Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision

Saudi Arabian Airlines Flight 763
Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907
Accident summary
Date 12 November 1996
Summary Mid-air collision caused by pilot error on Kazakhstan Airlines aircraft
Site Charkhi Dadri, Haryana, India
Total fatalities 349
Total survivors 0
First aircraft

HZ-AIA, a Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 747-100B similar to the aircraft involved in the collision.
Type Boeing 747-168B
Operator Saudi Arabian Airlines
Registration HZ-AIH
Flight origin Indira Gandhi Int'l Airport
Delhi, India
Destination Dhahran International Airport
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Passengers 289
Crew 23
Fatalities 312
Survivors 0
Second aircraft

UN-76435, the Kazakhstan Airlines aircraft involved in the accident, in 1994.
Type Ilyushin Il-76TD
Operator Kazakhstan Airlines
Registration UN-76435
Flight origin Shymkent Int'l Airport
Destination Indira Gandhi Int'l Airport
Passengers 27
Crew 10
Fatalities 37
Survivors 0

The Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision occurred on 12 November 1996 over the village of Charkhi Dadri, to the west of New Delhi, India. The aircraft involved were a Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 747-100B en route from Delhi to Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, and a Kazakhstan Airlines Ilyushin Il-76 en route from Chimkent, Kazakhstan, to Delhi. The crash killed all 349 people on board both planes, making it the world's deadliest mid-air collision,[1][2] the deadliest aviation accident to occur in India,[3] and the third-deadliest aircraft accident in the history of aviation, behind only the Tenerife airport disaster and Japan Airlines Flight 123.[4]

Collision

The Saudi Arabian Airlines (Saudia) Boeing 747-168B, registration HZ-AIH,[5] was due to operate the first leg of a scheduled international Delhi–Dhahran–Jeddah passenger service as Flight 763 (SVA763) with 312 occupants on board;[6] the Kazakhstan Airlines Ilyushin Il-76TD,[7] registration UN-76435, was on a charter service from Chimkent to Delhi as KZA1907.[6] SVA763 departed Delhi at 18:32 local time.[5] KZA1907 was, at the same time, descending to land at Delhi.[6] Both flights were controlled by approach controller VK Dutta. The crew of SVA763 consisted of Captain Khalid Al Shubaily, First Officer Nazir Khan, and Flight Engineer Edris.[8] On KZA1907, Gennadi Cherepanov served as the pilot and Egor Repp served as the radio operator.[9]

KZA1907 was cleared to descend to 15,000 feet (4,600 m) when it was 74 nautical miles (137 km) from the beacon of the destination airport while SVA763, travelling on the same airway as KZA1907 but in the opposite direction, was cleared to climb to 14,000 feet (4,300 m). About eight minutes later, around 18:40, KZA1907 reported having reached its assigned altitude of 15,000 feet (4,600 m) but it was actually lower, at 14,500 feet (4,400 m), and still descending.[7] At this time, Dutta advised the flight, "Identified traffic 12 o'clock, reciprocal Saudia Boeing 747, 10 nautical miles (19 km). Report in sight."

When the controller called KZA1907 again, he received no reply. He warned of the other flight's distance, but it was too late. The two aircraft had collided, the tail of KZA1907 cut through SVA763's left wing and horizontal stabiliser. The crippled Boeing quickly lost control and went into a rapidly descending spiral motion toward the ground with fire trailing from the wing. The Boeing broke up in the air under the stresses before the wreckage hit the ground at almost 1,135 km/h (705 mph). The Ilyushin remained structurally intact as it went in a steady but rapid and uncontrolled descent until it crashed in a field.[10] Rescuers discovered four critically injured passengers from the Ilyushin, but they all died soon afterwards. Two passengers from the Saudia flight survived the crash, still strapped to their seats, only to die of internal injuries soon after.[11][12] In the end, all 312 people on board SVA763 and all 37 people on KZA1907 were killed.

Captain Timothy J. Place, a pilot for the United States Air Force, was the sole eyewitness to the event. He was making an initial approach in a Lockheed C-141B Starlifter when he saw that "a large cloud lit up with an orange glow".[13]

The collision took place about 100 kilometres (60 mi) west of Delhi.[14] The wreckage of the Saudi aircraft crashed near Dhani village, Bhiwani District, Haryana. The wreckage of the Kazakh aircraft hit the ground near Birohar village, Rohtak District, Haryana.[15] This was the first mid-air collision between two commercial aircraft since the Dniprodzerzhynsk mid-air collision in 1979;[6] it was succeeded by the mid-air collision between a Bashkirian Airlines Tupolev Tu-154M and a DHL Boeing 757 over Germany in July 2002[16] and then by the mid-air collision between a Gol Boeing 737 and an ExcelAire Embraer Legacy over Amazonia in September 2006.[17]

Passengers and crews

Saudi Arabian Airlines Flight 763

The captain of the flight, aged 45, was a veteran pilot with more than 9,800 flying hours to his credit.[15] An article published in The New York Times on 14 November 1996 stated that 215 Indians who boarded the flight worked in Saudi Arabia;[18] many of them worked or planned to work in blue collar jobs[19] as house maids, drivers, and cooks. The article also stated that 40 Nepalis and three Americans boarded the Saudi flight.[18] According to an article in the same newspaper published a day earlier, the passenger manifest included 17 people of other nationalities, including nine Nepalis, three Pakistanis, two Americans, one Bangladeshi, one Briton, and one Saudi.[4] Twelve of the crew members, including five anti-terrorism officials, were Saudi citizens.[20]

Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907

The 44-year-old captain of Flight 1907 was also highly experienced, with more than 9,200 flight hours under his belt.[15] A company from Kyrgyzstan chartered the flight, and the passenger manifest mostly included ethnic Russian Kyrgyz citizens planning to go shopping in India.[4][9][18]

Thirteen Kyrgyz traders boarded the flight.[20]

Investigation and final report

The crash was investigated by the Lahoti Commission, headed by then-Delhi High Court judge Ramesh Chandra Lahoti. Depositions were taken from the Air Traffic Controllers Guild and the two airlines. The flight data recorders were decoded by Kazakhstan Airlines and Saudia under the supervision of air crash investigators in Moscow and Farnborough, England, respectively.[10] The ultimate cause was held to be the failure of Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907's pilot to follow ATC instructions, whether due to cloud turbulence or due to communication problems.

The commission determined that the accident had been the fault of the Kazakh Il-76 commander, who (according to FDR evidence) had descended from the assigned altitude of 15,000 to 14,500 feet (4,600 to 4,400 m) and subsequently 14,000 feet (4,300 m) and even lower. The report ascribed the cause of this serious breach in operating procedure to the lack of English language skills on the part of the Kazakh aircraft pilots; they were relying entirely on their radio operator for communications with the ATC. The radio operator did not have his own flight instrumentation but had to look over the pilots' shoulders for a reading.[21] Kazakh officials stated that the aircraft had descended while their pilots were fighting turbulence inside a bank of cumulus clouds.

Indian air controllers also complained that the Kazakh pilots sometimes confused their calculations because they are accustomed to using metre altitudes and kilometre distances, while most other countries use feet and nautical miles respectively.[11]

Just a few seconds from impact, the Kazakh plane climbed slightly and the two planes collided. This was because the radio operator of Kazakhstan 1907 discovered only then that they were not at 15,000 feet and asked the pilot to climb. The captain gave orders for full throttle, and the plane climbed, only to hit the oncoming Saudi plane. The tail of the Kazakh plane clipped the left wing of the Saudi jet, severing both parts from their respective planes. Had the Kazakh pilots not climbed slightly, it is likely that they would have passed under the Saudi plane.

The recorder of the Saudi plane revealed the pilots recited the prayer that is required, according to Islamic law, when one faces death. The counsel for the ATC Guild denied the presence of turbulence, quoting meteorological reports, but did state that the collision occurred inside a cloud.[21] This was substantiated by the affidavit of Capt. Place, who was the commander of the aforementioned Lockheed C-141B Starlifter, which was flying into New Delhi at the time of the crash.[10] The members of his crew filed similar affidavits.[22]

Furthermore, Indira Gandhi International Airport did not have secondary surveillance radar, which provides extra information, such as the aircraft's identity and altitude, by reading transponder signals; instead the airport had primary radar, which produces readings of distance and bearing, but not altitude. In addition, the civilian airspace around New Delhi had one corridor for departures and arrivals. Most areas separate departures and arrivals into separate corridors. The airspace had one civilian corridor because much of the airspace was taken by the Indian Air Force.[10] Due to the crash, the air-crash investigation report recommended changes to air-traffic procedures and infrastructure in New Delhi's air-space:

The civil aviation authorities in India made it mandatory for all aircraft flying in and out of India to be equipped with an airborne collision avoidance system.

Documentaries

Miditech, a company based in Gurgaon, Haryana, produced a documentary about the disaster called Head On!, which aired on the National Geographic Channel.[10]

The disaster was again the subject of an episode in the documentary series Mayday (Air Crash Investigation) on 2 March 2009 entitled "Sight Unseen", in a wide-screen format with sophisticated computer animations on National Geographic Channel.[23]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Cooper, Kenneth J. (13 November 1996). "At Least 349 Are Killed in Collision". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013.
  2. ↑ Ashraf, Syed Firdaus. "Charkhi Dadri collision report expected this weekend". Rediff. New Delhi. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014.
  3. ↑ "India air safety profile". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 Burns, John F. (13 November 1996). "Two Airliners Collide in Midair, Killing All 351 Aboard in India". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 July 2013.
  5. 1 2 Accident description for HZ-AIH at the Aviation Safety Network
  6. 1 2 3 4 Kingsley-Jones, Max; Learmount, David (20 September 1996). "Collision raises doubts on ATC routeings". Flightglobal. Flight International. Archived 1 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  7. 1 2 Accident description for Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907 at the Aviation Safety Network
  8. ↑ Head On! Aircrash. Miditech. See profile at Miditech website (). VK Dutta named at about 2:43. Saudi Flight 763 pilots are named at about 3:14.
  9. 1 2 Burns, John F. (5 May 1997). "One Jet in Crash Over India Ruled Off Course". The New York Times. Archived 3 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Head On – AirCrash (TV documentary). Miditech. Archived from the original on 23 March 2007.
  11. 1 2 "THE INDIAN AIR CRASH: Tapes point blame at Kazakh pilot". The Independent. 14 November 1996. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  12. ↑ Job, Macarthur (November–December 2006), "Mid-Air Disasters" (PDF), Flight Safety Australia, p. 42, archived (PDF) from the original on 12 September 2009, retrieved 10 September 2009
  13. ↑ "YouTube.Com – Pure History Specials: Head On Air Crash". Alliant Content. 16 May 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
  14. ↑ Bellamy, Christopher (13 November 1996). "Human error is blamed for crash". The Independent. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013.
  15. 1 2 3 "Civil aviation aircraft accident summary for the year 1996" (PDF). Directorate General of Civil Aviation. Archived 3 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  16. ↑ Learmount, David (9 July 2002). "Questions hang over collision". Flightglobal. London. Archived from the original on 22 June 2014.
  17. ↑ "Gol-Legacy mid-air collision mistakes leaked to press". Flightglobal. 4 October 2007. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014.
  18. 1 2 3 Burns, John F. (14 November 1996). "Indian Officials Gather Evidence on Midair Collision". The New York Times. Archived 3 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
  19. ↑ Stacy, Shapiro; Kaumudi, Marathe (18 November 1996). "Indian law may restrain size of crash claims". Business Insurance. Archived 17 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  20. 1 2 "Pilot error focus of India collision investigation". CNN. New Delhi. 14 November 1996. Archived from the original on 28 January 2000.
  21. 1 2 "Communication gap caused Charkhi Dadri mishap". Rediff. 26 May 1997. Archived from the original on 7 October 1999. Retrieved 4 July 2006.
  22. ↑ "Charkhi Dadri collision occurred in "heavy clouds": US pilot". Rediff. Archived from the original on 11 October 1999. Retrieved 4 July 2006.
  23. ↑ "Haryana India 1996 Plane Crash, Head on Collision". National Geographic Channel. National Geographic Channel. Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved 17 April 2009.

Further reading

(Arabic)

External links

External image
Pre-Crash photos of the two airliners at Airliners.net

Coordinates: 28°36′00″N 76°16′26″E / 28.6°N 76.2739°E / 28.6; 76.2739

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