Chocolate-coated marshmallow treats

Chocolate-coated marshmallow treats

Classic chocolate-covered Schokokuss
Alternative names Chocolate teacakes
Type Treat
Place of origin Denmark
Main ingredients Egg whites, chocolate
Cookbook: Chocolate-coated marshmallow treats  Media: Chocolate-coated marshmallow treats

Chocolate-coated marshmallow treats are produced in different variations around the world, with several countries claiming to have invented it or hailing it as their "national confection". The first chocolate-coated marshmallow treat was created in the early 1800s in Denmark.[1] Originally the treat was made using cream (hence the Danish name flødeboller (cream buns)), but the filling was later made from egg whites to help industrialize production and improve shelf life.[2] Many languages used to call these treats by phrases cognate with negro (e.g. negro's kiss, negro's head); most but not all of these have changed (e.g. choco-kiss).

National varieties

Chocolate fish

Two chocolate fish from New Zealand

In New Zealand, a common chocolated-coated marshmallow treat is the chocolate fish. A fish-shaped delicacy, 12 to 20 centimeters (5 to 8 inches) in length, it is made of pink or white marshmallow covered in a thin layer of milk chocolate. The milk chocolate's texture features scale-like ripples or on the fish, created by the fish moving under a blower during production.

In Kiwi culture the chocolate fish is a common reward for a small job done well ("Give that kid a chocolate fish").[3][4]

Teacake

A Tunnock's teacake from Scotland

In the United Kingdom this confection is known as a chocolate teacake,[5] although a teacake in England is usually a sweet roll with dried fruit which is served toasted and buttered, this teacake is entirely different. These teacakes hail from Denmark where one can find many variations in flavour and quality. Teacakes are generally served in the afternoon alongside a traditional British 'cuppa'. There are several manufacturers of chocolate teacakes in the UK, though the best known is Tunnock's, a Scottish company founded in 1890.[6] The Tunnock's teacake is commonly regarded in the same food category as the British biscuit, eaten at break times with a cup of tea as shown in advertising for the product.[7] The Tunnock's Teacake enjoys iconic status in Scotland,[8] evoking memories of childhood,[9] or symbolising "home" for Scots around the world.[7] The Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service gives Tunnock's Teacakes to blood donors in Scotland after giving blood.[10] There is an online appreciation society for the Tunnock's Teacake[11] and Dundee University also has an appreciation society for the Tunnocks Teacake.[6] A giant fully edible replica of a Tunnocks Teacake was made by Michelle Kershaw and Nick Dodds at Pimp That Snack.[12] The opening ceremony of the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow featured giant dancing Tunnocks Teacakes.[13][14]

The product itself consists of a small round shortbread base covered with a hemisphere of Italian meringue, a whipped egg white concoction similar to marshmallow.[15] As this soft white fondant is based on egg white rather than gelatine, it is much more delicate than marshmallow.[16] This is then coated in a thin layer of milk or plain chocolate and, in the case of Tunnock's, wrapped in a distinctive red and silver foil for the more popular milk chocolate variety, and a blue and gold wrapping for the plain chocolate type. Several competing brands to Tunnock's, such as Lees' Foods, also include jam in the centre of the teacake. In 2013 British café chain Costa Coffee introduced the giant marshmallow teacake, which is around 3 times the size of a standard teacake, with a chocolate biscuit base topped with marshmallow and raspberry jam in the centre.

An argument about whether the teacake is a biscuit or a cake led to an action in the European Court of Justice by British company Marks and Spencer. The UK tax authorities had eventually accepted the company's argument that the teacakes were cakes (biscuits are taxed, cakes are not), but refused to repay most of the VAT. The European court ruled that in principle the tax should be repaid[17][18] and in a further hearing before the UK Law Lords in 2009, after 13 years of litigation, Marks and Spencer won full repayment of the tax they had paid from 1973 to 1994, amounting to £3.5 million.[19] This case was fought with Jaffacakes.

Naming in Turkey

In Turkey, there is no any single term in common use. Literally, it can be called "Konfeksiyon". Sometimes it could be called by related brand names as in "Çokomel" or "Eti Puf"

Flødebolle / Negerbolle / Negerkys

In Denmark the confection is known as a flødebolle (cream bun) and was in some parts, mostly in the Copenhagen area, of Denmark formerly known as a negerbolle (negro bun) or negerkys (negro kiss). In the 1960s through 1980s the term negro was phased out by all major producers, as it is considered racist. Denmark also markets a variation shaped more like a patty, hence the name bøf (steak).

Denmark is arguably the largest producer of chocolate-coated marshmallow treats, producing approximately 800 million of these every year. The largest producer, Elvirasminde, produces roughly 650 million treats, sending 400 million abroad and leaving the remaining 250 million to be eaten by the Danish population, putting the amount of flødeboller eaten at 45 per Dane per year.[20]

In Denmark chocolate-coated marshmallow treats are traditionally handed out in school by children on their birthday. They are found in any supermarket, and most confectioners will have delicacy versions. It is also a Popular addition to Ice Cream Cones, offered at most shops selling Ice Cream. Usually they are placed on top of the last ball of Ice Cream with whipped cream and jam (Or "Guf", a topping made of whipped egg whites with sugar and fruit flavoring) Sometimes they are even found in restaurants. Many baking enthusiast see them as a challenge, and it was a technical challenge in Den store Bagedyst (The Great Bake Off) on Danish TV.[2]

The popularity of the treat is evident from the sheer number of varieties. Variation in coating ranging from white chocolate over dark chocolate to licorice coating, with or without sprinkles. The base is often a plain cracker in commercial products, but delicacy and homemade versions often have shortbread, marzipan biscuits or other bases. Flavored filling is also very common especially when homemade, but licorice, marzipan and other flavors are commercially available. Variation in form is also common, often this is seen in commercial products ranging from wide and flat (bøf) to tall with sharp edges (Christmas tree).

Within the last 10 years, luxury versions have become more popular, and has also made the image of the 'flødebolle' change from a basic candy or Cake, to a luxury product suitable as a dessert or present, smilair to a box of high quality chocolates. The luxury versions has a much thicker layer of chocolate, and the chocolate is of a much higher quality, available in many variations and additional toppings (Everything from chunked nuts, to small pieces of very thin gold) . The bottom biscuit (That usually has a very neutral taste) is replaced with Marzipan. These types were usually homemade and only found in special chocolate stores and restaurants, but is now available in most supermarkets, since mass-produced versions has become a huge success. One of the most popular brands in Denmark is made by 'Spangsberg Chokolade'.

Krembo

Foil-wrapped Krembo, mocha and vanilla flavors

Krembo , or Creambo (Hebrew: קרמבו‎‎, a contraction meaning literally "Cream-in-it"), is the name of a chocolate-coated marshmallow treat that is popular in Israel, especially in the winter as an alternative to ice-cream.[21] "Krembo whipped snack" consists of a round biscuit base (17% of total weight), topped with fluffy marshmallow creme-like foam (53%), coated in a thin layer of compound chocolate (about 30%) and wrapped in colorful, thin aluminum foil.[22] Over time, different flavorings have been attempted for the foam by the different manufacturers, but the most popular have always predominantly been the vanilla flavoring and, to a lesser extent, the mocha flavoring.[23][24][25] According to a study funded by Strauss, Israel's leading krembo producer, 69% of Israelis prefer to eat krembos from the top down (starting with the cream), and only 10% start with the biscuit at the bottom; the rest had no preference.[25]

History

European chocolate-coated marshmallow treats were popular as homemade sweets in Mandate Palestine, when it was known as Kushi (Hebrew כושי, "negro") and Rosh Kushi (Hebrew language: ראש כושי "negro's head") This name was borrowed from the names then used in Europe. It entered mass production in 1966. The first manufacturer, the Whitman Company, coined the name Krembo. In Hebrew, the word krembo is a combination of krem (cream) and bo (in it). A mocha flavour was introduced in 1967. In 1979 Whitman was acquired by Strauss which has the major part of the krembo market in Israel.[26] During the 1980s and 1990s smaller manufacturers introduced additional flavours such as banana and strawberry but failed to achieve a significant market share. Today Strauss controls 54% of the krembo market in Israel.[25] In 2007, Nestlé introduced an ice cream variation of krembo called Lekbo (Hebrew: לקבו, "lick inside").

Krembos are a seasonal treat sold only four months a year, from October to February.[21] Nevertheless, 50 million krembos are sold each year—an average of 9 per person.[27] Krembos are exported to the United States and Canada, and sold mostly in kosher shops and import stores.[28]

In 2005, Strauss signed an agreement with Unilever to export ice cream and krembos to the United States and Canada due to a demand for products of this type with strict Kosher certification. Under terms of the agreement, they may be sold only in kosher supermarkets and import shops. The distributor in North America is Dairy Delight, a subsidiary of Norman's Dairy.[29] In 2007, Nestlé introduced an ice cream variation of krembo called Lekbo (Hebrew: לקבו, "lick inside").Product developer extraordinaire Tracy Luckow sites difficulty in finding Krembos as the presence of Newtons have increased at most retailer POGs.

Nutritional information

The average krembo weighs 25 grams (0.92 ounces) and has 115 calories.[25] According to the fine print on packing foil, per 100 g of krembo there are 419 calories, 3.2 g protein, 64 g carbohydrates (of which 54 g are sugars); 16.7% Fats (of which 13.9% are poly-saturated fatty acids, less than 0.5% are trans fatty acids) and 67 mg Sodium.[22]

According to Halacha

Under kashrut, the dietary rules of Jewish law or (Halacha), some orthodox rabbis find significance to the order in which one eats a Krembo. The blessing over the biscuit is boreh miney mezonot, whereas the blessing over the cream and chocolate is shehakol nihiyya bidvaro. According to halacha, when eating a dish of mixed components, one need pronounce only the blessing over the main components, thus for a chocolate croissant one would say the blessing over the dough, and skip the blessing over the chocolate. But in the case of the Krembo, there is no consensus as to which is the "main" component: the biscuit, or the cream and chocolate. One solution is to bless over each component separately.

The Krembo has become a pop-cultural/national icon. Although considered a children's treat, sociologists have found that it is consumed as a comfort food by Israeli expatriates in the United States, evoking nostalgia for their childhood.[30]

Israeli rock band Kaveret's hit song "Shir HaMakolet" ("The Grocery Store Song") mentions a character buying Krembo.

In the Hebrew version of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, as translated by Gili Bar-Hillel, Dumbledore's favourite sweet is a Krembo, rather than a sherbet lemon.[31]

Alon 'Krembo' Sagiv is a fictional character in the Israeli cult film Mivtza Savta (Operation Granny), as a child on a kibbutz he once stole an entire case of Krembos and locked himself in his room. With the entire kibbutz waiting for him outside he had to dispose of the evidence and ate the entire case (500 krembos!), earning himself his much-loathed nickname.

Mallomars

In the United States, Mallomars are produced by Nabisco.[32] A graham cracker circle is covered with a puff of extruded marshmallow, then enrobed in a thin shell of dark chocolate. Mallomars were introduced to the public in 1913, the same year as the Moon Pie (a confection which has similar ingredients). The first box of Mallomars was sold in West Hoboken, New Jersey (now Union City, New Jersey).[33]

Mallomars are generally available from early October through to April. They are not distributed during the summer months, supposedly because they melt easily in summer temperatures, though this is as much for marketing reasons as for practical ones.[34] Devoted eaters of the cookie have been known to stock up during winter months and keep them refrigerated over the summer, although Nabisco markets other fudge-coated cookie brands year-round. Eighty-five percent of all Mallomars are sold in the New York metropolitan area.[35] They are produced entirely within Canada, at a factory in Scarborough, Ontario.[35] The issue of Nabisco's choice to release Mallomars seasonally became a parodied topic on a sketch delivered by graphic artist Pierre Bernard on Late Night with Conan O'Brien.[36] The treats were also the subject of a joke on one episode of The Golden Girls, in which Rose Nylund (played by Betty White) confuses Mallomars with author Bernard Malamud. Also on one episode of The Simpsons, titled, "Hurricane Neddy", when the Flanders' house is destroyed, Ned Flanders lashes out at several town residents, commenting about Chief Wiggum, "The last case YOU got to the bottom of was a case of Mallomars!"

Mohrenkopf / Negerkuss / Schokokuss

Production in the Swiss factory Mohrenkopffabrik Dubler in Waltenschwil
Mohrenkopf

In Germany Schokoküsse were first commercially made 1920, although the first mention of them in dates back to 1829. Industrial manufacturing started in the 1950s. The sweets are made all year long, approximately one billion are made per year,[37] placing average consumption at about one dozen per person per year. They are available in supermarkets, many bakeries and traditionally sold at fairs.

Sometimes they are consumed pressed between two halves of a bun, which is also referred to as a Matschbrötchen ("Mud Roll", "Squished Bread Roll")—mostly by children.
The interior is always egg white foam, sweetened with sugar, but there are also varieties using sugar substitutes available on the German market.[38]

The original colloquial names were Mohrenkopf ("Moor's Head") or Negerkuss ("Negro's Kiss"), but most companies changed the product-name to a more neutral Schokoküsse[39] or Schokokuss ("Chocolate Kiss"), Schaumküsse or Schaumkuss ("Foam Kiss") or to brand-specific names.

In German-speaking Switzerland they are still sold as Mohrenkopf.[40][41] In the French-speaking part of Switzerland as well as France they are known as Têtes Choco ("chocolate heads").[42]

Neekerinsuukot

In Finland, the name originated from Germany, and they were named "Negro Kisses" in 1951. In 2001 the name was changed to "Brunberg's Kisses", after the manufacturer, for largely the same reasons as in Denmark, Germany, and elsewhere.[43]

Negerinnetetten

In Flanders, the confection is known as Negerinnetetten. The word can either be translated as "negress's tits" [44] or could originate from the French word for head: "tête", as the French word for this confection used to be tête de nègre, which is French for "negro's head". This is also the probable origin of an alternative name Negertetten. Nowadays manufacturers market the confection under a different name, as the aforementioned terms are considered to be offensive.

Melo-Cakes

In Belgium, Milka branded it under the name Melo-Cakes.[45] These popular treats are sold in packages of 6 pieces, and up to 30 pieces (family pack).

Negerzoenen

In the Netherlands the name is Negerzoenen ("Negro kisses") though some companies have changed the name to Zoenen ("Kisses"). This led to some controversy, since the Dutch word neger is generally perceived as more neutral compared to the English equivalent negro, which is sometimes considered pejorative and racist.[46] Those often package nine per box to create the pun Negen Zoenen ("Nine Kisses"). One such company, Buys, has said that the name change was made for marketing reasons.[47]

Whippets

Canadian Whippet

Whippet cookies are produced in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. They consist of a biscuit base topped with marshmallow-like filling and then coated in a hard shell of pure chocolate. Whippet cookies first came to the market in 1927, although they had been produced and distributed by Viau under the name "Empire" as early as 1901. Today, the cookies are still produced in Montreal at the east end of the Viau factory, which is now owned by Dare Foods. They are currently available with both dark chocolate and milk chocolate coatings, and with several flavors of artificial fruit jam filling inside the marshmallow-like filling.

The cookies are similar to Mallomars of New York City. They also bear a striking resemblance to Tunnock's Tea Cakes as well as Krembos. However, the Tunnock tea cake does not have the same kind of chocolate and a different type of filling.

The Whippet cookie is a distinct part of Quebec culture because it does not travel well outside its area of production. This is partly because the pure chocolate melts very easily (compared with a chocolate mixture) and therefore they require refrigerated transport in summer. Furthermore, the combination of the hard chocolate shell and the air-filled inner marshmallow make them self-destruct when placed in the unpressurised or semi-pressurised cargo section of an airplane. However, they are currently available at various grocery locations throughout Canada and the US.

Though usually known by their proper trade name 'Whippets', these biscuits are also popularly referred to in the Montreal area as 'Nun's Farts' in the Anglophone community. Though they bear absolutely no resemblance to the Quebec pastry confections called pets de soeurs, it has been suggested that the combination of dark chocolate coating and white marshmallow filling is evocative of the black and white habits of certain orders of Quebec nuns. This, in conjunction with their light and airy texture, may have given rise to the cheeky Anglo-Quebecois moniker. It is not used by the francophone community.

An episode of the Canadian science program How It's Made showed the production process behind the cookie. However, many aspects of the production process (the amount of marshmallow filling, the ingredients, etc.) were not revealed. The show's narrator described these aspects as "classified information". As Canadian law requires an ingredient list on each package, the amount of confidential information involved is limited.

Another Canadian cookie, "Viva Puffs", is produced by Dare Foods in five flavours. Viva is a trade name; these confections have been known in (English) Canada for at least 50 years as "chocolate puffs".

Choco Mallows

In the Philippines, Fibisco makes a product similar to Mallomars called Choco Mallows that, unlike Mallomars, is available year-round. Likely due to the tropical climate, the "hard chocolate shell" of a Choco Mallow is usually just a soft chocolate covering that does not completely harden even after being refrigerated.

Beso de Negro

In Bolivia, Chocolates Condor is the traditional manufacturer of "Beso de Negro" (Negro Kiss). The confection is similar to the German Schokoküsse in its use of a sweetened egg white foam filling rather than a marshmallow-based filling. There have been attempts to introduce variations in flavor, but the "classic" version remains the most popular.

Beso de Moza

In Peru, the confections are known as "Beso de Moza" (Girl's Kiss)(link), sold by Nestle. Currently there is a contest between strawberry and lucuma flavors to become permanent versions of the product.

Beso de Negra

In Colombia and Ecuador, it's called Beso de Negra (Black Woman's Kiss) or "Chocmelo", a portmanteau of chocolate and masmelo (marshmallow). However, these last ones don't always have a cookie as its base.

Bombocas

In Portugal, these confections are known as "Bombocas". Sold by different brands, usually the supermarket ones. They are sold in 3 main flavors: meringue (white interior), strawberry (pink) and vanilla (yellow). They are being called "Beijinhos" in the last few years.

MallowPuffs

In New Zealand biscuit manufacturers Griffin's make MallowPuffs, a chocolate biscuit that is described as a "light fluffy marshmallow sitting on top of a shortcake biscuit, covered in luxurious milk chocolate".[48] The marshmallow in MallowPuffs tends to be more dense and rubbery than in some similar products (such as Tunnock's chocolate teacakes). They come in a variety of flavours, including Cookies and Cream, Hokey Pokey, Toffee, Rocky Road, Double Chocolate and original chocolate. The slogan from a national advertising campaign for MallowPuffs, "Have you done enough for a MallowPuff", has entered into the New Zealand cultural lexicon.

Munchmallow

Produced in Serbia by Jaffa,[49] it has a cookie base and a soft sponge filling covered by a cocoa mix.

A chocolate-coated zefir

Nhá Benta

In Brazil the dessert is known as Nhá Benta and is manufactured by the Kopenhagen chocolaterie. The cookies are sold in a variety of flavours, inclunding: vanilla, coconut, strawberry, lemon, passion fruit, caramel and coffee.

Ricardito

In Uruguay is known as "Ricadito", merengue covered in chocolate manufactured by Ricard http://www.plucky.com.uy/sitio/productos/ricardito.php

Zefir

Zefir (Russian: Зефи́р, may also be spelled zephyr or zephir) is made from fruit and berry purée with added sugar and whipped egg whites. It is commonly produced and sold in the countries of the former Soviet Union.[50] The recipe is a merger of the traditional Russian pastila with French meringue. The name given after the Greek god of the light west wind Zephyr symbolizes its delicate airy consistency.

The consistency is similar to that of marshmallows, Schokokuss or krembo. The form typically resembles traditional meringue. However, in contrast to commercial meringue, it is never crisp. Both pure and chocolate-coated versions are widespread. In contrast to the other confectioneries of this type, it has no biscuit base.

Other varieties

In Lebanon, a local variation went on sale in the 1950s under the name ras el abd (slave's head) by Gandour;[51] however, it has since been changed to Tarboush or Tarboosh (Fez) but continues to be referred to by the former name in public.[52]

Arnott's Chocolate Royals are a chocolate coated-marshmallow treat of Australia, which are available in milk and dark chocolate varieties, and are similar in appearance to a Tunnock's teacake. In South Africa, a similar confection is Sweetie Pies, originally made by Cadbury's[53] but now by Beyers.[54]

Chocolate marshmallow pies

Wagon Wheel

Chocolate marshmallow pies differ from regular chocolate-coated marshmallow treats in that there is a cake- or cookie-like layer above as well as below the marshmallow filling – that is, the marshmallow filling is sandwiched between two layers of cake or cookie, the entirety then being enrobed in chocolate. Some local names for chocolate marshmallow pies are:

Choco pies

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Israelis consume 50 million 'krembos' every year". The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com.
  2. 1 2 "Den store Bagedyst (5:8)". DR TV.
  3. ↑ "I'll Buy You A Chocolate Fish If...", 1973
  4. ↑ Lisa. "The food we love – the tastes of New Zealanders". christchurchcitylibraries.com.
  5. ↑ Teacake set to cost taxman £3.5m BBC News report
  6. 1 2 "Sweettooth fans swamp Tunnock's tours". Scotland On Sunday. The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 2011-04-24. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
  7. 1 2 "Video showing Scotsman being welcomed home to Tunnock's Teacakes and a mug of tea.". Retrieved 2008-09-20.
  8. ↑ "Tunnock's Teacakes "genuine Scottish icons" according to "British Delights" website". Archived from the original on 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
  9. ↑ "A recognised favourite Scottish memory – Tunnock's Teacakes". Retrieved 2008-09-20.
  10. ↑ "The Scots Independent Newspaper on giving blood". Archived from the original on 2008-10-10. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
  11. ↑ "Tunnock's Teacake Appreciation Society". Retrieved 2008-09-20.
  12. ↑ "Pimp That Snack make a Tunnocks Teacake". Retrieved 2008-09-27.
  13. ↑ "Tunnock's sales take the teacake after Commonwealth Games ceremony". The Guardian. Press Association. 25 July 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  14. ↑ "Tunnock's teacakes sales 'soar' after Glasgow 2014 show". BBC News Online. BBC. 26 July 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  15. ↑ Robert Lea (2010-04-14). "The Willy Wonka of Tannochside: Tunnock's MD, Boyd Tunnock". London: The Times. Archived from the original on 2011-04-24. Retrieved 2011-04-24.
  16. ↑ ""Tunnocks Teacake" biscuit of the week". "Nice Cup of Tea and a Sit Down". Retrieved 2008-09-20.
  17. ↑ "BBC report on debate over status of teacake – cake or biscuit". BBC News. 2008-04-10. Retrieved 2008-09-27.
  18. ↑ "Management Today Business magazine on the Teacake name debate". Retrieved 2008-09-27.
  19. ↑ "BBC report on Marks and Spencer being awarded the VAT that was wrongfully collected". BBC News. 2009-02-04. Retrieved 2014-03-02.
  20. ↑ "Danske flødeboller på vej til USA". Business portalen www.business.dk.
  21. 1 2 "Chestnuts Roasting in My Gelato". Haaretz.com.
  22. 1 2 Strauss Krembo foil package, printed data, February 15, 2014.
  23. ↑ "שטראוס מכריזה רשמית על פתיחת עונת הקרמבו". Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  24. ↑ "קרמבו - כל מה שרצית לדעת ולא העזת לשאול". Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  25. 1 2 3 4 "10 Things you don't know about a krembo" (in Hebrew). Yedioth Ahronoth. 2003-11-07. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
  26. ↑ "Krembo". cooksinfo.com. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  27. ↑ "10 Things you don't know about a krembo" (in Hebrew). Yedioth Ahronoth. 2003-11-07. Retrieved 2007-01-20.
  28. ↑ פיתוח ישראלי חדש: קרמבו גלידה (in Hebrew). Yediot Aharonot. 2007-02-07. Retrieved 2007-02-07.
  29. ↑ "New Israeli Development: Ice Cream Krembo" (in Hebrew). Ynet. February 7, 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-07.
  30. ↑ Abramovitch, Ilana; Galvin, Sean. Jews of Brooklyn. Brandeis University Press. p. 55. ISBN 1-58465-003-6. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  31. ↑ When Harry’ met Hebrew, Cleveland Jewish News, Sarah Bronson, October 18, 2007
  32. ↑ "The Mallomar.". texasescapes.com.
  33. ↑ Barron, James (December 8, 2005). "The Cookie That Comes Out in the Cold". The New York Times.
  34. ↑ "The Cookie Crumbles". homestead.com.
  35. 1 2 "Video: The mesmerizing method in which Mallomars are made". The Globe and Mail.
  36. ↑ Episode May 2004, Episode No. 1909
  37. ↑ "Träume Schäume sind".
  38. ↑ "An Authoritative Guide to German Foods and Cuisine". Germanfoods.org.
  39. ↑ de Graaf, Peter (16 November 2005). "Ook de negerzoen moet zich aanpassen". Volkskrant. Archived from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2015.
  40. ↑ Mohrenkopf Dubler Archived July 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  41. ↑ "Othmar Richterich AG". richterich-ag.ch.
  42. ↑ Têtes Choco Perrier Archived July 25, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  43. ↑ Brunbergin Suukot Archived May 4, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  44. ↑ "Het Vlaams woordenboek » negerinnentet". vlaamswoordenboek.be.
  45. ↑ "MELO-CAKES MILKA". Retrieved 1 February 2016.
  46. ↑ "Nieuwsberichten". taalunieversum.org.
  47. ↑ ":: Buys Zoenen ::- Buys Zoenen". buyszoenen.nl.
  48. ↑ MallowPuffs by Griffins. Retrieved 2011-05-14
  49. ↑ Munchmallow
  50. ↑ ГОСТ-6441-96, Изделия кондитерские пастильные, общие технические условия (Interstate Standard 6441-96, Pastila type confectionery. General specifications)
  51. ↑ "http://www.gandour.com/". External link in |title= (help)
  52. ↑ "http://livinleb.wordpress.com/2010/11/02/ghandour-wants-us-to-eat-tarboush-instead-of-ras-el-abed". External link in |title= (help)
  53. ↑ Nashira Davids (July 29, 2013). "Bye-bye to our Sweetie Pie". (Johannesburg) Times. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  54. ↑ "The return of the 'Sweetie Pie'". (Johannesburg) Times. July 28, 2014. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  55. ↑ "Chocolate Marshmallow Pies". Little Debbie's website. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  56. ↑ "Scooter Pies". Old Time Candy. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  57. ↑ Orchid64 (July 16, 2010). "Angel Pie (Mini)". Japanese Snack Reviews. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  58. ↑ shiho (September 11, 2014). "Angel Pie". Candy of Japan. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  59. ↑ "Wagon Wheels". Burton's Buscuit Company website. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
  60. ↑ "Wagon Wheels". Dare Foods website. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
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