Carbon-13

Carbon-13 (¹³C) is a natural, stable isotope of carbon with a nucleus containing six protons and seven neutrons. One of the environmental isotopes, it makes up about 1.1% of all natural carbon on Earth.

Detection by mass spectrometry

A mass spectrum of an organic compound will usually contain a small peak of one mass unit greater than the apparent molecular ion peak (M) of the whole molecule. This is known as the M+1 peak and comes from the handful of molecules that contain a ¹³C atom in place of a ¹²C. A molecule containing one carbon atom will be expected to have an M+1 peak of approximately 1.1% of the size of the M peak, as 1.1% of the molecules will have a ¹³C rather than a ¹²C. Similarly, a molecule containing two carbon atoms will be expected to have an M+1 peak of approximately 2.2% of the size of the M peak, as there is double the previous likelihood that any molecule will contain a ¹³C atom.

In the above, the mathematics and chemistry have been simplified, however it can be used effectively to give the number of carbon atoms for small- to medium-sized organic molecules. In the following formula the result should be rounded to the nearest integer:

C = number of C atoms X = amplitude of the M ion peak Y = amplitude of the M+1 ion peak

¹³C-enriched compounds are used in the research of metabolic processes by means of mass spectrometry. Such compounds are safe because they are non-radioactive. In addition, ¹³C is used to quantify proteins (quantitative proteomics). One important application is in "Stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture" (SILAC). ¹³C-enriched compounds are used in medical diagnostic tests such as the urea breath test. Analysis in these tests is usually of the ratio of ¹³C to ¹²C by Isotope ratio mass spectrometry.

The ratio of ¹³C to ¹²C is slightly higher in plants employing C4 carbon fixation than in plants employing C3 carbon fixation. Because the different isotope ratios for the two kinds of plants propagate through the food chain, it is possible to determine if the principal diet of a human or other animal consists primarily of C3 plants or C4 plants by measuring the isotopic signature of their collagen and other tissues. Deliberate increase of proportion of ¹³C in diet is the concept of i-food, a proposed way to increase longevity.

Uses in science

Due to differential uptake in plants as well as marine carbonates of ¹³C, it is possible to use these isotopic signature in earth science. In aqueous geochemistry, by analyzing the δ¹³C value of surface and ground waters the source of the water can be identified. This is because atmospheric, carbonate, and plant derived δ¹³C values all differ with respect to Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB) standard. In biology, the ratio of carbon-13 and carbon-12 isotopes in plant tissues is different depending on the type of plant photosynthesis and this can be used, for example, to determine which types of plants were consumed by animals. More information about usage of ¹³C/¹²C ratio in science can be found in the article about isotopic signatures.

Carbon-13 has a non-zero spin quantum number of 1/2, and hence allows the structure of carbon-containing substances to be investigated using carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance.

See also

• Isotopes of carbon
• Isotope fractionation
• Isotopic signature
• δ13C

Notes