego, P. fogo

'to speak'
'son'
'fire'

j(a)- ya- ja-

iam → S. ya, P.
iacere → S. yacer, P. jazer (both archaic)

'already'
'to lie, as in a grave'

-l- -l- (elided)

caelum → S. cielo, P. céu (arch. ceo)
volāre → S. volar, P. voar

'sky'
'to fly'

-c(u)l-, -li- -j- -lh-

oculum → S. ojo, P. olho
fīlium → S. hijo, P. filho

'eye'
'son'

-ll- -ll- -l-

castellum → S. castillo, P. castelo

'castle'

-n- -n- (elided)

generālem → S. general, P. geral
tenēre → S. tener, P. ter

'general' (adj.)
'to have'

-ni- -ni- -nh- iūnius → S. junio, P. Junho
-nn- -ñ- -n-

ānnum → S. año, P. ano
cannam → S. caña, P. cana

'year'
'reed'

*reconstructed

Peculiar to early Spanish (as in the Gascon dialect of Occitan, possibly due to a Basque substratum) was the loss of Latin initial f- whenever it was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongize. Thus, Spanish hijo and hablar correspond to Portuguese filho and falar (from Latin fīlium and fābulāre, 'son' and 'to speak' respectively). Nevertheless, Portuguese fogo corresponds to Spanish fuego (from Latin focum 'fire').

Another typical difference concerned the result of Latin -l- and -n- in intervocalic position:

Other consonant clusters of Latin also took markedly different routes in the two languages in their archaic period:

Origin Spanish Portuguese Meaning
argillam arcilla argila 'clay'
blandum blando brando 'soft'
seum queso queijo 'cheese'
oculumoc'lu ojo olho 'eye'
hominemhom'ne hombre homem 'man'
tremulāretrem'lare temblar tremer 'to tremble'

Learned words such as pleno, ocular, no(c)turno, tremular, and so on, were not included in the examples above, since they were adapted directly from Classical Latin in later times.

The tables above represent only general trends with many exceptions, due to:

  1. Other phonological processes at work in old Spanish and old Portuguese, which interfered with these.
  2. Later regularization by analogy with related words.
  3. Later borrowing of learned words directly from Latin, especially since the Renaissance, which did not respect the original sound laws.
  4. Mutual borrowing, from Spanish to Portuguese or vice versa.

Synaeresis

Portuguese has tended to eliminate hiatuses that were preserved in Spanish, merging similar consecutive vowels into one (often after the above-mentioned loss of intervocalic -l- and -n-). This results in many Portuguese words being one syllable shorter than their Spanish cognates:

creído, leer, mala, manzana, mañana, poner, reír, venir (Spanish)
crido, ler, , maçã, manhã, pôr, rir, vir (Portuguese)

In other cases, Portuguese reduces consecutive vowels to a diphthong, again resulting in one syllable fewer:

a-te-o, eu-ro-pe-o, pa-lo, ve-lo (Spanish)
a-teu, eu-ro-peu, pau, véu (Portuguese)

There are nevertheless a few words where the opposite happened, such as Spanish comprender versus Portuguese compreender, from Latin comprehendere.

Different sounds with the same spelling

Since the late Middle Ages, both languages have gone through sound shifts and mergers that set them further apart.

Sibilants

The most marked phonetic divergence between Spanish and Portuguese in their modern period concerned the evolution of the sibilants. In the Middle Ages, both had a rich system of seven sibilants – paired according to affrication and voicing: /s/, /ts/, /z/, /dz/, /ʃ/, //, and // (the latter probably in free variation with /ʒ/, as still happens today in Ladino) – and spelled virtually the same in Spanish and Portuguese.

Medieval Spanish and Portuguese Modern Portuguese1,2 Modern Spanish1
Spelling Pronunciation Pronunciation Examples Spelling Pronunciation Examples
s-, -ss- /s/ /s/ saber 'to know',
passar 'to pass'
s /s/ saber, pasar
-s- /z/ /z/ casa 'house' casa
ç/c /ts/ /s/ açor 'hawk', cego 'blind' z/c /θ/ or /s/ azor, ciego
z /dz/ /z/ fazer 'to do' hacer
x /ʃ/ /ʃ/ oxalá 'I hope; God grant' j/g /x/ ojalá
j/g /dʒ ~ ʒ/ /ʒ/ jogar 'to play', gente 'people'jugar, gente
ch /tʃ/ /ʃ/ chuva 'rain' ch /tʃ/ chubasco 'cloudburst'
(from Port. chuvasco)

1Before vowels; in the coda position, there are dialectal variations within each language, not discussed here.
2Modern Portuguese has for the most part kept the medieval spelling.

After the Renaissance, the two languages reduced their inventory of sibilants, but in different ways:

Other pronunciation differences

Spelling Pronunciation Notes
Spanish Portuguese
b [b ~ β] [b ~ β] (EP)
[b] (BP)
In Spanish and European Portuguese /b/ is lenited after a continuant.
d [d ~ ð] [d ~ ð] (EP)
[d ~ dʒ] (BP)
In Spanish and European Portuguese /d/ is lenited after a continuant.
In all Portuguese dialects, the consonants /t/ and /d/ have affricate allophones, happening when before a palatalizing /i/ ([i ~ i], [i ~ i], mainly in Brazil), or an elided /ɨ/ ~ /e̞/ ~ /ɪ/ or unstressed /i/ before another (that actually becomes /ɨ/ in Portugal), stressed one, leading to sandhi ([dVz] → [dz], [dVs] → [ts], [tVs] → [ts], both in Brazil and Portugal).
t [t] [t] (EP)
[t ~ tʃ] (BP)
g [ɡ ~ ɣ] [ɡ ~ ɣ] (EP)
[a] (BP)
In Spanish and European Portuguese /a/ is lenited after a continuant.
-l [l] [ɫ] (EP)
[w] (BP)
In European Portuguese syllable-final /l/ is velarized [ɫ] as in Catalan (see dark l), while in most Brazilian dialects and some rural European ones it is vocalized to [w]. Caipira rhoticizes to English-like ar, while portunhol da pampa velarizes it.
r-, -rr- [r] [ʁ] In Portuguese, r- and -rr- have several possible pronunciations. In most dialects, it is a guttural r ([ʀ], [ʁ] and [χ] in Portugal and Brazil, [x], [ɣ], [ħ], [ɨ] and [ɦ] in Brazil), while in rural northern Portugal and southern Brazil it is a trilled r [r] (like in Galician). In some southern and western Brazilian dialects word final -r may be a tap (as in Portugal and Galicia), though English-like [ɹ], [ɻ] or [ɚ] is more common, while in northern and eastern dialects it is guttural. In Spanish, r- and -rr- have kept their original pronunciation as an alveolar trill [r]. Intervocalic -r- is an alveolar tap in both languages [ɾ].
v [b ~ β] [v] Originally, the letters ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩ stood for distinct sounds pronounced [b] and [β], respectively, but the two eventually merged into a single phoneme in Spanish. In most varieties of Portuguese they remained separate phonemes, and the bilabial fricative [β] of Old Portuguese subsequently changed into the labiodental fricative [v], as in French and Italian.

Since no distinction is made anymore between the pronunciation of ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩, Spanish spelling has been reformed according to Classical Latin. In Portuguese, the spelling of these letters is based on pronunciation, which is closer to Vulgar Latin and modern Italian. This leads to some orthographic disparities:

In Spanish, the plosives b, d, g are lenited, usually realized as "soft" approximants [β̞, ð̞, ɣ̞] (here represented without the undertracks) after continuants. While similar pronunciations can be heard in European Portuguese, most speakers of Portuguese pronounce these phonemes consistently as "hard" plosives [b, d, ɡ]. This can make a Portuguese phrase such as uma bala ("a bullet") sound like una pala ("a shovel") to a Spanish-speaker.

Contact forms

See also

References

Notes

  1. Approximately 90% on standard Swadesh lists.
  2. Curiously, the Portuguese term is the origin of both the Spanish and, via French, the English term, according to Microsoft Encarta Dictionary, 2004. It is formed of em ('in', as a prefix), baraço (an old term for 'rope') and suffix -ada (which is the feminine form of a verbal ending equivalent to "-ed"), according to its entry in Houaiss Dictionary.
  3. Martínez 2010, p. 135; Veciana 2004, p. 15
  4. Butt, John; Carmen Benjamin (2000). A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish (3rd ed.). New York City: McGraw-Hill Education. p. 394 (§28.6). ISBN 0-658-00873-0.
  5. "vague". Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  6. Blog sobre Português: "Durante o desenvolvimento dessas línguas na Idade Média e Renascimento, o espanhol manteve-se mais autônomo, enquanto que o português foi mais influenciado por outras línguas europeias, a exemplo do francês" (In the development of the two languages during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, Spanish remained more autonomous, while Portuguese was more influenced by other European languages, for example French).
  7. ASALE, RAE -. "zorzal".
  8. "Alacena - Diccionario y Traductor lexicoon - Sinónimos de alacena, definición y traducciones de alacena…".
  9. "Toronjil - Diccionario y Traductor lexicoon - Sinónimos de toronjil, definición y traducciones de toronjil…".
  10. "cid". Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  11. ASALE, RAE -. "jofaina".
  12. "Palabras originarias del árabe - Curiosidario". 9 October 2015.
  13. "jofaina" via The Free Dictionary.
  14. "zaratán". Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  15. "zaratán". Retrieved 27 October 2016.
  16. Apellidos, hgm network s.l -Mis. "Mis Apellidos : Apellido Mis Apellidos - Nombre Mis Apellidos : significado de Mis Apellidos - origen de Mis Apellidos - escudo de Mis Apellidos - historia de Mis Apellidos -historia de Mis Apellidos".
  17. "Anexo 3: Toponimia de Introduccion Mozarabe en la Gallaecia" (PDF). tesisenred.net. Retrieved 21 August 2016.
  18. Apellidos, hgm network s.l -Mis. "Mis Apellidos : Apellido Mis Apellidos - Nombre Mis Apellidos : significado de Mis Apellidos - origen de Mis Apellidos - escudo de Mis Apellidos - historia de Mis Apellidos -historia de Mis Apellidos".
  19. "Benameji (Spain)-History heraldry, coat of arms, genealogy,".
  20. Apellidos, hgm network s.l -Mis. "Mis Apellidos : Apellido Mis Apellidos - Nombre Mis Apellidos : significado de Mis Apellidos - origen de Mis Apellidos - escudo de Mis Apellidos - historia de Mis Apellidos -historia de Mis Apellidos".
  21. Apellidos, hgm network s.l -Mis. "Mis Apellidos : Apellido Mis Apellidos - Nombre Mis Apellidos : significado de Mis Apellidos - origen de Mis Apellidos - escudo de Mis Apellidos - historia de Mis Apellidos -historia de Mis Apellidos".
  22. "Zarate (Spain)-Historia, heráldica, escudo de armas, geneal".
  23. Fígarers, Kim Pérez F. "ISLAM Y AL-ANDALUS - RELACIÓN DE ALGUNOS APELLIDOS DE ORIGEN ANDALUSÍ".
  24. Cândido Figueiredo, Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa (Rio de Janeiro: Mérito: 1949); Francisco da Silveira Bueno, Grande Dicionário Etimológico-Prosódico da Língua Portuguesa (São Paulo: Saraiva, 1964).
  25. "Conjugação do verbo estar". Conjuga-me. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
  26. http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/SrvltConsulta?lema=pronombres%20personales%20tónicos
  27. "Verbix -- conjugate Portuguese verbs".
  28. Butt & Benjamin 2011:282
  29. See a list at Wikipedia in Portuguese: List of contracted prepositions
  30. Ackerlind & Jones-Kellog (2011:90n1)
  31. Jacques De Bruyne, A Comprehensive Spanish Grammar (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), §752.
  32. Aurélio defines the words pra¹ as a syncopated form of para, and pra² and pro as a contraction of pra¹ plus the article.
  33. The phoneme represented by ⟨ll⟩ has merged with the one represented by ⟨y⟩ in most dialects, commonly realized as [ʝ], or, in River Plate Spanish, as [ʒ] or as [ʃ].

Bibliography

External links

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