Charlie Haden

Charles Edward "Charlie" Haden (August 6, 1937 – July 11, 2014) was an American jazz double bass player, bandleader, composer and educator known for his deep, warm sound, and whose career spanned more than fifty years. In the late 1950's, Haden achieved early legendary status as an original member of the ground-breaking Ornette Coleman Quartet that turned the jazz world on its head.

Haden revolutionized the harmonic concept of bass playing in jazz. “His ability to create serendipitous harmonies by improvising melodic responses to Coleman’s free-form solos (rather than sticking to predetermined harmonies) was both radical and mesmerizing. His virtuosity lies…in an incredible ability to make the double bass ‘sound out’. Haden cultivates the instrument’s gravity as no one else in jazz. He is a master of simplicity which is one of the most difficult things to achieve.” (Author Joachim Berendt in The Jazz Book) Haden played a vital role in this revolutionary new approach, evolving a way of playing that sometimes complemented the soloist and sometimes moved independently. In this respect, as did bassists Jimmy Blanton and Charles Mingus, Haden helped liberate the bassist from a strictly accompanying role to becoming a more direct participant in group improvisation. In 1969, he formed his first band, the revolutionary Liberation Music Orchestra, featuring arrangements by pianist Carla Bley. In the late 1960's, he became a member of the pianist Keith Jarrett stellar trio, quartet and quintet. In the 1980s, he formed his very successful band 'Quartet West.' Haden also became known for his exquisite duet recordings, most notably with Pat Metheny and Hank Jones.

Biography

Early life

Haden was born in Shenandoah, Iowa.^[1] His family was exceptionally musical and performed on the radio as the Haden Family, playing country music and American folk songs.^[2] Haden made his professional debut as a singer on the Haden Family's radio show when he was just two years old. He continued singing with his family until he was 15 when he contracted a bulbar form of polio affecting his throat and facial muscles.^[1] At the age of 14, Haden had become interested in jazz after hearing Charlie Parker and Stan Kenton in concert. Once he recovered from his bout with polio, Haden began in earnest to concentrate on playing the bass. Haden's interest in the instrument was not sparked by jazz bass alone, but also by the harmonies and chords he heard in compositions by Bach.^[3] Haden soon set his sights on moving to Los Angeles to pursue his dream of becoming a jazz musician, and to save money for the trip, took a job as house bassist for ABC-TV's Ozark Jubilee in Springfield, Missouri.

Early career

Haden often said that he moved to Los Angeles in 1957 in search of pianist Hampton Hawes.^[4] He turned down a full scholarship at Oberlin College, which did not have an established jazz program at the time, to attend Westlake College of Music in Los Angeles.^[5] His first recordings were made that year with Paul Bley, with whom he worked until 1959. He also played with Art Pepper for four weeks in 1957, and from 1958 to 1959, with Hampton Hawes whom he met through his friendship with bassist Red Mitchell,^[2] For a time, he shared an apartment with the bassist Scott LaFaro.

In May 1959, he recorded his first album with the Ornette Coleman Quartet, the seminal The Shape of Jazz to Come.^[1] Haden's folk-influenced style complemented the microtonal, Texas blues elements of Coleman. Later in 1959, the Ornette Coleman Quartet moved to New York City and secured a residency at the Five Spot Café.^[4] This residency lasted six weeks and represented the beginnings of free and avant-garde jazz. The Ornette Coleman Quartet played everything by ear, as Haden explained: “At first when we were playing and improvising, we kind of followed the pattern of the song, sometimes. Then, when we got to New York, Ornette wasn’t playing on the song patterns, like the bridge and the interlude and stuff like that. He would just play. And that’s when I started just following him and playing the chord changes that he was playing: on-the-spot new chord structures made up according to how he felt at any given moment.”^[5]

In 1960, Haden’s narcotics addiction forced him to leave Coleman’s band. He went to rehabilitation in September 1963 at Synanon houses in Santa Monica, California and San Francisco, California. It was during the time he was at Synanon House that he met his first wife, Ellen David. They moved to New York City's Upper West Side where their four children were born: their son, Josh, in 1968, and in 1971, their triplet daughters Petra, Rachel and Tanya. They separated in 1975 and, subsequently, divorced.

1964 to 1984

Haden resumed his career in 1964, working with John Handy and Denny Zeitlin’s trio, and performing with Archie Shepp in California and Europe. He also did freelance work from 1966 to 1967, performing with Henry “Red” Allen, Pee Wee Russell, Attila Zoller, Bobby Timmons, Tony Scott, and the Thad Jones/Mel Lewis Orchestra. He recorded with Roswell Rudd in 1966, and returned to Ornette Coleman’s group in 1967. This group remained active until the early 1970s. Haden was known for being able to follow the shifting directions and modulations of Coleman’s improvised lines skillfully.^[2]

Haden became a member of Keith Jarrett's trio and his 'American Quartet' from 1967 to 1976 with Paul Motian and Dewey Redman.^[1] The group also consisted of percussionist Guilherme Franco.^[4] He also organized the collective Old and New Dreams, which consisted of Don Cherry, Dewey Redman, and Ed Blackwell, who were members of Coleman’s band. These musicians believed they understood and could perform Coleman’s improvisational concept, and applied it to their work in this band, continuing to play Coleman’s music in addition to their own original compositions.^[6] In 1970 Haden received a Guggenheim Fellowship for Music Composition upon the recommendation of the eminent conductor Leonard Bernstein. Over the years, Haden received several NEA grants for composition.

Haden founded his first band, the Liberation Music Orchestra ("LMO") in 1969. Working together with arranger Carla Bley, their music was very experimental, exploring both the realms of free jazz and political music. The first album focused specifically on music from the Spanish Civil War which had inspired Haden very much. Also inspired by the riotous Democratic National Convention in Chicago, he also superimpose songs such as "You're a Grand Old Flag" and "Happy Days are Here Again" with "We Shall Overcome". The original lineup consisted of Haden and Bley, Gato Barbieri, Dewey Redman, Paul Motian, Don Cherry, Andrew Cyrille, Mike Mantler, Roswell Rudd, Bob Northern, Howard Johnson, Perry Robinson, and Sam Brown. Over the years, the LMO has had a shifting membership comprising a "who's who" of jazz instrumentalists, and consisted of twelve members from multicultural backgrounds.^[7] Some of its most-recent members have included Ahnee Sharon Freeman and Vincent Chancey (French horn), Tony Malaby (tenor saxophonist) Joseph Daley (tuba), Seneca Black (trumpet), Michael Rodriguez (trumpet), Miguel Zenón (alto saxophone), Chris Cheek (tenor saxophone), Curtis Fowlkes (trombone), Steve Cardenas (guitar), and Matt Wilson (drums).^[4] Through Bley's arranging, they concentrated on a wide palette of brass instruments, including tuba, french horn, and trombone, in addition to the more standard trumpet and reed section. The group won multiple awards in 1970, including France’s Grand Prix du Disque from the Académie Charles Cros, and Japan’s Gold Disc Award from Swing Journal.^[6]

In 1971, while on tour with the Ornette Coleman Quartet in Portugal (at the time under a fascist dictatorship), Haden dedicated a performance of his "Song for Che" to the anticolonialist revolutionaries in the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique, Angola, and Guinea-Bissau. The following day, he was detained at Lisbon Airport, jailed, and interrogated by the DGS (the Portuguese secret police). He was only released after Ornette Coleman and others complained to the American cultural attaché, though he was later interviewed by the FBI in the United States about his choice of dedication.^[8]

The LMO's 1982 album The Ballad of the Fallen on ECM commented again on the Spanish Civil War as well as the United States involvement in Latin America. Haden decided to form the LMO at the height of the Vietnam War, out of his frustration that so much of the government’s energy was spent on the war (in which there were many fatalities), while so many internal problems in the United States (such as poverty, civil rights, mental illness, drug addiction, and unemployment), were neglected. Haden’s goal was to use the LMO to amplify unheard voices of oppressed people. He wanted to express his solidarity with progressive political movements from around the world by performing music that made a statement about how to initiate and celebrate liberating change. The LMO toured extensively throughout the 1980s and 1990s.^[7] In 1990, the orchestra returned with Dream Keeper, inspired by a poem of Langston Hughes, and which also drew on American gospel music and South African music to comment on racism in the US and apartheid in South Africa. The album featured choral contributions from the Oakland Youth Chorus. In 2005, Haden released the fourth Liberation Music Orchestra album Not in Our Name. It was a protest against the US invasion of Iraq.

In 1982, Haden established the Jazz Studies Program at California Institute of the Arts in Valencia, California. His program emphasized smaller group performance and the spiritual connection to the creative process. He encouraged students to discover their individual sounds, melodies, and harmonies. Haden was honored by the Los Angeles Jazz Society as “Jazz Educator of the Year” for his educational work in this program.^[6] Haden’s students included the tenor saxophonist Ravi Coltrane, the trumpeter Ralph Alessi, and the bassist Scott Colley.^[3]

1984-2000

In 1984 Haden met the singer and former actress Ruth Cameron. They married in New York City, and throughout their marriage, Ruth managed Haden's career as well as co-produced many albums and projects with him.

In 1986, Haden formed his band Quartet West at the suggestion of his wife, singer, co-producer and manager, Ruth Cameron Haden. The original quartet consisted of Ernie Watts on sax, Alan Broadbent on piano, and long-time collaborator, Billy Higgins, on drums. Higgins was later replaced by Larance Marble and, when Marable became too ill to perform, drummer Rodney Green was added to the band. In addition to original compositions by Haden and Broadbent, their repertoire also included 1940s pop ballads which they played a noir-infused, bop-oriented style.^[4] A brief collaboration with Joe Henderson and Al Foster showcased Haden's playing in a more hard-driving jazz context.

In 1989, Haden inaugurated the "Invitation" series at the Montreal Jazz Festival, and, with different musicians of his choosing, performed in concert for eight consecutive nights of the festival. Each of these events was recorded, and most have been released in the series The Montreal Tapes.

Duets: Haden developed a specialty of performing in duet as he loved the intimacy that a duet format provided. In 1995, Haden released Steal Away: Spirituals, Hymns and Folk Songs with pianist Hank Jones, an album based on traditional spirituals and folk songs. Haden both played on the album and produced it.^[9] In late 1996, he collaborated with Pat Metheny on the album Beyond the Missouri Sky (Short Stories), exploring the music that influenced them in their childhood experiences in Missouri with what Haden called "contemporary impressionistic Americana". Haden was awarded his first Grammy award for the album, for Best Jazz Instrumental Performance.^[10]

In 1997, classical composer Gavin Bryars wrote an extended adagio for Charlie Haden. Instrumentation included strings, bass clarinet, and percussion. The piece was recorded with the English Chamber Orchestra, on the album Farewell to Philosophy, and is a synthesis of jazz and classical chamber music, featuring resonant pizzicato notes and gut strings in imitation of Haden’s bass sound.^[6]

2000–2014

In 2001, Haden won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Latin Jazz CD for his album Nocturne which contains boleros from Cuba and Mexico. In 2003, he won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Latin Jazz Performance for his album Land of the Sun.^[6] Haden reconvened the Liberation Music Orchestra in 2005, with largely new members, for the album Not In Our Name, released on Verve Records. The album dealt primarily with the contemporary political situation in the United States.

In 2008, Haden co-produced, with his wife Ruth Cameron, the album Charlie Haden Family and Friends: Rambling Boy, which features several members of his immediate family, including Ruth Cameron, his four musician children (Petra, Rachel, Tanya, and Josh Haden), and his son-in-law, Jack Black, along with Béla Fleck, Pat Metheny, Elvis Costello, Rosanne Cash, Bruce Hornsby, Vince Gill, and some of the top Nashville players.^[6] The album harkens back to Haden's days of playing Americana and bluegrass music with his parents on their radio show. The idea came to Haden when his wife Ruth Cameron gathered the Haden family together for his mother's 80th birthday and suggested they all sing "You Are My Sunshine" in the living room, as that was a song everyone knew.^[11] Rambling Boy was intended to connect music from his early childhood in the Haden Family band to the new generation of the Haden family as well. The album includes songs made famous by the Stanley Brothers, the Carter Family, and Hank Williams, in addition to traditional songs and original compositions.

In 2009, Swiss film director Reto Caduff released a film about Haden's life, titled Rambling Boy. It screened at the Telluride Film Festival and at the Vancouver International Film Festival in 2009. In the summer of 2009, Haden performed with Ornette Coleman at the Meltdown Festival in Southbank, London. He also performed and produced duet recordings with Kenny Barron, with whom he recorded the album Night and the City. In February 2010, Haden and Hank Jones recorded a companion to Steal Away: Spirituals, Hymns and Folk Songs called Come Sunday. Jones died three months after the recording of the album.^[6]

Awards: In 2012, Haden was a recipient of the NEA Jazz Masters Award. In 2013, Haden received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2014, Haden was bestowed the Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Ministry of Culture. A posthumous ceremony in his honor took place at the French Cultural Services on January, 2015, in NYC where his wife Ruth was presented with the medal.

Legacy

Spirituality and teaching method

While he did not identify himself with a specific religious orientation, Haden was interested in spirituality, especially in association with music. He felt it was his duty, and the duty of the artist, to bring beauty to the world, to make this world a better place. He encouraged his students to find their own unique musical voice and bring it to their instrument. He also encouraged his students to be in the present moment: “there’s no yesterday or tomorrow, there’s only right now,” he explained.^[7] In order to find this state, and ultimately to find one’s spiritual self, Haden urged one to aspire to have humility, and respect for beauty; to be thankful for the ability to make music, and to give back to the world with the music they create. He claimed that music taught him this process of exchange, so he taught it to his students in return.^[7] Music, Haden believed, also teaches incredibly valuable lessons about life: "I learned at a very young age that music teaches you about life. When you're in the midst of improvisation, there is no yesterday and no tomorrow—there is just the moment that you are in. In that beautiful moment, you experience your true insignificance to the rest of the universe. It is then, and only then, that you can experience your true significance."^[11]

Musical philosophy

Haden also viewed jazz as the "music of rebellion" and felt it was his responsibility and mission to challenge the world through music, and through artistic risks that expressed his own individual artistic vision. He believed that all music originates from the same place, and because of this, he resisted the tendency to divide music into categories. He was democratic in his tastes and musical partners, and was interested in musical collaboration with individual who shares his sensibilities in music and life.^[7] His music (specifically the music he created with the LMO), was based on the music of peoples struggling for freedom from oppression. Haden spoke to this in reference to his 2002 album American Dreams, stating: “I always dreamed of a world without cruelty and greed, of a humanity with the same creative brilliance of our solar system, of an America worthy of the dreams of Martin Luther King, and the majesty of the Statue of Liberty...This music is dedicated to those who still dream of a society with compassion, deep creative intelligence, and a respect for the preciousness of life—for our children, and for our future.”^[4]

Musical style

In addition to his lyrical playing, Haden was known for his warm tone and subtle vibrato on the double bass. His approach to the bass stemmed from his belief that the bassist should move from an accompanying role to a more direct role in group improvisation. This is particularly clear in his work with the Ornette Coleman Quartet where he frequently improvised melodic responses to Coleman’s free-form solos instead of playing previously written lines.^[2] He frequently closed his eyes while performing, and assumed a posture in which he bent himself around the bass until his head was almost at the bottom of the bridge of the bass.^[7]

Colleage Ethan Iverson exemplified in an interview with Haden that his "combination of folk song, avant-garde sensibility, and Bach-like classical harmony is a stream in this music just as distinctive as Thelonious Monk or Elvin Jones."^[12]

Haden owned one three-quarter sized bass, and one seven-eighths sized bass. The larger bass is one of a small number of basses made by Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume, a French luthier, in the mid-nineteenth century. He greatly valued this bass, playing it only at recording sessions and jobs in close proximity to his home so as not to damage it in transit. He attributed the bass’s special and valuable nature to the varnish used by Vuillaume, which is similar to Italian varnish.^[3]

Haden suffered from tinnitus, a ringing in both ears that he believed he received from constant exposure to playing close to the drums, and possibly from an extremely loud concert he played in during the late 1960s. He also suffered from hyperacousis, or sensitivity to loud noises. As a result, when he played with a drummer, he had to play behind a Plexiglass divider.^[3]

About Haden's way of playing during Keith Jarrett's "American Quartet" the pianist said "He wanted to relate to the material in a very personal style all the time. He wasn´t somebody to get into a groove and just enjoy it simply because it was a groove".

Personal life

Haden died in Los Angeles on July 11, 2014, at the age of 76. He had been suffering from effects of post-polio syndrome and complications from liver disease.^[13][14][15] His wife, Ruth, and his four children, were by his side. His three daughters Tanya, Rachel and Petra are triplets.

A memorial concert was held in New York City's Town Hall on January 13, 2015, produced and organized by Ruth Cameron Haden, where his fellow musicians, family members, friends and many fans remembered and celebrated his life.^[16]

Haden was survived by his wife of thirty years, Ruth Cameron Haden, his four children from his first marriage to Ellen David: son, Josh Haden, triplet daughters, Rachel Haden, Petra Haden, and Tanya Haden, and grandsons Sammy, Tommy and Chase. His son Josh Haden is a bass guitarist and singer of the group Spain. His triplet daughters, Petra, Tanya and Rachel Haden, are all singers and instrumentalists. Petra plays the violin, Rachel, the piano and bass guitar, Tanya, a visual artist, plays the cello. Rachel, Petra and Tanya have a band called The Haden Triplets and recorded their self titled album in 2012, produced by Ry Cooder on Thirdman Records. Petra and Rachel were members of That Dog; Petra has worked with musicians including Bill Frisell and The Decemberists. Rachel has played with the The Rentals and worked with musicians including Todd Rundgren, Tanya is also an artist and married to Jack Black.

Posthumous recordings: In September 2014, the newly reactivated impulse! label release Charlie Haden-Jim Hall, a previously-unreleased recording of a stunning duo performance by these two recently departed masters at the 1990 Montreal International Jazz Festival. “This album documents a rarified journey,” writes pianist Ethan Iverson in the album’s liner notes. “Charlie Haden and Jim Hall knew each for over a half century, played more than a few concerts together, and shared many ideals, but this is their first concert-length recording. It is a major addition to the discography of both artists.” Although ailing, Haden produced and worked on the album before he died.

In June 2015, Impulse label released Tokyo Adagio. Although a posthumous release, it was one that Charlie Haden worked on prior to his death in July 2014. As the album notes show, "The album marks the pinnacle of the American bassist’s collaborations with Gonzalo Rubalcaba, the pianist of genius whom he first encountered in Cuba in 1986, and with whom Charlie immediately developed a bond bordering on the telepathic. Several recordings – the famous Montreal Tapes (1998), the studio albums Nocturne (2001) and Land of the Sun (2004) – are evidence of the deep concordance of these two musicians, but no recording had yet captured the communal purity which the duo displayed for the audience at the Blue Note Tokyo on consecutive evenings in the spring 2005."

Discography

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Charlie Haden.

• Heffley. "Haden, Charlie". Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. Oxford University Press
• Charlie Haden Official Web site
• Charlie Haden interview on Democracy Now!, September 1, 2006
• Official documentary website
• Charlie Haden at the Internet Movie Database
• DTM Interview
• Charlie Haden Discography, All About Jazz
• NPR interview