Canada Lee

Canada Lee

Canada Lee in Body and Soul (1947)
Born Leonard Lionel Cornelius Canegata
(1907-03-03)March 3, 1907
Manhattan, New York City, New York, U.S.
Died May 9, 1952(1952-05-09) (aged 45)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Nationality American
Other names Lionel Canegata
Years active 1926–1952
Spouse(s)
  • Juanita Waller Lee
    (married 1925–42)
  • Frances Pollack Lee
    (married 1951–52)
Relatives Carl Lee (son), Jacqueline Muriel Canageta Lee Brown-Irvin (daughter)
Website canadalee.org

Canada Lee (born Leonard Lionel Cornelius Canegata, March 3, 1907 – May 9, 1952) was an American actor who pioneered roles for African Americans. After careers as a jockey, boxer and musician, he became an actor in the Federal Theatre Project and stage productions by Orson Welles, most notably the Mercury Theatre's Native Son (1941). A champion of civil rights in the 1930s and 1940s, he was blacklisted and died shortly before he was scheduled to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee. Lee furthered the African-American tradition in theatre pioneered by such actors as Paul Robeson. Lee was the father of actor Carl Lee.

Biography

Canada Lee was born Leonard Lionel Cornelius Canegata on March 3, 1907, in the San Juan Hill neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City.[1][2]:3–4 His father, James Cornelius Lionel Canegata, was born on the Caribbean island of St. Croix, and as a youth had migrated to New York, where he married Lydia Whaley Gasden.[3] Raised by his parents in Harlem,[2]:8 Lee had an aptitude for music, and at age seven he began studying violin and piano with J. Rosamond Johnson at the Music School Settlement for Colored People. He made his concert debut at age 11, performing a student recital at Aeolian Hall. But after seven years of music studies, without explanation, he put away his violin and ran away from home.[2]:11–13 In 1921, aged 14, Lee went to Saratoga Springs, New York, and began a two-year career as a jockey.[2]:14

Lee returned to his parents' home in Harlem in 1923 with no idea what he was going to do next. He considered returning to music, but an old school friend suggested that he try boxing.[2]:24 At one amateur match, fight announcer Joe Humphries saw the name "Canagata, Lee" on the card he was using. He tossed the card aside and instead announced "Canada Lee"—a name that Lee liked and adopted.[2]:25 In the amateur ring he won 90 out of 100 bouts and the national amateur lightweight title.[1]

Lee turned pro at age 19, in October 1926,[2]:26 and became a favorite with audiences.[2]:30 At 5 feet 9 inches (1.75 m) and about 144 pounds (65 kg), he fought as a welterweight. His boxing statistics vary[4][5] due to incomplete coverage and record keeping for the sport in the 1920s and 1930s. Boxing historian Donald R. Koss documents Lee having 60 bouts 1927–31, the majority of them taking place 1927–28.[2]:374–375 The New York Times reported that Lee had some 200 professional matches and lost only about 25.[1][6]

During his victorious 10-round bout with Andy Divodi at Madison Square Garden on December 12, 1929, Lee was dealt a blow over his right ear that detached his retina. With treatment his vision could have been saved, but Lee feared losing his successful career and masked his injury. In time he lost all sight in his right eye.[2]:35–36 He quit professional boxing in 1933.[6] Despite having made an estimated $90,000 during his boxing career (roughly equivalent to $1,555,995 today), Lee was broke. "Just threw it away," Lee later said. Lee eventually lobbied for insurance, health care, financial consultation and retirement homes for fighters. "The average boxer possesses little education," he said in 1946. "If he winds up broke, he has no trade, no education and nobody to turn to."[2]:40

As Lee's fighting career began to wind down, he put together a small dance band that played at obscure clubs. When an old friend, sportswriter Ed Sullivan, plugged him in his new entertainment column, Lee and his group began landing better engagements. His career as a bandleader peaked in 1933 when his group played at the Lafayette Theatre in Harlem. The following year he opened his own small club, The Jitterbug, which he managed to operate for six months. When it closed he had no prospects, and his mother convinced him to simply get a job.[2]:43–44

Acting

Lee as Banquo in the Federal Theatre Project production of Macbeth (1936)
Lee (center left) as Banquo in Act I, Scene 2, of Macbeth
All my life I've been on the verge of something. I'm almost becoming a concert violinist and I run away to the races. I'm almost a good jockey and I go overweight. I'm almost a champion prizefighter and my eyes go bad. Now I've got it, now I've got what I'm going to be.
— Canada Lee[6]

Lee discovered a love for Broadway theatre during his years as a prizefighter. He remembered Show Boat as the first stage production he ever saw: "A big, tough fighter, all muscle, just sobbing," he recalled.[2]:32

His acting career began by accident in 1934. While at a YMCA to apply for a job as a laborer, Lee stumbled upon an audition in progress and was recognized by playwright Augustus Smith. Lee was invited to try out, and won a supporting role in Brother Mose, directed by Frank H. Wilson. Sponsored by New York's Civil Works Administration, the show toured the boroughs, playing at community centers and city parks into the fall of the year.[2]:45–46 In October 1934 Lee succeeded Rex Ingram in the Theatre Union's revival of Stevedore,[7] which toured to Chicago, Detroit and other U.S. cities after its run on Broadway. It was his first professional role.[2]:47–48

Lee then was cast in his first major role, that of Banquo, in the legendary Federal Theatre Project production of Macbeth (1936), adapted and directed by Orson Welles.[8]

"I never would have amounted to anything in the theatre if it hadn't been for Orson Welles," Lee recalled. "The way I looked at acting, it was interesting and it was certainly better than going hungry. But I didn't have a serious approach to it until … I bumped into Orson Welles. He was putting on a Federal Theatre production of Macbeth with Negro players and, somehow, I won the part of Banquo. He rehearsed us for six solid months, but when the play finally went on before an audience, it was right—and it was a wonderful sensation, knowing it was right. Suddenly, the theatre became important to me. I had a respect for it, for what it could say. I had the ambition—I caught it from Orson Welles—to work like mad and be a convincing actor."[9]

Macbeth was sold out for ten weeks at the Lafayette Theatre.[10]:333[11]:203 After an additional two weeks on Broadway it toured the nation, including performances at the Texas Centennial Exposition in Dallas.[12][13]:64, 95

Canada Lee as Bigger Thomas in the Mercury Theatre production of Native Son (1941)

After five months in a supporting role, Lee succeeded Rex Ingram as the lead in the stage production Haiti (1938), portraying Haitian slave turned emperor Henri Christophe. One of the Federal Theatre Project's most popular productions, Haiti was seen by some 90,000 people at the Lafayette Theatre in Harlem and at Boston's Copley Theatre.[2]:64

In January 1939, with the end of the Federal Theatre Project, Lee won a role in Mamba's Daughters , a Broadway success that toured North America and returned to Broadway for another brief run in 1940. Lee took a break from the road tour to make his motion picture debut in Keep Punching (1939), a film about boxing.[2]:69–70 He made his radio debut as narrator of the weekly CBS jazz series, Flow Gently, Sweet Rhythm (1940–41).[2]:71[14]:256 As that regular series came to an end, he opened a restaurant at 102 West 136th Street, Canada Lee's Chicken Coop, which offered authentic South Carolina cuisine, jazz and blues. Lee kept it going despite chronic financial difficulties.[2]:78–79[6]

Lee played the lead role in the 1940 revival of Theodore Ward's Big White Fog. A 1938 Federal Theatre Project production, the play was remounted by the newly created Negro Playwrights Company, founded in New York by Ward, Langston Hughes, Paul Robeson, Theodore Browne, Richard Wright and Alain Locke.[15]:284

Lee became a star overnight in his ultimate stage success, Native Son (1941), an adaptation of Richard Wright's novel staged on Broadway by Orson Welles.[1] The show was a spectacular hit for both Welles and Lee,[16] who starred in the initial New York run, a 19-month national tour, and a second run on Broadway with accessible ticket prices.[17] "Mr. Lee's performance is superb," wrote Brooks Atkinson of The New York Times, who called him "certainly the best Negro actor of his time, as well as one of the best actors in this country."[18] Wright also applauded the performance, noting the contrast between Lee's affable personality and his intensity as Bigger Thomas.[19] The sympathetic portrayal of a black man driven to murder by racial hatred brought much criticism however, especially from the Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn and the Legion of Decency, and the ensuing pressure forced the play to close.[20]

During World War II, Lee continued to act in plays and in films. In 1942, he played in two comedies by William Saroyan; Lee earned approving reviews despite the generally negative response to these plays. In 1943, he took a lead role in a production of the race-themed drama South Pacific, directed by Lee Strasberg, concerning a cynical African-American soldier who had racially based reservations about fighting the Japanese.

The cast of Alfred Hitchcock's Lifeboat (1944)

Perhaps Lee's most famous film role was in Alfred Hitchcock's Lifeboat (1944), in which he played the steward of a glamorous journalist (Tallulah Bankhead). Lee insisted on changing his dialogue to round out his character, which used a semi-comical dialect. He was praised for his performance.

Lee's successful radio career continued with New World A-Comin', which made its debut in March 1944. He narrated the first two seasons of the groundbreaking WMCA radio series that presented Negro history and culture to mainstream American audiences.[2]:170–171[21][22]

He became the first African American to play Caliban, in Margaret Webster’s 1945 Broadway rendition of The Tempest. Lee had admired Shakespeare since his turn in Macbeth; indeed, at the time of his death he was preparing to play Othello on film.

In 1946, Lee played a principal role in On Whitman Avenue, a drama about racial prejudice directed by Margo Jones. Lee produced the play, making him the first African-American producer on Broadway. The play spoke directly to the need for interracial housing following World War II and won the praise of former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, who wrote weekly columns encouraging readers to see it.[23][24]

In the autumn of 1946 Lee made American theatre history when he portrayed the villain Daniel de Bosola in John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi. Presented in Boston and on Broadway, the production marked the first time a black actor had played a white role on the stage. Lee wore a special white paste that had been used medically, to cover burns and marks, but had never before been used in the theatre.[25]

In 1947, he had a supporting role in Robert Rossen's Body and Soul, another boxing picture.

In 1948 Lee played his last stage role, that of a devoted slave in Set My People Free, Dorothy Heyward's drama based on the aborted 1822 slave revolt led by Denmark Vesey.[2]:262[26]

In 1949, he took another supporting role in Lost Boundaries, a drama about passing. Lee's last film role was in Cry, the Beloved Country (1951).

Civil rights activism

As an actor, Lee came into contact with many of the leading progressive figures in the country.[27] Langston Hughes, for instance, wrote two brief plays for Lee; these were submitted to the Theater Project, but their criticism of racism in America was deemed too controversial, and neither was staged. Lee spoke to schools, sponsored various humanitarian events, and began speaking directly against the existing segregation in America's armed forces, while simultaneously acknowledging the need to win World War II. To this latter end, he appeared at numerous USO events; he won an award from the United States Recruiting Office and another from the Treasury Department for his help in selling war bonds. These sentiments would carry on throughout his life, culminating in his early firsthand account of apartheid in South Africa.

Lee was an early influence on physician and human rights activist H. Jack Geiger. They met in 1940 when Geiger, a 14-year-old middle-class Jewish runaway, was backstage at a Broadway production of Native Son. Lee agreed to take Geiger in when he showed up at his door in Harlem asking for a place to stay. With the consent of his parents, Geiger stayed with Lee for over a year. Lee took on the role of surrogate father and introduced Geiger to Langston Hughes, Billy Strayhorn, Richard Wright, and Adam Clayton Powell. Geiger eventually became a journalist, then a doctor who co-founded the first community health center in the United States, Columbia Point Health Center in Dorchester, Massachusetts. He became a founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility and Physicians for Human Rights, and established community health centers in Mississippi and South Africa. Geiger says he would never have moved so deeply in these worlds so quickly if not for his experiences with Canada Lee.[27]

By the late 1940s, the rising tide of anti-communism had made many of his earlier contacts politically dangerous. In 1949, the trade journal Variety stated that under no circumstance was Lee to be used in American Tobacco’s televised production of a radio play he had recently starred in because he was "too controversial".

The same year, the FBI offered to clear Lee’s name if he would publicly call Paul Robeson a communist. Lee refused and responded by saying, "All you’re trying to do is split my race." According to newspaper columnist Walter Winchell, Lee stated that he intended to come out and "publicly blast Paul Robeson." However, the fact that the friendship between the two actors remained until Lee's death suggests that Robeson put no faith in Winchell's claim.

At the height of the Hollywood blacklist, Lee managed to find work in 1950 as the star of a British film Cry, The Beloved Country, for which both he and Sidney Poitier were smuggled into South Africa as indentured servants in order to play their roles as African ministers. During filming, Lee had his first heart attack, and he never fully recovered his health.[28] The film’s message of universal brotherhood stands as Lee's final work towards this aim.

Being on the Hollywood blacklist prevented him from getting further work. Scheduled to appear in Italy to begin production on a filmed version of Othello, he was repeatedly notified that his passport "remained under review". Lee was reportedly to star as Bigger Thomas in the Argentine version of Native Son but was replaced in the role by Richard Wright, author of the novel, when Lee had to withdraw.

Family life

In December 1925, Lee married Juanita Eugenia Waller.[2]:26 On November 22, 1926, they had a son, Carl Vincent Canegata,[2]:28 who became actor Carl Lee. The couple separated while their son was young,[2]:33 and they were amicably divorced in 1942.[2]:124

In 1934, Lee began a love affair with publisher and peace activist Caresse Crosby, despite the threat of miscegenation laws. They often had lunch in uptown New York in Harlem at the then-new restaurant "Franks", where they could maintain their secret relationship. When Lee was performing in Washington, D.C., during the 1940s, the only restaurant in the city where they could eat together was an African restaurant named the Bugazi. Crosby and Lee's intimate relationship continued into the mid-1940s.[29]

In March 1951, Lee married Frances Pollack. They remained together until he died just over a year later.

Death

The gravesite of Canada Lee in Woodlawn Cemetery

Lee died of a heart attack at the age of 45 on May 9, 1952, in New York City.[1][28]

Theatre credits

Poster for Macbeth (1936)
Poster for Haiti (1938)
Date Title Role Notes
1934 Brother Mose Nathan Debut; tour of New York City boroughs under the Civil Works Administration[2]:46 and Federal Emergency Relief Administration
October 1–November 1934 Stevedore Blacksnake Civic Repertory Theatre, New York[30]
? – Spring 1935 Stevedore Blacksnake Tour of U.S. cities including Chicago and Detroit[2]:48
May 3–May 1935 Sailor, Beware! Herb Marley Lafayette Theatre, Harlem, New York[31]
April 12, 1936 Macbeth Banquo Lafayette Theatre, Harlem, New York
A free preview draws 3,000 more people than can be seated[11]:198
April 14–June 20, 1936 Macbeth Banquo Lafayette Theatre, Harlem, New York[10]:333
Sold out for all ten weeks[10]:333[11]:203
July 6–18, 1936 Macbeth Banquo Adelphi Theatre, New York[10]:333[32]
July 21–25, 1936[32] Macbeth Banquo Park Theatre, Bridgeport, Connecticut[33]
July 28–August 1, 1936[32] Macbeth Banquo Hartford, Connecticut
August 6–?, 1936[32][34] Macbeth Banquo Exhibit Theatre, Dallas, Texas
August 13–23, 1936[35] Macbeth Banquo Amphitheater, Texas Centennial Exposition, Dallas, Texas[36]
Integrated seating was a unique experience for theatergoers in Dallas[13]:64
August 25–29, 1936[37] Macbeth Banquo Keith's Theatre, Indianapolis, Indiana
September 1–13, 1936[38] Macbeth Banquo Great Northern Theater, Chicago, Illinois
September 1936 Macbeth Banquo Detroit, Michigan
September 1936 Macbeth Banquo Cleveland, Ohio
September 23–25, 1936[39] Macbeth Banquo Civic University, Syracuse, New York
October 6–17, 1936[40][41]:393 Macbeth Banquo Majestic Theatre, Brooklyn, New York
October 29, 1937 – January 15, 1938[41]:428 Bound East for Cardiff Yank Lafayette Theatre, Harlem, New York[42]
October 29, 1937 – January 15, 1938[41]:428 The Moon of the Caribbees Yank Lafayette Theatre, Harlem, New York[42]
December 2–4, 1937 Brown Sugar Henry Biltmore Theatre, New York[43]
March 2–August 7, 1938 Haiti Bertram Lafayette Theatre, Harlem, New York[44]
August 9–September 24, 1938 Haiti Henri Christophe Lafayette Theatre, Harlem, New York[2]:63[44]
October 24–November 5, 1938[41]:392 Haiti Henri Christophe Copley Theatre, Boston, Massachusetts[2]:64[45]
January 3–May 1939 Mamba's Daughters Drayton Empire Theatre, New York[46]
September 1939 – ? Mamba's Daughters Drayton Tour of U.S. cities including Detroit, Toronto, Chicago and St. Louis[2]:70
March 23–April 6, 1940 Mamba's Daughters Drayton Broadway Theatre, New York[47]
October 22–December 14, 1940 Big White Fog Victor Mason Lincoln Theatre, Harlem, New York[48][49]
March 24–June 28, 1941 Native Son Bigger Thomas St. James Theatre, New York[50][51]
July–August 1941 Native Son Bigger Thomas Tour of New York City boroughs[2]:112
September 1941–April 1942 Native Son Bigger Thomas National tour to cities including Boston, Baltimore, Detroit, Chicago, St. Louis,[2]:114 Cleveland,[2]:118 Minneapolis, St. Paul, Madison, Milwaukee,[2]:126 Toronto, Rochester,[2]:128 Philadelphia and Pittsburgh[2]:128
August 17–22, 1942 Across the Board on Tomorrow Morning Thomas Piper Belasco Theatre, New York[52]
August 17–22, 1942 Talking to You Blackstone Boulevard Belasco Theatre, New York[52]
October 23, 1942–January 2, 1943 Native Son Bigger Thomas Majestic Theatre, New York[53][54]
December 29, 1943 – January 1, 1944 South Pacific Sam Johnson Cort Theatre, New York[55]
August 30, 1944 – November 30, 1946 Anna Lucasta Danny Mansfield Theatre, New York[56]
January 25–April 21, 1945 The Tempest Caliban Alvin Theatre, New York (January 25–March 17)
Broadway Theatre, New York (March 19–April 21)[57]
May 8–September 14, 1946 On Whitman Avenue David Bennett Cort Theatre, New York[58]
September 23 – ?, 1946 The Duchess of Malfi Daniel de Bosola Shubert Theatre, Boston[25]
October 15–November 16, 1946 The Duchess of Malfi Daniel de Bosola Ethel Barrymore Theatre, New York[59]
November 3–27, 1948 Set My People Free George Hudson Theatre, New York[26]
March 6, 1952 NAACP fundraising show Himself Madison Square Garden, New York[1]

Film and television credits

Henry Browne, Farmer (1942)
Lobby card for Lost Boundaries (1949)
Year Title Role Notes
1939 Keep Punching Speedy [60]
1942 Henry Browne, Farmer Narrator Oscar-nominated documentary short[61]
1944 Lifeboat Joe Spencer [62]
1945 Ask the OPA Narrator Documentary short about the Office of Price Administration[63]
1947 Body and Soul Ben Chaplin [64]
1947 The Roosevelt Story Narrator (Joe, the voice of the Depression) Documentary biography of Franklin D. Roosevelt[65]
1949 Lost Boundaries Lt. Thompson [66]
1950 The Chevrolet Tele-Theatre (TV series) Unknown
Police Officer		 "The Final Bell"[67]
"Oropalo"[68]
1951 Cry, the Beloved Country Stephen Kumalo [69]

Radio credits

Date Title Notes
April 7, 1940 – January 12, 1941 Flow Gently, Sweet Rhythm Weekly 30-minute CBS Radio jazz series also called The John Kirby Show
Cast: Canada Lee (narrator), John Kirby, Charlie Shavers, Russ Procope, Buster Bailey, Billy Kyle, O'Neill Spencer, Maxine Sullivan, Ella Fitzgerald[14]:256
April 13, 1941 The Free Company "A Start in Life"
Cast: Canada Lee, Luis Van Rooten, Georgette Harvey, Edna Mae Harris[70]
May 11, 1941 Those Who Have Made Good Clifford Burdette interviews Canada Lee, subject of the first episode of the series[71]
June 9, 1941 Salute to Canada Lee Nationwide Mutual Network program that concludes with Canada Lee and Ray Collins performing the last scene from Native Son
Cast: Paul Robeson (emcee), Eddie Anderson, Ray Collins, Duke Ellington, Canada Lee, Hattie McDaniel, Bill Robinson, Richard Wright[72]
1942 Freedom's People "Contributions to the Theatre", final episode of an eight-part series sponsored by the U.S. Office of Education
Cast: Canada Lee, Carol Bright, Maurice Ellis (narrator)[73]
February 8, 1944 Words at War "George Washington Carver"
Cast: Fredric March, Canada Lee[74]
March 5, 1944 New World A-Comin' First episode in a weekly WMCA series written by Roi Ottley, based on his 1943 book
Cast: Canada Lee (narrator), Muriel Smith[2]:170–171[21]
March 12, 1944 New World A-Comin' "The Negro: Fascism and Democracy"
Cast: Canada Lee, Muriel Smith (singing "When The Lights Go On Again All Over The World"), Ralph Bell, Will Geer[21]
March 19, 1944 New World A-Comin' "The Negro in Early America"; new series theme song by Duke Ellington
Cast: Canada Lee, Muriel Smith, Leigh Whipper, Will Geer, Ralph Bell, John Ireland, Alexander Scourby[21]
March 26, 1944 New World A-Comin' "The Negro in Entertainment"
Cast: Canada Lee, Hazel Scott, Bill Wirges, Hester Sondergaard, Ralph Bell[21]
April 2, 1944 New World A-Comin' "Ghettos"
Cast: Canada Lee, Ethel Everett, Hilda Ottley, Humphrey Davis, Ken Reynard, Leigh Whipper, Martin Wolfson, Muriel Smith, Ralph Bell, Richard Huey[21]
April 9, 1944 New World A-Comin' "The Negro and Health"
Cast: Canada Lee, Ethel Everett, Hilda Ottley, James Fuller, Joseph Julian, Martin Wolfson, Ralph Bell, Andrew Pendleton[21]
April 16, 1944 New World A-Comin' "The Story of Negro Humor", adapted from Langston Hughes' "White Folks Do Some Funny Things"
Cast: Canada Lee, Clarence Foster, David Kerman, Grace Rogrers, Leigh Whipper, Martin Wolfson, Maxine Sullivan, Andrew Pendleton[21]
April 23, 1944 New World A-Comin' "The Story Behind the Headline in the Negro Press"
Cast: Canada Lee, Gordon Heath, Grace Rogers, Hilda Ottley, Martin Wolfson, Ralph Bell[21]
April 25, 1944 Columbia Presents Corwin "Dorie Got a Medal", Norman Corwin's biographical ballad about Doris Miller
Cast: Canada Lee, Josh White, Mary Lou Williams, Laura Duncan, Jim Backus[75]
April 30, 1944 New World A-Comin' "The Story of the Negro Church in New York"
Cast: Maurice Ellis (narrator), Canada Lee, Hilda Ottley, Ralph Bell, Randolph Eckles, Betty Berghart, Bill Lipton, Sanford Bickart[21]
May 14, 1944 New World A-Comin' "The Colored Orphan Asylum"
Cast: Canada Lee (narrator), Ethel Everett, Laurina Scott, Hilda Ottley, Jimmy Wright, Ralph Bell, Alexander Scourby, Eugene Boyd, Doris Black[21]
May 21, 1944 New World A-Comin' "The Story of James Pearson"
Cast: Canada Lee (narrator), Joseph Julian, Ralph Bell, Martin Wolfson, Norman Rose, Betty Berghart, Randolph Eckles, Michael Everett, Sanford Bickart, Eric Roberts[21]
May 28, 1944 New World A-Comin' "The Story of Ted Morgan, a Negro Reporter"
Cast: Maurice Ellis (narrator), Canada Lee, Hilda Ottley, Ralph Bell, Randolph Eckles, Betty Berghart, Bill Lipton, Sanford Bickart, John Velasco[21]
June 4, 1944 New World A-Comin' "Life in the Ghetto"
Cast: Dr. Algernon Black (guest speaker), Canada Lee, Algernon Blackwood, Betty Berghart, Fred Carter, Grace Rogers, Howard Smith, Jimmy Wright, Ken Reynard, McKeeter Anderson, Sanford Bickart[21]
June 18, 1944 New World A-Comin' "The Mammy Legend"
Cast: Canada Lee, Eric Roberts, Ethel Everett, Georgette Harvey, Lurene Scott, Ralph Bell, Sanford Bickart[21]
June 25, 1944 New World A-Comin' "The Story of Negro Music" (last show of the first season)
Cast: Canada Lee (narrator), Billie Holiday, Slam Stewart, Josh White, Charlie Shavers, The Hall Johnson Choir, Art Tatum, Ben Webster, Benny Morton, Roy Eldridge, Vic Dickenson, Edmond Hall, Arthur Trappe, Al Casey[21]
October 22, 1944 New World A-Comin' "The Vermont Experiment" (first show of the second season)
Cast: Canada Lee (narrator), Lurene Scott, Joyce Michael, Frederick O'Neal, Daniel Whittaker, Ronald Liss, Humphrey Davis, Richard Coogan, Paula Bowersmith[21]
November 12, 1944 New World A-Comin' "Inside Harlem Hospitals"
Cast: Canada Lee, Celeste Holm, Muriel Smith, Hilda Simms[21]
November 19, 1944 New World A-Comin' "The Life and Music of W. C. Handy"
Cast: Canada Lee, John Kirby and His Orchestra, Josh White, Leigh Whipper[21]
November 26, 1944 New World A-Comin' "Parachutes for Democracy"
Cast: Canada Lee, Alan Devitt, Andrew Pendleton, Frederick O'Neal, Harry Davis, Isabel Martin, Jerry Shears, Joseph Boland, Richard Coogan, Sanford Bickart[21]
1944 Treasury Briefs "Sixth War Loan Talks"
Cast: Canada Lee[76]
1944? Treasury Star Parade "I Got Wings", drama about the first black pilots in the Air Force
Cast: Canada Lee[77]
January 28, 1945 New World A-Comin' "Roll Call"
Cast: Canada Lee, Myron McCormick[21]
February 4, 1945 New World A-Comin' "There are Things to Do"
Cast: Canada Lee, Miriam Hopkins[21]
February 8, 1945 The American School of the Air "Dr. George Washington Carver, Scientist"
Cast: Carl Van Doren (host), Canada Lee[78]
February 11, 1945 New World A-Comin' "They Knew Lincoln"
Cast: Canada Lee, Frank Wilson (narrator), Georgia Burke, Richard Coogan, Sanford Bickart, Walter Mosley[21]
April 1, 1945 New World A-Comin' "The Negro in Early America"
Cast: Canada Lee, Charles Perry, Don Gibson, Fred Carter, Georgia Burke, Hilda Simms, Jerry Shears, John Adair, Sanford Bickart (narrator), Will Geer[21]
April 15, 1945 New World A-Comin' Tribute to the late President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Cast: Canada Lee (reading FDR's famous D-Day prayer), U.S. Rep. Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. (presenting a eulogy), Channing Tobias, Muriel Smith, Sheldon Hale Bishop, William Franklin[21]
April 22, 1945 New World A-Comin' "The Story of Negro Nurses"
Cast: Anne Burr, Canada Lee, Charles Perry, Don Gibson, Fred Carter, Georgia Burke, Hilda Simms, Jack Gordon, Jerry Shears, John Adair[21]
April 29, 1945 New World A-Comin' "Report from the Front"
Cast: Canada Lee, Charles Perry, Don Gibson, Fred Carter, Frederick O'Neal, Jerry Shears, John Adair, Paul Mann[21]
May 20, 1945 New World A-Comin' "The Meaning of V-E Day to Negroes"
Cast: Oliver Harrington, Canada Lee, Portia White[21]
May 27, 1945 New World A-Comin' "The Wind at My Back" (end of season one)
Cast: Canada Lee, Juano Hernandez[21]
July 17, 1945 The Green Pastures Transcribed for BBC broadcast
Cast: Daniel L. Haynes, Oscar Polk, Georgette Harvey, Amanda Randolph, Edna Thomas, Viola Dean, Canada Lee, Maurice Ellis, Kenneth Spencer, Fred O'Neal, Alvin Childress, Juano Hernandez[79]
November 11, 1945 Theatre Guild on the Air "The Emperor Jones"
Cast: Canada Lee (The Emperor)[80]
1945 Two Men on a Raft National USO–YMCA race relations program about two men lost at sea who must depend on each other
Cast: Raymond Massey, Canada Lee[81][82]
1946 Lest We Forget: These Brave Americans "The Story of George Washington Carver"
Cast: Juano Hernandez, Canada Lee[83]
May 31, 1947 This Is Jazz Cast: Rudi Blesh (host), Wild Bill Davison, Albert Nicholas, Joe Sullivan, Pops Foster, Danny Barker, Baby Dodds, Canada Lee, Blue Lou Barker[84]
December 23, 1947 A Music Version of "A Christmas Carol" Cast: Canada Lee, Sarah Fussell, Jack Lazar, Artie Malvin, Barry Thompson (narrator), Abby Lewis, Janet Tyler, Tommy Anderson[85]
1947 Lest We Forget: The American Dream "The Story of the Carolina Kid"
Cast: Canada Lee[86]
April 16, 1948 The Colgate Sports Newsreel Cast: Bill Stern (host), Canada Lee[87]
December 5, 1948 You Are There "The Execution of Maximillian"
Cast: Canada Lee, Don Hollenbeck, Ned Calmer, Quincy Howe, Richard C. Hottelet, Art Hannes, Ken Roberts, Guy Sorel, Michael Ingram, Elspeth Eric, Harold Huber, William Podmore, Ann Shephard, Roc Rogers, Bert Cowlan[88]
January 2, 1949 You Are There "The Surrender of Sitting Bull"
Cast: Karl Swenson, John Daly, Ken Roberts, Don Hollenbeck, Peter Hobbs, Julian Noa, Crazy Bull, Canada Lee, Raymond Edward Johnson[88]
January 23, 1949 You Are There "The Betrayal of Toussant L'Ouverture"
Cast: George Coulouris, Canada Lee, Joe DeSantis, Guy Sorel, John Daly, Don Hollenbeck, Quincy Howe, Ken Roberts, Richard Newton[88]
February 21, 1949 Turning Points "Savior of the South", biography of George Washington Carver
Cast: Canada Lee[89]
April 10, 1949 You Are There "Peary's Dash to the North Pole"
Cast: Eric Dressler, Canada Lee, Staats Cotsworth, Matt Crowley, John Daly, Ned Calmer, Marie Ahnighito Peary, Cliff Carpenter, Joseph Conway, John Merlin, Guy Sorel[88]
May 1, 1949 You Are There "Montezuma and the Spaniards"
Cast: Arnold Moss, Canada Lee, Don Hollenbeck, Douglas Edwards, Inge Adams, Joe DeSantis, John Daly, Ken Roberts (announcer), Luis Van Rooten, Quincy Howe[88]
June 8, 1949 The Big Story Investigating the case of Jamie Goodwin, sentenced to 40 years for a murder he didn't commit
Cast: Robert Sloane (narrator), Canada Lee[90]
June 12, 1949 You Are There "Caesar Crosses the Rubicon"
Cast: Art Hannes, Canada Lee, Douglas Edwards, Guy Sorel, John Daly, Malcolm Keen, Ned Calmer, Quincy Howe, Staats Cotsworth, Torin Thatcher[88]
September 23, 1949 The Barry Gray Show Canada Lee is interviewed and discusses the blacklist[91]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Canada Lee, Actor on Stage, Screen". The New York Times. May 10, 1952. Retrieved 2016-02-22.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 Smith, Mona (2004). Becoming Something: The Story of Canada Lee. New York: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-21142-5.
  3. ↑ "Canada Lee papers, [microform]". Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. New York Public Library. Retrieved 2016-02-19.
  4. ↑ "Canada Lee". BoxRec. Retrieved 2016-02-19.
  5. ↑ "cyberboxingzone". Retrieved 2016-02-19.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Canada Lee and Bigger". The New York Times. March 30, 1941. Retrieved 2016-02-22.
  7. ↑ "Stevadore". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved 2015-02-19.
  8. ↑ "Macbeth". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved 2015-02-19.
  9. ↑ "Actor credits Orson Welles for training". Los Angeles Tribune. November 15, 1943. p. 18.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Welles, Orson; Bogdanovich, Peter; Rosenbaum, Jonathan (1992). This is Orson Welles. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 0-06-016616-9.
  11. 1 2 3 Houseman, John (1972). Run Through: A Memoir. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-21034-3.
  12. ↑ "All-Negro Cast to Produce Macbeth". The Olney Enterprise. August 14, 1936.
  13. 1 2 Thomas, Jesse O. (1938). Negro Participation in the Texas Centennial Exposition. Boston: Christopher Publishing House. OCLC 2588921. Retrieved 2015-02-17.
  14. 1 2 Dunning, John (1998). On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-507678-3.
  15. ↑ Hatch, James V.; Shine, Ted, eds. (1996). Black Theatre USA, Revised and Expanded Edition, Vol. 1: Plays by African Americans From 1847 to Today. New York: Free Press (Simon & Schuster). ISBN 9780684823065.
  16. ↑ Atkinson, Brooks (March 25, 1941). "The Play: 'Native Son,' by Paul Green and Richard Wright, Put On by Orson Welles and John Houseman". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-02-22.
  17. ↑ Mantle, Burns (November 1, 1942). "'Damask Cheek' Broadway's Sweet, Simple Play". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2016-02-22.
  18. ↑ Atkinson, Brooks (October 24, 1942). "The Play: Canada Lee Giving a Superb Performance in a Revival of 'Native Son', Put On at the Majestic at Popular Prices". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-02-22.
  19. ↑ Wright, Richard; Kinnemon, Keneth; Fabre, Michel (1993). Conversations with Richard Wright. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. p. 41. ISBN 9780878056323.
  20. ↑ Dictionary of American Biography, Supplement Five, 1951–1955 (1977). C. Scribner’s Sons, p. 419.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 "New World A' Coming". RadioGOLDINdex. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  22. ↑ Stephen Smith. "Radio Fights Jim Crow: New World A'Coming (1944–57)". American RadioWorks. Retrieved 2012-02-23.
  23. ↑ Roosevelt, Eleanor (April 12, 1946). "My Day". The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. George Washington University. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  24. ↑ Roosevelt, Eleanor (May 18, 1946). "My Day". The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Project. George Washington University. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  25. 1 2 "Lee Makes Stage History As He Plays White Role". The New York Times. September 26, 1946. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
  26. 1 2 "Set My People Free". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  27. 1 2 "Kindness of Strangers: Runaway". This American Life. Episode 75. 12 September 1997.
  28. 1 2 "Canada Lee Brought Fame To Negro Race". Associated Press. May 11, 1952. Retrieved 2010-10-23.
  29. ↑ Hamalian, Linda (2005). The Cramoisy Queen: A Life of Caresse Crosby. Southern Illinois University. pp. 126–129. ISBN 0-8093-1865-2.
  30. ↑ "Stevedore". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  31. ↑ "Sailor, Beware!". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  32. 1 2 3 4 "News of the Stage". The New York Times. July 16, 1936.
  33. ↑ "Playbill from Bridgeport production of Macbeth". Library of Congress American Memory Collection. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  34. ↑ "Playbill from Dallas production of Macbeth". Library of Congress American Memory Collection. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  35. ↑ "All-Negro Cast to Produce Macbeth". The Olney Enterprise. August 14, 1936.
  36. ↑ "Stage at the Texas Centennial Exposition". George Mason University. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  37. ↑ "Poster from Indianapolis production of Macbeth". Library of Congress American Memory Collection. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  38. ↑ Collins, Charles (August 30, 1936). "'Macbeth' as Negro Play Comes to Great Northern Theater". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  39. ↑ "No title". Syracuse Herald. August 27, 1936. p. 12. "Syracuse will be the last stop for the touring 'Macbeth' production … closing a 4,000 mile jaunt with a three-day run at the Civic University, opening Sept. 23."
  40. ↑ "Poster from Brooklyn production of Macbeth". Library of Congress American Memory Collection. Retrieved 2015-02-15.
  41. 1 2 3 4 Flanagan, Hallie (1965). Arena: The History of the Federal Theatre. New York: Benjamin Blom, reprint edition [1940]. OCLC 855945294.
  42. 1 2 "One-Act Plays of the Sea". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  43. ↑ "Brown Sugar". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  44. 1 2 "Haiti". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  45. ↑ "Haiti, A drama of the black Napoleon by William Du Bois, with the New York cast". Library of Congress. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  46. ↑ "Mamba's Daughters". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  47. ↑ "Mamba's Daughters". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  48. ↑ "Big White Fog". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  49. ↑ "Almeida Theatre Announces Big White Fog Cast". HULIQ.com. April 7, 2007. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  50. ↑ "Native Son". Playbill, April 13, 1941. Retrieved 2015-02-25.
  51. ↑ "Native Son". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  52. 1 2 "Across the Board on Tomorrow Morning and Talking to You". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  53. ↑ "Native Son". Playbill, October 25, 1942. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  54. ↑ "Native Son". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  55. ↑ "South Pacific". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  56. ↑ "Anna Lucasta". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  57. ↑ "The Tempest". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  58. ↑ "On Whitman Avenue". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  59. ↑ "The Duchess of Malfi". Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  60. ↑ "Keep Punching". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  61. ↑ "Henry Browne, Farmer". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  62. ↑ "Lifeboat". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  63. ↑ "Ask the OPA". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  64. ↑ "Body and Soul". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  65. ↑ "The Roosevelt Story". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  66. ↑ "Lost Boundaries". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  67. ↑ "The Chevrolet Tele-Theatre, The Final Bell". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  68. ↑ "The Chevrolet Tele-Theatre, Oroplo". Internet Movie Database. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  69. ↑ "Cry, the Beloved Country". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  70. ↑ "The Free Company". RadioGOLDINdex. Retrieved 2016-02-20.
  71. ↑ "Those Who Have Made Good". Variety. May 14, 1941. p. 32. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  72. ↑ "Amusements". The Evening Sun. Hanover, Pennsylvania. June 7, 1941.
  73. ↑ "Freedom's People". RadioGOLDINdex. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  74. ↑ "Words at War". RadioGOLDINdex. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  75. ↑ "Columbia Presents Corwin". RadioGOLDINdex. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  76. ↑ "Treasury Briefs". RadioGOLDINdex. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  77. ↑ "Treasury Star Parade". RadioGOLDINdex. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  78. ↑ "The America School of the Air". RadioGOLDINdex. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  79. ↑ "The Green Pastures". RadioGOLDINdex. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  80. ↑ "The Theatre Guild on the Air". RadioGOLDINdex. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  81. ↑ "Two Men on a Raft". RadioGOLDINdex. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  82. ↑ "Raymond Massey and Canada Lee". Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  83. ↑ "Lest We Forget: These Brave Americans". RadioGOLDINdex. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  84. ↑ "This Is Jazz". RadioGOLDINdex. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  85. ↑ "A Music Version of 'A Christmas Carol'". RadioGOLDINdex. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  86. ↑ "Lest We Forget: The American Dream". RadioGOLDINdex. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  87. ↑ "The Bill Stern Colgate Sports Newsreel". RadioGOLDINdex. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  88. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "You Are There". RadioGOLDINdex. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  89. ↑ "Turning Points". RadioGOLDINdex. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  90. ↑ "The Big Story". RadioGOLDINdex. Retrieved 2016-02-21.
  91. ↑ "The Barry Gray Show". RadioGOLDINdex. Retrieved 2016-02-21.

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