CLEO (particle detector)

CLEO was a general purpose particle detector at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR), and the name of the collaboration of physicists who operated the detector. The name CLEO is not an acronym; it is short for Cleopatra and was chosen to go with CESR (pronounced Caesar).[1] CESR was a particle accelerator designed to collide electrons and positrons at a center-of-mass energy of approximately 10 GeV. The energy of the accelerator was chosen before the first three bottom quark Upsilon resonances were discovered between 9.4 GeV and 10.4 GeV in 1977.[2] The fourth Υ resonance, the Υ(4S), was slightly above the threshold for, and therefore ideal for the study of, B meson production.

CLEO was a hermetic detector that in all of its versions consisted of a tracking system inside a solenoid magnet, a calorimeter, particle identification systems, and a muon detector.[3][4][5][6] The detector underwent five major upgrades over the course of its thirty-year lifetime, both to upgrade the capabilities of the detector and to optimize it for the study of B mesons. The CLEO I detector began collecting data in October 1979,[7] and CLEO-c finished collecting data on March 3, 2008.

CLEO initially measured the properties of the Υ(1–3S) resonances below the threshold for producing B mesons. Increasing amounts of accelerator time were spent at the Υ(4S) as the collaboration became more interested in the study of B mesons. Once the CUSB experiment was discontinued in the late 1980s, CLEO then spent most of its time at the Υ(4S)[8] and measured many important properties of the B mesons.[9] While CLEO was studying the B mesons, it was also able to measure the properties of D mesons and tau leptons, and discover many new charm hadrons.[10] When the BaBar and Belle B factories began to collect large amounts of data in the early 2000s, CLEO was no longer able to make competitive measurements of B mesons.[11] CLEO revisited the Υ(1-3S) resonances, then underwent its last upgrade to CLEO-c. CESR ran at lower energies and CLEO measured many properties of the ψ resonances and D mesons. CLEO was the longest running experiment in the history of particle physics.[12][13]

History

Proposal and construction

Cornell University had built a series of synchrotrons since the 1940s. The 10 GeV synchrotron in operation during the 1970s had conducted a number of experiments, but it ran at much lower energy than the 20 GeV linear accelerator at SLAC.[14] As late as October 1974, Cornell planned to upgrade the synchrotron to reach energies of 25 GeV and build a new synchrotron to reach 40 GeV.[15] After the discovery of the J/Ψ in November 1974[16][17] demonstrated that interesting physics could be done with an electron-positron collider, Cornell submitted a proposal in 1975 for an electron-positron collider operating up to center-of-mass energies of 16 GeV using the existing synchrotron tunnel. An accelerator at 16 GeV would explore the energy region between that of the SPEAR accelerator and the PEP and PETRA accelerators.[18] CESR and CLEO were approved in 1977[19] and mostly finished by 1979.[20] CLEO was built in the large experimental hall at the south end of CESR; a smaller detector named CUSB (for Columbia University-Stony Brook) was built at the north interaction region. Between the proposal for and construction of CESR and CLEO, Fermilab discovered the Υ resonances and suggested that as many as three states existed.[2] The Υ(1S)[21][22] and Υ(2S)[23][24] were confirmed at the DORIS accelerator. The first order of business once CESR was running was to find the Υs. CLEO and CUSB found the Υ(1S) shortly after beginning to collect data, and used the mass difference from DORIS to quickly find the Υ(2S). CESR's higher beam energies allowed CLEO[25] and CUSB[26] to find the more massive Υ(3S) and discover the Υ(4S).[27][28] Furthermore, the presence of an excess of electrons[29] and muons[30] at the Υ(4S) indicated that it decayed to B mesons. CLEO proceeded to publish over sixty papers using the original CLEO I configuration of the detector.[31]

CLEO had competition in the measurement of B mesons, particularly from the ARGUS collaboration.[32] The CLEO collaboration was worried that the ARGUS detector at DESY would be better than CLEO, therefore it began to plan for an upgrade. The improved detector would use a new drift chamber for tracking and dE/dx measurements, a cesium iodide calorimeter inside a new solenoid magnet, time of flight counters, and new muon detectors. The new drift chamber (DR2) had the same outer radius as the original drift chamber to allow it to be installed before the other components were ready.[32]

CLEO collected data for two years in the CLEO I.V configuration: new drift chamber, ten layer vertex detector (VD) inside the drift chamber, three layer straw tube drift chamber insert (IV) inside the VD, and a prototype CsI calorimeter replacing one of the original pole-tip shower detectors.[33] The highlight of the CLEO I.V era was the observation of semi-leptonic B decays to charmless final states,[34] submitted less than three weeks before a similar observation from ARGUS.[35] The shutdown for the installation of DR2 allowed ARGUS to beat CLEO to the observation of B mixing, which was the most cited measurement of any of the symmetric B experiments.[36]

CLEO II

CLEO shut down in April 1988 to begin the remainder of the CLEO II installation, and finished the upgrade in August 1989.[37] A six layer straw chamber precision tracker (PT) replaced the IV, and the time-of-flight detectors, CsI calorimeter, solenoid magnet and iron, and muon chambers were all installed. This would be the CLEO II configuration of the detector. During the CLEO II era, the collaboration observed the flavor changing neutral current decays B+,0→ K*+,0 γ[38] and b → s γ.[39] Decays of B mesons to two charmless mesons were also discovered during CLEO II.[40][41] These decays were of interest because of the possibilility to observe CP violation in decays such as K±π0,[42] although such a measurement would require large amounts of data.

Observation of time-dependent asymmetries in the production of certain flavor-symmetric final states (such as J/Ψ K0
S
) was an easier way to detect CP violation in B mesons, both theoretically and experimentally.[43] An asymmetric accelerator, one in which the electrons and positrons had different energies, was necessary to measure the time difference between B0 and B0 decays. CESR and CLEO submitted a proposal to build a low energy ring in the existing tunnel and upgrade the CLEO II detector with NSF funding. SLAC also submitted a proposal to build a B factory with DOE funds. The initial designs were first reviewed in 1991, but DOE and NSF agreed that insufficient funds were available to build either facility and a decision on which one to build was postponed. The proposals were reconsidered in 1993, this time with both facilities competing for DOE money. In October 1993, it was announced that the B factory would be built at SLAC.[44]

After losing the competition for the B factory, CESR and CLEO proceeded with a two-part plan to upgrade the accelerator and the detector. The first phase was the upgrade to the CLEO II.V configuration between May and October 1995, which included a silicon detector to replace the PT and a change of the gas mixture in the drift chamber from an argon-ethane mix to a helium-propane mix.[45] The silicon detector provided excellent vertex resolution, allowing precise measurements of D0, D+, Ds and τ lifetimes and D mixing. The drift chamber had better efficiency and momentum resolution.

CLEO III

The second phase of the upgrade included new superconducting quadrupoles near the detector. The VD and DR2 detectors would need to be replaced to make room for the quadrupole magnets. A new silicon detector and particle identification chamber would also be included in the CLEO-III configuration.

The CLEO III upgrade replaced the drift chamber and silicon detector and added a ring-imaging Cherenkov (RICH) detector for enhanced particle identification.[46] The CLEO III drift chamber (DR3) achieved the same momentum resolution as the CLEO II.V drift chamber, despite having a shorter lever arm to accommodate the RICH detector. The mass of the CLEO III endplates was also reduced to allow better resolution in the endcap calorimeters.[47]

CLEO II.V had stopped collecting data in February 1999. The RICH detector was installed beginning in June 1999, and DR3 was installed immediately afterwards. The silicon detector was to be installed next, but it was still being built. An engineering run was taken until the silicon detector was ready for installation in February 2000.[48] CLEO III collected 6 fb−1 of data at the Υ(4S) and another 2 fb−1 below the Υ(4S).

With the advent of the high luminosity BaBar and Belle experiments, CLEO could no longer make competitive measurements of most of the properties of the B mesons. CLEO decided to study the various bottom and charm quarkonia states and charm mesons. The program began by revisiting the Υ states below the B meson threshold and the last data collected with the CLEO-III detector was at the Υ(1-3S) resonances.

CLEO-c

CLEO-c was the final version of the detector, and it was optimized for taking data at the reduced beam energies needed for studies of the charm quark. It replaced the CLEO III silicon detector, which suffered from lower-than-expected efficiency, with a six layer, all stereo drift chamber (ZD). CLEO-c also operated with the solenoid magnet at a reduced magnetic field of 1 T to improve the detection of low momentum charged particles. The low particle multiplicities at these energies allowed efficient reconstruction of D mesons. CLEO-c measured properties of the D mesons that served as inputs to the measurements made by the B factories. It also measured many of the quarkonia states that helped verify lattice QCD calculations.

Detector

CLEO's subdetectors perform three main tasks: tracking of charged particles, calorimetry of neutral particles and electrons, and identification of charged particle type.

Tracking

CLEO has always used a solenoid magnet to allow the measurement of charged particles. The original CLEO design called for a superconducting solenoid, but it was clear that one could not be built in time. A conventional 0.42 T solenoid was installed first, then replaced by the superconducting magnet in September 1981. The superconducting coil was designed to operate at 1.2 T, but it was never operated above 1.0 T.[49] A new magnet was built for the CLEO II upgrade and was placed between the calorimeter and the muon detector. It operated at 1.5 T until CLEO-c, when the magnetic field was reduced to 1.0 T.

Wire chambers

The original CLEO detector used three separate tracking chambers. The innermost chamber (IZ) was a three layer proportional wire chamber that occupied the region between a radius of 9 cm and 17 cm. Each layer had 240 anode wires to measure track azimuth and 144 cathode strip hoops 5 mm wide inside and outside the anode wires (864 cathode strips total) to measure track z.[50]

The CLEO I drift chamber (DR) was immediately outside the IZ and occupied the region between a radius of 17.3 cm and 95 cm. It consisted of seventeen layers of 11.3 mm × 10.0 mm cells with 42.5 mm between the layers, for a total of 5304 cells. There were two layers of field wires for every layer of sense wires. The odd-numbered layers were axial layers, and the even-numbered layers were alternating stereo layers.[51]

The last CLEO I dedicated tracking chamber was the planar outer Z drift chamber (OZ) between the solenoid magnet and the dE/dx chambers. It consisted of three layers separated radially by 2.5 cm. The innermost layer was perpendicular to the beamline, and the outer two layers were at ±10° relative to the innermost chamber to provide some azimuthal tracking information. Each octant was equipped with an OZ chamber.[52]

A new drift chamber, DR2, was built to replace the original drift chamber. The new drift chamber had the same outer radius as the original one so that it could be installed before the rest of the CLEO II upgrades were ready. DR2 was a 51 layer detector, with a 000+000- axial/stereo layer arrangement. DR2 had only one layer of field wires between each layer of sense wires, allowing many more layers to fit in the allotted space. The axial sense wires had a half-cell stagger to help resolve the left-right ambiguity of the original drift chamber. The inner and outer field layers of the chamber were cathode strips to make measurements of the longitudinal coordinate of tracks. DR2 was also designed to make dE/dx measurements in addition to tracking measurements.[53]

The IZ chamber was replaced with a ten-layer drift chamber (VD) in 1984. When the beampipe radius was reduced from 7.5  to 5.0 cm in 1986, a three-layer straw chamber (IV) was built to occupy the newly available space. The IV was replaced during the CLEO II upgrade with a five-layer straw tube with a 3.5 cm inner radius.

The CLEO III drift chamber (DR3) was designed to have similar performance as the CLEO II/II.V drift chamber even though it would be smaller to allow space for the RICH detector. The innermost sixteen layers were axial, and the outermost 31 layers were grouped in alternating stereo four-layer superlayers. The outer wall of the drift chamber was instrumented with 1 cm wide cathode pads to provide additional z measurements.[6]

The last drift chamber built for CLEO was the inner drift chamber ZD for the CLEO-c upgrade. Its six layer, all stereo layer design would provide longitudinal measurements of low-momentum tracks that would not reach stereo layers of the main drift chamber. With the exception of the larger stereo angle and smaller cell size, the ZD design was very similar to the DR3 design.[54]

Silicon detectors

CLEO built its first silicon vertex detector for the CLEO II.V upgrade. The silicon detector was a three-layer device, arranged in octants. The innermost layer was at a radius of 2.4 cm and the outermost layer was at a radius of 4.7 cm. A total of 96 silicon wafers were used, with a total of 26208 readout channels.[55]

The CLEO III upgrade included a new four layer, double-sided silicon vertex detector. It was made of 447 identical 1 in × 2 in wafers with a 50 micrometre strip pitch on the r-φ side and a 100 micrometre pitch on the z side. The silicon detector achieved 85% efficiency after installation, but soon began to suffer increasingly large inefficiencies. The inefficiencies were found in roughly semi-circular regions on the wafers.[56] The silicon detector was replaced for CLEO-c because of its poor performance, the reduced need for vertexing capabilities, and the desire to minimize the material near the beampipe.[57]

Calorimetry

CLEO I had three separate calorimeters. All used layers of proportional tubes inerleaved with sheets of lead. The octant shower detectors were outside the time-of-flight detectors in each of the octants. Each octant detector had 44 layers of proportional tubes, alternating parallel and perpendicular to the beampipe. Wires were ganged together to reduce the number of readout channels for a total of 774 gangs.[58] The octant end shower detectors were sixteen layer devices placed at either end of the dE/dx chambers. The layers followed an azimuthal, positive stereo, azimuthal, negative stereo pattern. The stereo wires were parallel to the slanted sides of the detector. The layers were ganged in a similar fashion as the octant shower detectors.[59] The pole tip shower detector was placed between the ends of the drift chamber and the pole tips of the magnet flux return. The pole tip shower detector had 21 layers, with seven groups of vertical, +120°, -120° layers. The shower detector on each side was built in two halves to allow access to the beampipe.[60]

The calorimetry was significantly improved during the CLEO II upgrade. The new electromagnetic calorimeter used 7784 CsI crystals doped with thallium. Each crystal was roughly 30 cm deep and had a 5 cm × 5 cm face. The central region of the calorimeter was a cylinder placed between the drift chamber and the solenoid magnet, and two endcap calorimeters were placed at either end of the drift chamber. The crystals in the endcap were oriented parallel to the beam line. The crystals in the central calorimeter faced a point displaced from the interaction point both longitudinally and transversely by a few centimeters to avoid inefficiencies from particles passing between neighboring crystals.[61] The calorimeter primarily measured the energy of photons or electrons, however it was also used to detect antineutrons.[62] All versions of the detector from CLEO-II through CLEO-c used the CsI calorimeter.

Particle identification

Five types of long-lived, charged particles are produced at CLEO: electrons, pions, muons, kaons and protons. Proper identification of each of these types significantly improves the capabilities of the detector. Particle identification was done by both dedicated subdetectors and by the calorimeter and drift chamber.

The outer portion of the CLEO detector was divided into independent octants that were primarily dedicated to charged particle identification.[63] No clear consensus was reached on the choice of technology for particle identification, therefore two octants were equipped with dE/dx ionization chambers, two octants were equipped with high pressure gas Cerenkov detectors, and four octants were equipped with low pressure gas Cerenkov detectors.[64] The dE/dx system demonstrated superior particle identification performance and aided in tracking, therefore in September 1981 all eight octants were equipped with dE/dx chambers.[65][66] The dE/dx chambers measured the ionization of charged particles as they passed through a multiwire proportional chamber (MWPC).[63]:17 Each dE/dx octant was made with 124 separate modules, and each module contained 117 wires. Groups of ten modules were ganged together to minimize the number of readout channels. The first two and last two modules were not instrumented, therefore each octant had twelve cells.[63]:33

The time-of-flight detector was directly outside the dE/dx chambers. It identified a charged particle by measuring its velocity and comparing it to the momentum measurement from the tracking chambers. Scintillating bars were arranged parallel to the beamline, with six bars for each half of the octant. The six bars in each octant half overlapped to avoid having any uninstrumented regions. The scintillation photons were detected by photomultiplier tubes. Each bar was 2.03 m × 0.312  0.025 m.[67]

The CLEO I muon drift chambers were the outermost detectors. Two layers of muon detectors were outside the magnet iron on either end of CLEO. The barrel region had two additional layers of muon chambers after 15 cm and 30 cm of magnet iron. The muon detectors were between 4 and 10 radiation lengths deep and were sensitive to muons with energies of at least 1-2 GeV. The magnet yoke weighed 580 tons, and each of four movable carts at each corner of the detector weighed 240 tons, for a total of 1540 tons.[68]

CLEO II used time-of-flight detectors between the drift chamber and the calorimeter, one in the barrel region, the other in the endcap region. The barrel region consisted of 64 Bicron bars with light guides leading to photomultiplier tubes outside the magnetic field region. A similar system covered the endcap region. The TOF system had a timing resolution of 150 cm. The central and endcap TOF detectors combined covered 97% of the solid angle.[4]

The CLEO I muon detector was far away enough from the interaction region that in-flight decays of pions and kaons were a significant background.[32] The more compact structure of the CLEO II detector allowed the muon detectors to be moved closer to the interaction point. Three layers of muon detectors were placed behind layers of iron absorbers. The streamer counters were read out from each end to determine the z position.[4]

The CLEO III upgrade included the addition of the RICH subdetector, a dedicated particle identification subdetector. The RICH detector was required to be less than 20 cm in the radial direction, between the drift chamber and the calorimeter, and less than 12% of a radiation length. The RICH detector used the Cerenkov radiation of charged particles to measure their velocity. Combined with the momentum measurement from the tracking detectors, the mass of the particle, and therefore its identity, could be determined. Charged particles produced Cerenkov light as they pass through a LiF window. Fourteen rings of thirty LiF crystals comprised the radiator of the RICH, and the four centermost rings had a sawtooth pattern to prevent total internal reflection of the Cerenkov photons. The photons traveled through a nitrogen expansion volume, which allowed the cone angle to be precisely determined. The photons were detected by 7.5 mm × 8.0 mm cathode pads in a multi-wire chamber containing a methane-triethylamine gas mixture.[46]

Physics program

CLEO has published over 200 articles in Physical Review Letters[69] and more than 180 articles in Physical Review.[70] The reports of inclusive[39] and exclusive[38] b → s γ have both been cited over 500 times.[71] B physics was usually CLEO's top priority, but the collaboration has made measurements across a wide spectrum of particle physics topics.

B mesons

CLEO's most cited paper reported the first measurement of the flavor-changing neutral current decay b→sγ.[39] The measurement agreed well with the Standard Model and placed significant constraints on numerous beyond the Standard Model proposals, such as charged Higgs and anomalous WWγ couplings. The analogous exclusive decay B+,0→ K*+,0 γ was also measured.[38] CLEO and ARGUS reported nearly simultaneous measurements of inclusive charmless semileptonic B meson decays, which directly established a non-zero value of the CKM matrix element |Vub|.[34][35] Exclusive charmless semileptonic B meson decays were first observed by CLEO six years later in the modes B → πlν, ρlν,[72] and were used to determine |Vub|.[73][74][75][76] CLEO also discovered many of the hadronic analogs: B+,0→ K(892)+π,[77] φ K(*),[78] K+π0, K0π0, π+π,[79] π+ρ0, π+ρ, π+ω[80] η K*,[81] η K[82] and K0π+, K+π.[41] These charmless hadronic decay modes can probe CP violation and are sensitive to the angles α and γ of the unitarity triangle. Finally, CLEO observed many exclusive charmed decays of B mesons, including several that are sensitive to |Vcb|: B→ D(*)K*−,[83] B0→ D*0π0[84] B→ Λ+
c
pπ, Λ+
c
pπ+π,[85] B0→ D*0π+π+ππ,[86] B0→ D*ρ,[87] B0→ D*−ppπ+, D*−pn,[62] B→ J/Ψ φ K,[88] B0→ D*+D*−,[89] and B+D0 K+.[90]

Charm hadrons

Although CLEO ran mainly near the Υ(4S) to study B mesons, it was also competitive with experiments designed to study charm hadrons. The first measurement of charm hadron properties by CLEO was the observation of the Ds.[91] CLEO measured a mass of 1970±7 MeV, considerably lower than previous observations at 2030±60 MeV[92] and 2020±10 MeV.[93] CLEO discovered the DsJ(2573)[94] and the DsJ(2463).[95] CLEO was the first experiment to measure the doubly Cabibbo suppressed decay D0→ K+π,[96] and CLEO performed Dalitz analyses of D0,+ in several decay modes.[97][98][99][100][101][102] CLEO studied the D*(2010)+, making the first measurement of its width and the most precise measurement of the D*-D0 mass difference.[103] CLEO-c made many of the most accurate measurements of D meson branching ratios in inclusive channels,[104][105] μ+νμ, [106] semileptonic decays,[107][108] and hadronic decays.[109][110][111] These branching fractions are important inputs to B meson measurements at BaBar and Belle. CLEO first observed the purely leptonic decay D+
s
→μ+ν,[112] which provided an experimental measure of the decay constant fDs. CLEO-c made the most precise measurements of fD+[106] and fDs.[103] These decay constants are in turn a key input to the interpretation of other measurements, such as B mixing.[113] Other D+
s
decay modes discovered by CLEO are pn,[114] ωπ+,[115] η ρ+, η'ρ+, φρ+,[116] η π+, η'π+,[117] and φ l ν.[118] CLEO discovered many charmed baryons and discovered or improved the measurement of many charmed baryon decay modes. Before BaBar and Belle began discovering new charm baryons in 2005, CLEO had discovered thirteen of the twenty known charm baryons: Ξ0
c
,[119] Ξ0,+
c
(2790),[120] Ξ0,+
c
(2815),[121] Ξ'0,+
c
,[122] Σ0,+,++
c
(2520),[123][124] Ξ+
c
(2645),[125] Ξ0
c
(2645),[126] and Λ+
c
(2593).[127] Charmed baryon decay modes discovered at CLEO are Ω0
c
→ Ωe+νe;[128] Λ+
c
→ pK0η, Ληπ+, Σ+η, Σ*+η, ΛK0K+,[129] Σ+π0, Σ+ω,[130] Λπ+π+ππ0, Λωπ+;[131] and Ξ+
c
→Ξ0e+ νe.[132]

Quarkonium

Quarkonium states provide experimental input for lattice QCD and non-relativistic QCD calculations. CLEO studied the Υ system until the end of the CUSB and CUSB-II experiments,[133] then returned to the Υ system with the CLEO III detector. CLEO-c studied the lower mass ψ states. CLEO[25] and CUSB[26] published their first papers back-to-back, reporting observation of the first three Υ states. Earlier claims of the Υ(3S)[134] relied on fits of one peak with three components; CLEO and CUSB's observation of three well separated peaks dispelled any remaining doubt about the existence of the Υ(3S). The Υ(4S) was discovered shortly after by CLEO[25] and CUSB[28] and was interpreted as decaying to B mesons because of its large decay width. An excess of electrons[29] and muons [30] at the Υ(4S) demonstrated the existence of weak decays and confirmed the interpretation of the Υ(4S) decaying to B mesons. CLEO[135] and CUSB[136] later reported the existence of the Υ(5S) and Υ(6S) states.

CLEO I through CLEO II had significant competition in Υ physics, primarily from the CUSB, Crystal Ball and ARGUS experiments. CLEO was able, however, to observe a number of Υ(1S) decays: τ+τ,[137] J/Ψ X[138] and γ X X with X = π+, π0,[139]+, π+K+, π+p, 2K+, 3π+, 2π+K+, and 2π+p.[140] The radiative decays are sensitive to the production of glueballs.

CLEO collected more data at the Υ(1-3S) resonances at the end of the CLEO III era. CLEO III discovered the Υ(1D) state,[141] the χb1,2(2P)→ωΥ(1S) transitions,[142] and Υ(3S)→τ+τ decays[143] among others.

CLEO-c measured many of the properties of the charmonium states. Highlights include confirmation of ηc',[144] confirmation of Y(4260),[145] pseudoscalar-vector decays of ψ(2S),[146] ψ(2S)→J/ψ decays,[147] observation of thirteen new hadronic decays of ψ(2S),[148] observation of hc(1P1),[149][150] and measurement of the mass[151] and branching fractions[152] of η in ψ(2S)→J/ψ decay.

Tau leptons

CLEO discovered six decay modes of the τ:

CLEO measured the lifetime of the τ three times[159][160][161] with a precision comparable or better than any other measurements at the time. CLEO also measured the mass of the τ twice.[162][163] CLEO set limits on the mass of ντ several times, although the CLEO limit was never the most stringent one.[163][164][165][166][167] CLEO's measurements of the Michel parameters [168] were the most precise for their time, many by a substantial margin.

Other measurements

CLEO has studied two-photon physics, where both an electron and positron radiate a photon. The two photons interact to produce either a vector meson or hadron-antihadron pairs. CLEO published measurements of both the vector meson process[169][170][171][144][172][173] and the hadron-antihadron process.[174][175][176]

CLEO performed an energy scan for center-of-mass energies between 7 GeV and 10 GeV to measure the hadronic cross section ratio.[177] CLEO made the first measurements of the π+ and K+ electromagnetic form factors above Q2 > 4 GeV2.[178]

Finally, CLEO has performed searches for Higgs and beyond SM particles: Higgs bosons,[179][180] axions,[181] magnetic monopoles,[182] neutralinos,[183] fractionally charged particles,[184] bottom squarks,[185] and familons.[186]

Collaboration

Initial design of a detector for the south interaction region of CESR began in 1975. Physicists from Harvard University, Syracuse University and the University of Rochester had worked at the Cornell synchrotron, and were natural choices as collaborators with Cornell. They were joined by groups from Rutgers University and Vanderbilt University, along with collaborators from LeMoyne College and Ithaca College.[187] Additional institutions were assigned responsibility for detector components as they joined the collaboration. Cornell appointed a physicist to oversee development of the portion of the detector inside the magnet, outside the magnet, and of the magnet itself.[188] The structure of the collaboration was designed to avoid perceived shortcomings at SLAC, where SLAC physicists were felt to dominate operations by virtue of their access to the accelerator and detector and to computing and machine facilities.[189] Collaborators were free to work on the analysis of their choosing, and the approval of results for publication was by collaboration-wide vote. The spokesperson (later spokespeople) were also selected by collaboration-wide vote, including graduate students.[190] The other officers in the collaboration were an analysis coordinator and a run manager, then later also a software coordinator.[191]

The first CLEO paper listed 73 authors from eight institutions.[27] Cornell University, Syracuse University and the University of Rochester have been members of CLEO for its entire history, and forty-two institutions have been members of CLEO at one time.[192][193] The collaboration was its largest in 1996 at 212 members,[194] before collaborators began to move to the BaBar and Belle experiments.[195] The largest number of authors to appear on a CLEO paper was 226.[196][197] A paper published near the time CLEO stopped taking data had 123 authors.[198]

Notes

  1. Berkelman (2004) p. 24
  2. 1 2 Herb, S.; et al. (1977). "Observation of a Dimuon Resonance at 9.5 GeV in 400-GeV Proton–Nucleus Collisions". Physical Review Letters. 39 (5): 252–255. Bibcode:1977PhRvL..39..252H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.39.252.
  3. CLEO I NIM
  4. 1 2 3 CLEO II NIM
  5. Hopman, P.; et al. (1996). "Optimization of silicon microstrip detector design for CLEO III". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. 383: 98–103. Bibcode:1996NIMPA.383...98H. doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(96)00662-6.
  6. 1 2 Peterson, D. (1998). "Construction of the CLEOIII tracking system: Silicon vertex detector and drift chamber". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. 409: 204–209. Bibcode:1998NIMPA.409..204P. doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(98)00078-3.
  7. Berkelman (2004) p. 30
  8. Berkelman (2004) p. 71
  9. Berkelman (2004) pp. 142-146
  10. Berkelman (2004) pp. 136-141
  11. Berkelman (2004) p. 116
  12. Honscheid, K. "CESR and CLEO" (PDF). In Jaros, J.A.; Peskin, M.E. Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Photon and Lepton Interactions at High Energy LP99. pp. 3–11.
  13. Berkelman (2004) p. 96
  14. Berkelman (2004) p. 13
  15. AIP Study p. 104
  16. Augustin, J.; et al. (1974). "Discovery of a Narrow Resonance in e+e Annihilation". Physical Review Letters. 33 (23): 1406–1408. Bibcode:1974PhRvL..33.1406A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1406.
  17. Aubert, J.; et al. (1974). "Experimental Observation of a Heavy Particle J". Physical Review Letters. 33 (23): 1404–1406. Bibcode:1974PhRvL..33.1404A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.33.1404.
  18. Berkelman (2004) p. 19
  19. Berkelman (2004) p. 26
  20. Berkelman (2004) p. 28
  21. Berger, C.; et al. (1978). "Observation of a narrow resonance formed in e+e annihilation at 9.46 GeV". Physics Letters B. 76 (2): 243–245. Bibcode:1978PhLB...76..243B. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(78)90287-3.
  22. Darden, C.; et al. (1978). "Observation of a narrow resonance at 9.46 GeV in electron–positron annihilations". Physics Letters B. 76 (2): 246–248. Bibcode:1978PhLB...76..246D. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(78)90288-5.
  23. Bienlein, J.; et al. (1978). "Observation of a narrow resonance at 10.02 GeV in e+e Annihilations". Physics Letters B. 78 (2–3): 360–363. Bibcode:1978PhLB...78..360B. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(78)90040-0.
  24. Darden, C.; et al. (1978). "Evidence for a narrow resonance at 10.01 GeV in electron–positron annihilations". Physics Letters B. 78 (2–3): 364–365. Bibcode:1978PhLB...78..364D. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(78)90041-2.
  25. 1 2 3 Andrews, D.; et al. (1980). "Observation of Three Upsilon States". Physical Review Letters. 44 (17): 1108–1111. Bibcode:1980PhRvL..44.1108A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.44.1108.
  26. 1 2 Böhringer, T.; et al. (1980). "Observation of ϒ, ϒ, and ϒ′′ at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring". Physical Review Letters. 44 (17): 1111–1114. Bibcode:1980PhRvL..44.1111B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.44.1111.
  27. 1 2 Andrews, D.; et al. (1980). "Observation of a Fourth Upsilon State in e+e Annihilations". Physical Review Letters. 45 (4): 219–221. Bibcode:1980PhRvL..45..219A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.45.219.
  28. 1 2 Finocchiaro, G.; et al. (1980). "Observation of the ϒ′′′ at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring". Physical Review Letters. 45 (4): 222–225. Bibcode:1980PhRvL..45..222F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.45.222.
  29. 1 2 Mueller, J.J.; et al. "Measurement of the Branching of Υ(2S)→π+π+Υ(1S)". Physical Review Letters. 46: 1181. Bibcode:1981PhRvL..46.1181M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.46.1181.
  30. 1 2 Chadwick, K.; et al. (1981). "Decay of b-Flavored Hadrons to Single-Muon and Dimuon Final States". Physical Review Letters. 46 (2): 88–91. Bibcode:1981PhRvL..46...88C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.46.88.
  31. Berkelman (2004) pp. 134-146
  32. 1 2 3 Berkelman (2004) p. 56
  33. Berkelman (2004) p. 57
  34. 1 2 Fulton, R.; et al. (1990). "Observation of B-meson semileptonic decays to noncharmed final states". Physical Review Letters. 64 (1): 16–20. Bibcode:1990PhRvL..64...16F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.64.16. PMID 10041262.
  35. 1 2 Albrecht, H.; et al. (1991). "Reconstruction of semileptonic b→u decays". Physics Letters B. 255 (2): 297–304. Bibcode:1991PhLB..255..297A. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(91)90251-K.
  36. Albrecht, H.; et al. (1987). "Observation of B0B0 mixing". Physics Letters B. 192: 245–252. Bibcode:1987PhLB..192..245A. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(87)91177-4.
  37. Berkelman (2004) p. 66
  38. 1 2 3 Ammar, R.; et al. (1993). "Evidence for penguin-diagram decays: First observation of B→K*(892)γ". Physical Review Letters. 71 (5): 674–678. Bibcode:1993PhRvL..71..674A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.674. PMID 10055338.
  39. 1 2 3 Alam, M.; et al. (1995). "First Measurement of the Rate for the Inclusive Radiative Penguin Decay b→sγ". Physical Review Letters. 74 (15): 2885–2889. Bibcode:1995PhRvL..74.2885A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2885. PMID 10058050.
  40. Battle, M.; et al. (1993). "Observation of B0 decay to two charmless mesons". Physical Review Letters. 71 (24): 3922–3926. Bibcode:1993PhRvL..71.3922B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.3922. PMID 10055109.
  41. 1 2 Godang, R.; et al. (1998). "Observation of Exclusive Two-Body B Decays to Kaons and Pions". Physical Review Letters. 80 (16): 3456–3460. arXiv:hep-ex/9711010Freely accessible. Bibcode:1998PhRvL..80.3456G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.3456.
  42. Neubert, M. (1996). "B Decays and CP Violation". International Journal of Modern Physics A. 11 (23): 4173–4240. arXiv:hep-ph/9604412Freely accessible. Bibcode:1996IJMPA..11.4173N. doi:10.1142/S0217751X96001966.
  43. Carter, A. B.; Sanda, A. I. (1981). "CP violation in B-meson decays". Physical Review D. 23 (7): 1567–1579. Bibcode:1981PhRvD..23.1567C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.23.1567.
  44. Berkelman (2004) p. 82-85
  45. Berkelman (2004) p. 93
  46. 1 2 Artuso, M.; et al. (2005). "The CLEO RICH Detector". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. 554: 147–194. arXiv:physics/0506132Freely accessible. Bibcode:2005NIMPA.554..147A. doi:10.1016/j.nima.2005.07.056.
  47. Yellow Book p. 155
  48. Berkelman (2004) p. 100
  49. Andrews, D.; et al. (1982). "A superconducting solenoid for colliding beam experiments". Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. 27: 143.
  50. CLEO I NIM p. 53
  51. CLEO I NIM p. 51
  52. CLEO I NIM p. 67
  53. Cassel, D.; et al. (1986). "Design and construction of the CLEO II drift chamber". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. 252 (2–3): 325–330. Bibcode:1986NIMPA.252..325C. doi:10.1016/0168-9002(86)91201-5.
  54. Yellow Book
  55. Ross, W. (1997). "The CLEO II.V silicon vertex detector". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. 386: 32–36. Bibcode:1997NIMPA.386...32R. doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(96)01092-3.
  56. Vontoerne, E.; et al. (2003). "Status of the CLEO III silicon tracker". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. 511: 11–15. Bibcode:2003NIMPA.511...11V. doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01740-6.
  57. Yellow Book p. 159
  58. CLEO I NIM, p. 62
  59. CLEO I NIM, p. 64
  60. CLEO I NIM, p. 63
  61. Blucher, E.; et al. (1986). "Tests of cesium iodide crystals for an electromagnetic calorimeter". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. 249 (2–3): 201–227. Bibcode:1986NIMPA.249..201B. doi:10.1016/0168-9002(86)90669-8.
  62. 1 2 Anderson, S.; et al. (2001). "First Observation of the Decays B0 D*−ppπ+ and B0 D*−pn". Physical Review Letters. 86 (13): 2732–2736. arXiv:hep-ex/0009011Freely accessible. Bibcode:2001PhRvL..86.2732A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.2732. PMID 11290026.
  63. 1 2 3 Ehrlich, R.; et al. (1983). "Particle identification by ionization measurements: Description of the CLEO dE/dx system". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. 211: 17. Bibcode:1983NIMPR.211...17E. doi:10.1016/0167-5087(83)90555-0.
  64. Berkelman (2004)p. 23
  65. Berkelman (2004) p. 55
  66. CLEO I NIM p. 65
  67. CLEO I NIM p. 59
  68. CLEO I NIM p. 66
  69. SPIRES PRL count
  70. SPIRES PRD count
  71. SPIRES citation count
  72. Alexander, J.; et al. (1996). "First Measurement of the B→πℓν and B→ρ(ω)ℓν Branching Fractions". Physical Review Letters. 77 (25): 5000–5004. Bibcode:1996PhRvL..77.5000A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.5000. PMID 10062690.
  73. Behrens, B.; et al. (2000). "Measurement of Bρν Decay and |Vub|". Physical Review D. 61 (5): 052001. arXiv:hep-ex/9905056Freely accessible. Bibcode:2000PhRvD..61e2001B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.61.052001.
  74. Bornheim, A.; et al. (2002). "Improved Measurement of |Vub| with Inclusive Semileptonic B Decays". Physical Review Letters. 88 (23): 231803. arXiv:hep-ex/0202019Freely accessible. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..88w1803B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.231803. PMID 12059353.
  75. Adam, N.; et al. (2007). "A Study of Exclusive Charmless Semileptonic B Decay and |Vub|". Physical Review Letters. 99 (4): 041802. arXiv:hep-ex/0703041Freely accessible. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..99d1802A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.041802. PMID 17678351.
  76. Asner, D.; et al. (2007). "A Study of Exclusive Charmless Semileptonic B Decays and Extraction of |Vub| at CLEO". Physical Review D. 76 (1): 012007. arXiv:hep-ex/0703042Freely accessible. Bibcode:2007PhRvD..76a2007A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.76.012007.
  77. Eckhart, E.; et al. (2002). "Observation of B to K0
    S
    π+ π and Evidence for B to K π". Physical Review Letters. 89 (25): 251801. arXiv:hep-ex/0206024Freely accessible. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..89y1801E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.251801. PMID 12484873.
  78. Briere, R.; et al. (2001). "Observation of B φ K and B φ K*". Physical Review Letters. 86 (17): 3718–3721. arXiv:hep-ex/0101032Freely accessible. Bibcode:2001PhRvL..86.3718B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.3718. PMID 11329307.
  79. Cronin-Hennessy, D.; et al. (2000). "Study of Two-Body B Decays to Kaons and Pions: Observation of Bπ+π, B K±π0, and B K0π0 Decays". arXiv:hep-ex/0001010Freely accessible [hep-ex].
  80. Jessop, C.; et al. (2000). "Study of Charmless Hadronic B Meson Decays to Pseudoscalar-Vector Final States". Physical Review Letters. 85 (14): 2881–2885. arXiv:hep-ex/0006008Freely accessible. Bibcode:2000PhRvL..85.2881J. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.2881. PMID 11005959.
  81. Richichi, S.; et al. (2000). "Two-body B Meson Decays to η and η: Observation of Bη K*". Physical Review Letters. 85 (3): 520–524. arXiv:hep-ex/9912059Freely accessible. Bibcode:2000PhRvL..85..520R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.520. PMID 10991330.
  82. Behrens, B. H.; et al. (1998). "Two-Body B Meson Decays to η and η: Observation of B ηK". Physical Review Letters. 80 (17): 3710–3714. arXiv:hep-ex/9801012Freely accessible. Bibcode:1998PhRvL..80.3710B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.3710.
  83. Mahapatra, R.; et al. (2002). "Observation of Exclusive B D* K*− Decays". Physical Review Letters. 88 (10): 101803. arXiv:hep-ex/0112033Freely accessible. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..88j1803M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.101803. PMID 11909343.
  84. Coan, T.; et al. (2002). "Observation of B0 D0π0 and B0 D*0π0". Physical Review Letters. 88 (6): 062001. arXiv:hep-ex/0110055Freely accessible. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..88f2001C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.062001. PMID 11863797.
  85. Fu, X.; et al. (1997). "Observation of Exclusive B Decays to Final States Containing a Charmed Baryon". Physical Review Letters. 79 (17): 3125–3129. Bibcode:1997PhRvL..79.3125F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.3125.
  86. Edwards, K. W.; et al. (2001). "First Observation of B0 D*0 π+π+ππ Decays". Physical Review D. 65 (1): 012002. arXiv:hep-ex/0105071Freely accessible. Bibcode:2002PhRvD..65a2002E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.65.012002.
  87. Alexander, J. P.; et al. (2001). "First Observation of B D* ρ, ρ ω π". Physical Review D. 64 (9): 092001. arXiv:hep-ex/0103021Freely accessible. Bibcode:2001PhRvD..64i2001A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.64.092001.
  88. Anastassov, A.; et al. (2000). "First Observation of the Decay B J/ψ φ K". Physical Review Letters. 84 (7): 1393–1397. arXiv:hep-ex/9908014Freely accessible. Bibcode:2000PhRvL..84.1393A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.1393. PMID 11017526.
  89. Artuso, M.; et al. (1999). "First Observation of the Decay B0 D*+D*−". Physical Review Letters. 82 (15): 3020–3024. arXiv:hep-ex/9811027Freely accessible. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..82.3020A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.3020.
  90. Athanas, M.; et al. (1998). "First Observation of the Cabibbo Suppressed Decay B+ D0K+". Physical Review Letters. 80 (25): 5493–5497. arXiv:hep-ex/9802023Freely accessible. Bibcode:1998PhRvL..80.5493A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.80.5493.
  91. Chen, A.; et al. (1983). "Evidence for the F Meson at 1970 MeV". Physical Review Letters. 51 (8): 634–637. Bibcode:1983PhRvL..51..634C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.51.634.
  92. Brandelik, R. (1979). "Production characteristics of the F meson". Physics Letters B. 80 (4–5): 412–418. Bibcode:1979PhLB...80..412B. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(79)91203-6.
  93. Aston, D. (1981). "Photoproduction of charmed F mesons at γ energies of 20–70 GeV". Physics Letters B. 100: 91–94. Bibcode:1981PhLB..100...91A. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(81)90294-X.
  94. Kubota, Y.; et al. (1994). "Observation of a new charmed strange meson". Physical Review Letters. 72 (13): 1972–1976. arXiv:hep-ph/9403325Freely accessible. Bibcode:1994PhRvL..72.1972K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.1972. PMID 10055756.
  95. Besson, D.; et al. (2003). "Observation of a Narrow Resonance of Mass 2.46 GeV/c2 Decaying to D*+
    s
    π0 and Confirmation of the DsJ* (2317) State". Physical Review D. 68 (3). arXiv:hep-ex/0305100Freely accessible. Bibcode:2003PhRvD..68c2002B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.68.032002.
  96. Cinabro, D.; et al. (1994). "Observation of D0→K+π-". Physical Review Letters. 72 (10): 1406–1410. Bibcode:1994PhRvL..72.1406C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.1406. PMID 10055601.
  97. Kopp, S.; et al. (2001). "Dalitz Analysis of the Decay D0 Kπ+π0". Physical Review D. 63 (9). arXiv:hep-ex/0011065Freely accessible. Bibcode:2001PhRvD..63i2001K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.63.092001.
  98. Muramatsu, H.; et al. (2002). "Dalitz Analysis of D0 K0
    S
    π+ π". Physical Review Letters. 89 (25). arXiv:hep-ex/0207067Freely accessible. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..89y1802M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.251802.
  99. Rubin, P.; et al. (2004). "First Observation and Dalitz Analysis of the D0 K0
    S
    η π0 Decay". Physical Review Letters. 93 (11). arXiv:hep-ex/0405011Freely accessible. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..93k1801R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.111801.
  100. Asner, D.; et al. (2005). "Search for D0D0 Mixing in the Dalitz Plot Analysis of D0 K0
    S
    π+ π". Physical Review D. 72 (1). arXiv:hep-ex/0503045Freely accessible. Bibcode:2005PhRvD..72a2001A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.72.012001.
  101. Cronin-Hennessy, D.; et al. (2005). "Searches for CP Violation and ππ S-Wave in the Dalitz-Plot Analysis of D0 π+ππ0". Physical Review D. 72 (3). arXiv:hep-ex/0503052Freely accessible. Bibcode:2005PhRvD..72c1102C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.72.031102.
  102. Bonvicini, G.; et al. (2007). "Dalitz Plot Analysis of the D+ π π+ π+ Decay". Physical Review D. 76 (1). arXiv:0704.3954Freely accessible. Bibcode:2007PhRvD..76a2001B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.76.012001.
  103. 1 2 Anastassov (2002). "First Measurement of Γ(D*+) and Precision Measurement of ". Physical Review D. 65 (3). arXiv:hep-ex/0108043Freely accessible. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.65.032003.
  104. Adam, N.; et al. (2006). "Absolute Branching Fraction Measurements for D+ and D0 Inclusive Semileptonic Decays". Physical Review Letters. 97 (25). arXiv:hep-ex/0604044Freely accessible. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..97y1801A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.251801.
  105. Huang, G.; et al. (2006). "Measurement of Inclusive Production of η, η' and φ Mesons in D0, D+ and D+
    s
    Decays". Physical Review D. 74 (11). arXiv:hep-ex/0610008Freely accessible. Bibcode:2006PhRvD..74k2005H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.74.112005.
  106. 1 2 Artuso; et al. (2005). "Improved Measurement of cal{B}(D+ μ+ nu) and the Pseudoscalar Decay Constant fD+". Physical Review Letters. 95 (25). arXiv:hep-ex/0508057Freely accessible. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..95y1801A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.251801.
  107. Huang, G.; et al. (2005). "Absolute Branching Fraction Measurements of Exclusive D+ Semileptonic Decays". Physical Review Letters. 95 (18). arXiv:hep-ex/0506053Freely accessible. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..95r1801H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.181801.
  108. Coan, T.; et al. (2005). "Absolute Branching Fraction Measurements of Exclusive D0 Semileptonic Decays". Physical Review Letters. 95 (18). arXiv:hep-ex/0506052Freely accessible. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..95r1802C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.181802.
  109. He, Q.; et al. (2005). "Measurement of Absolute Hadronic Branching Fractions of D Mesons and e+e D D Cross Sections at Ecm = 3773 MeV". Physical Review Letters. 95 (12). arXiv:hep-ex/0504003Freely accessible. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..95l1801H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.121801.
  110. Rubin, P.; et al. (2006). "New Measurements of Cabibbo-Suppressed Decays of D Mesons in CLEO-c". Physical Review Letters. 96 (8). arXiv:hep-ex/0512063Freely accessible. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..96h1802R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.081802.
  111. Dytman, S.; et al. (2006). "Branching Fraction for the Doubly-Cabibbo-Suppressed Decay D+ K+ π0". Physical Review D. 74 (7). arXiv:hep-ex/0609008Freely accessible. Bibcode:2006PhRvD..74g1102D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.74.071102.
  112. Acosta, D.; et al. (1994). "First measurement of Γ(Ds+→μ+ν)Γ(Ds+→φπ+)". Physical Review D. 49 (11): 5690–5700. Bibcode:1994PhRvD..49.5690A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.49.5690.
  113. Yao, W.-M.; et al. (2006). "Pseudoscalar-meson decay constant" (PDF). Journal of Physics G. 33: 1. arXiv:astro-ph/0601168Freely accessible. Bibcode:2006JPhG...33....1Y. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/33/1/001.
  114. Athar, S.; et al. (2008). "First Observation of the Decay D+
    s
    to proton anti-neutron". Physical Review Letters. 100 (18). arXiv:0803.1118Freely accessible. Bibcode:2008PhRvL.100r1802A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.181802.
  115. Balest, R.; et al. (1997). "Observation of the Decay D+
    s
    ωπ+". Physical Review Letters. 79 (8): 1436–1440. arXiv:hep-ex/9705006Freely accessible. Bibcode:1997PhRvL..79.1436B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.1436.
  116. Avery, P.; et al. (1992). "D+
    s
    decays to ηρ+, η'ρ+, and φρ+". Physical Review Letters. 68 (9): 1279–1282. Bibcode:1992PhRvL..68.1279A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.1279. PMID 10046126.
  117. Alexander, J.; et al. (1992). "D+
    s
    decays to ηπ+ and η'π+". Physical Review Letters. 68 (9): 1275–1278. Bibcode:1992PhRvL..68.1275A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.1275. PMID 10046125.
  118. Alexander, J.; et al. (1990). "Determination of B(D+
    s
    →φπ+) via observation of D+
    s
    →φl+ν". Physical Review Letters. 65 (13): 1531–1534. Bibcode:1990PhRvL..65.1531A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.1531. PMID 10042294.
  119. Avery, P.; et al. (1989). "Observation of the Charmed Strange Baryon Ξ0
    c
    ". Physical Review Letters. 62 (8): 863–865. Bibcode:1989PhRvL..62..863A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.62.863. PMID 10040357.
  120. Csorna, S.; et al. (2001). "Evidence of New States Decaying into Ξcπ". Physical Review Letters. 86 (19): 4243–4246. arXiv:hep-ex/0012020Freely accessible. Bibcode:2001PhRvL..86.4243C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.4243. PMID 11328145.
  121. Alexander, J.; et al. (1999). "Evidence of New States Decaying into Ξ*
    c
    π". Physical Review Letters. 83 (17): 3390–3393. arXiv:hep-ex/9906013Freely accessible. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..83.3390A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3390.
  122. Jessop, C.; et al. (1999). "Observation of Two Narrow States Decaying into Ξ+
    c
    γ and Ξ0
    c
    γ". Physical Review Letters. 82 (3): 492–496. arXiv:hep-ex/9810036Freely accessible. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..82..492J. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.492.
  123. Brandenburg, G.; et al. (1997). "Observation of Two Excited Charmed Baryons Decaying into Λ+
    c
    π±". Physical Review Letters. 78 (12): 2304–2308. Bibcode:1997PhRvL..78.2304B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2304.
  124. Ammar, R.; et al. (2001). "First Observation of the Σ*+
    c
    Baryon and a New Measurement of the Σ+
    c
    Mass". Physical Review Letters. 86 (7): 1167–1170. arXiv:hep-ex/0007041Freely accessible. Bibcode:2001PhRvL..86.1167A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.1167. PMID 11178035.
  125. Gibbons, L.; et al. (1996). "Observation of an Excited Charmed Baryon Decaying into Ξ0
    c
    π+". Physical Review Letters. 77 (5): 810–813. Bibcode:1996PhRvL..77..810G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.810. PMID 10062912.
  126. Avery, P.; et al. (1995). "Observation of a Narrow State Decaying into Ξ+
    c
    π". Physical Review Letters. 75 (24): 4364–4368. arXiv:hep-ex/9508010Freely accessible. Bibcode:1995PhRvL..75.4364A. doi:10.1103/PhysrevLett.75.4364. PMID 10059890.
  127. Edwards, K.; et al. (1995). "Observation of Excited Charmed Baryon States Decaying to Λ+
    c
    π+π". Physical Review Letters. 74 (17): 3331–3335. Bibcode:1995PhRvL..74.3331E. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.3331. PMID 10058174.
  128. Ammar, R.; et al. (2002). "Observation of the Decay Ω0
    C
    Ω e+ νe". Physical Review Letters. 89 (17). arXiv:hep-ex/0207078Freely accessible. Bibcode:2002PhRvL..89q1803A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.171803.
  129. Ammar, R.; et al. (1995). "New Decay Modes of the Λ+
    c
    Charmed Baryon". Physical Review Letters. 74 (18): 3534–3537. Bibcode:1995PhRvL..74.3534A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.3534. PMID 10058230.
  130. Kubota, Y.; et al. (1993). "Measurement of exclusive Λc decays with a Σ+ in the final state". Physical Review Letters. 71 (20): 3255–3258. Bibcode:1993PhRvL..71.3255K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.71.3255. PMID 10054927.
  131. Cronin-Hennessy, D.; et al. (2003). "First Observation of the Exclusive Decays Λc to Λ π+π+ππ0 and Λc to Λ ω π+". Physical Review D. 67 (1). arXiv:hep-ex/0210048Freely accessible. Bibcode:2003PhRvD..67a2001C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.67.012001.
  132. Alexander, J. P.; et al. (1994). "First Observation of the Decay Ξ+
    c
    →Ξ0e+νe and an Estimate of the Ξ+
    c
    Ξ0
    c
    Lifetime Ratio". Physical Review Letters. 74 (16): 3113–3117. Bibcode:1995PhRvL..74.3113A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.3113. PMID 10058115.
  133. Berkelman (2004) p. 44
  134. Ueno, K.; et al. (1979). "Evidence for the ϒ′′ and a Search for New Narrow Resonances". Physical Review Letters. 42 (8): 486–489. Bibcode:1979PhRvL..42..486U. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.42.486.
  135. Besson, D.; et al. (1985). "Observation of New Structure in the e+e Cross Section above the ϒ(4S)". Physical Review Letters. 54 (5): 381–384. Bibcode:1985PhRvL..54..381B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.54.381. PMID 10031500.
  136. Lovelock, D. M. J.; et al. (1985). "Masses, Widths, and Leptonic Widths of the Higher Upsilon Resonances". Physical Review Letters. 54 (5): 377–380. Bibcode:1985PhRvL..54..377L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.54.377. PMID 10031499.
  137. Giles, R.; et al. (1983). "Measurement of the Branching Fraction of the Decay ϒ(1S)→τ+τ". Physical Review Letters. 50 (12): 877–880. Bibcode:1983PhRvL..50..877G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.50.877.
  138. Fulton, R (1989). "First observation of inclusive ψ production in ψ decays". Physics Letters B. 224 (4): 445–449. Bibcode:1989PhLB..224..445F. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(89)91476-7.
  139. Anastassov, A.; et al. (1999). "First Observation of Υ(1S) γππ". Physical Review Letters. 82 (2): 286–290. arXiv:hep-ex/9807031Freely accessible. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..82..286A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.286.
  140. Fulton, R.; et al. (1990). "Radiative ϒ(1S) decays". Physical Review D. 41 (5): 1401–1409. Bibcode:1990PhRvD..41.1401F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.41.1401.
  141. Bonvicini, G.; et al. (2004). "First Observation of a Υ(1D) State". Physical Review D. 70 (3). arXiv:hep-ex/0404021Freely accessible. Bibcode:2004PhRvD..70c2001B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.70.032001.
  142. Cronin-Hennessy, D.; CLEO Collaboration (2003). "Observation of the Hadronic Transitions chib1,2(2P) ω Υ(1S)". arXiv:hep-ex/0311043Freely accessible [hep-ex].
  143. Besson, D.; et al. (2007). "First Observation of Υ(3S) τ τ and Tests of Lepton Universality in Υ Decays". Physical Review Letters. 98 (5). arXiv:hep-ex/0607019Freely accessible. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..98e2002B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.052002.
  144. 1 2 Asner, D.; et al. (2004). "Observation of ηprime
    c
    Production in gamma gamma Fusion at CLEO". Physical Review Letters. 92 (14). arXiv:hep-ex/0312058Freely accessible. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..92n2001A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.142001.
  145. Coan, T.; et al. (2006). "Charmonium Decays of Y(4260), psi(4160), and psi(4040)". Physical Review Letters. 96 (16). arXiv:hep-ex/0602034Freely accessible. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..96p2003C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.162003.
  146. Adam, N.; et al. (2005). "Observation of 10 Final States from psi(2S) Decays and e+e Annihilation". Physical Review Letters. 94 (5). arXiv:hep-ex/0407028Freely accessible. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..94a2005A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.012005.
  147. Adam, N.; et al. (2005). "Branching Fractions for psi(2S) to J/psi Transitions". Physical Review Letters. 94 (23). arXiv:hep-ex/0503028Freely accessible. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..94w2002A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.232002.
  148. Briere, A.; et al. (2005). "Observation of Thirteen New Exclusive Multi-Body Hadronic Decays of the ψ(2S)". Physical Review Letters. 95 (6). arXiv:hep-ex/0505101Freely accessible. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..95f2001B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.062001.
  149. Rosner, J.; et al. (2005). "Observation of hc(1P1) State of Charmonium". Physical Review Letters. 95 (10). arXiv:hep-ex/0505073Freely accessible. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..95j2003R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.102003.
  150. Rubin, P.; et al. (2005). "Observation of the 1P1 State of Charmonium". Physical Review D. 72 (9). arXiv:hep-ex/0508037Freely accessible. Bibcode:2005PhRvD..72i2004R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.72.092004.
  151. Miller, D.; et al. (2007). "Measurement of the η Meson Mass using ψ(2S) η J/ψ". Physical Review Letters. 99 (12). arXiv:0707.1810Freely accessible. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..99l2002M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.122002.
  152. Lopez, A.; et al. (2007). "Measurement of Prominent η Decay Branching Fractions". Physical Review Letters. 99 (12). arXiv:0707.1601Freely accessible. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..99l2001L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.122001.
  153. Battle, M.; et al. (1994). "Measurement of Cabibbo-Suppressed Decays of the τ Lepton". Physical Review Letters. 73 (8): 1079–1083. arXiv:hep-ph/9403329Freely accessible. Bibcode:1994PhRvL..73.1079B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.1079. PMID 10057619.
  154. Bishai, M.; et al. (1999). "First Observation of the Decay τ K*−ηντ". Physical Review Letters. 82 (2): 281–285. arXiv:hep-ex/9809012Freely accessible. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..82..281B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.281.
  155. Bergfeld, T.; et al. (2000). "Observation of Radiative Leptonic Decay of the Tau Lepton". Physical Review Letters. 84 (5): 830–834. arXiv:hep-ex/9909050Freely accessible. Bibcode:2000PhRvL..84..830B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.830. PMID 11017384.
  156. Bergfeld, T.; et al. (1997). "First Observation of τ 3πηντ and τ f1πντ Decays". Physical Review Letters. 79 (13): 2406–2410. arXiv:hep-ex/9706020Freely accessible. Bibcode:1997PhRvL..79.2406B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.2406.
  157. Bartelt, J.; et al. (1996). "First Observation of the Decay τ-→ K-ηντ". Physical Review Letters. 76 (22): 4119–4123. Bibcode:1996PhRvL..76.4119B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.4119. PMID 10061206.
  158. Arms, K.; et al. (2005). "Study of τ Decays to Four-Hadron Final States with Kaons". Physical Review Letters. 94 (24). arXiv:hep-ex/0501042Freely accessible. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..94x1802A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.241802.
  159. Baringer, P.; et al. (1987). "Production of η and ω mesons in τ decay and a search for second-class currents". Physical Review Letters. 59 (18): 1993–1996. Bibcode:1987PhRvL..59.1993B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.1993. PMID 10035390.
  160. Battle, M (1992). "A measurement of the tau lepton lifetime". Physics Letters B. 291 (4): 488–495. Bibcode:1992PhLB..291..488B. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(92)91409-3.
  161. Balest, R.; et al. (1996). "Measurement of the tau lepton lifetime". Physics Letters B. 388 (2): 402–408. Bibcode:1996PhLB..388..402B. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(96)01163-X.
  162. Balest, R.; et al. (1993). "Measurement of the τ-lepton mass". Physical Review D. 47 (9): R3671–R3675. Bibcode:1993PhRvD..47.3671B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.47.R3671.
  163. 1 2 Anastassov, A.; et al. (1997). "Experimental tests of lepton universality in τ decay". Physical Review D. 55 (5): 2559–2576. Bibcode:1997PhRvD..55.2559A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.55.2559.
  164. Csorna, S.; et al. (1987). "Limit on the mass of the tau neutrino". Physical Review D. 35 (9): 2747–2751. Bibcode:1987PhRvD..35.2747C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.35.2747.
  165. Cinabro, D.; et al. (1993). "Limit on the tau neutrino mass". Physical Review Letters. 70 (24): 3700–3704. Bibcode:1993PhRvL..70.3700C. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.3700. PMID 10053940.
  166. Ammar, R; et al. (1998). "A Limit on the Mass of the ντ". Physics Letters B. 431: 209–218. arXiv:hep-ex/9803031Freely accessible. Bibcode:1998PhLB..431..209C. doi:10.1016/S0370-2693(98)00539-5.
  167. Athanas, M.; et al. (2000). "Limit on Tau Neutrino Mass from τ ππ+ππ0ντ". Physical Review D. 61 (5). arXiv:hep-ex/9906015Freely accessible. Bibcode:2000PhRvD..61e2002A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.61.052002.
  168. Alexander, J. P.; et al. (1997). "Determination of the Michel Parameters and the τ Neutrino Helicity in τ Decay". Physical Review D. 56 (9): 5320–5329. arXiv:hep-ex/9705009Freely accessible. Bibcode:1997PhRvD..56.5320A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.56.5320.
  169. Chen, W (1990). "Measurement of γγ widths of charmonium states". Physics Letters B. 243: 169–174. Bibcode:1990PhLB..243..169C. doi:10.1016/0370-2693(90)90975-C.
  170. Dominick, J.; et al. (1994). "Measurement of two-photon production of the χc2". Physical Review D. 50 (7): 4265–4271. Bibcode:1994PhRvD..50.4265D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.50.4265.
  171. Godang, R.; et al. (1997). "Limit on the Two-Photon Production of the Glueball Candidate fJ(2220) at CLEO". Physical Review Letters. 79 (20): 3829–3833. arXiv:hep-ex/9703009Freely accessible. Bibcode:1997PhRvL..79.3829G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.3829.
  172. Dobbs, S.; et al. (2005). "Search for X(3872) in gamma gamma Fusion and ISR at CLEO". Physical Review Letters. 94 (3). arXiv:hep-ex/0410038Freely accessible. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..94c2004D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.032004.
  173. Dobbs, S.; et al. (2006). "Two Photon Width of chic2". Physical Review D. 73 (7). arXiv:hep-ex/0510033Freely accessible. Bibcode:2006PhRvD..73g1101D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.73.071101.
  174. Artuso, M.; et al. (1994). "Measurement of the cross section for γγ→pp¯". Physical Review D. 50 (9): 5484–5490. Bibcode:1994PhRvD..50.5484A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.50.5484.
  175. Lambrecht, M.; et al. (1994). "Two-Photon Production of Charged Pion and Kaon Pairs". Physical Review D. 50 (5): 3027–3037. arXiv:hep-ph/9403379Freely accessible. Bibcode:1994PhRvD..50.3027D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.50.3027.
  176. Anderson, S.; et al. (1997). "ΛΛ Production in Two-Photon Interactions at CLEO". Physical Review D. 56 (5): R2485–R2489. arXiv:hep-ex/9701013Freely accessible. Bibcode:1997PhRvD..56.2485A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.56.R2485.
  177. Besson, D.; et al. (2007). "Measurement of the Total Hadronic Cross Section in e+e Annihilations below 10.56 GeV". Physical Review D. 76 (7). arXiv:0706.2813Freely accessible. Bibcode:2007PhRvD..76g2008B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.76.072008.
  178. Pedlar, T.; et al. (2005). "Precision Measurements of the Timelike Electromagnetic Form Factors of Pion, Kaon, and Proton". Physical Review Letters. 95 (26). arXiv:hep-ex/0510005Freely accessible. Bibcode:2005PhRvL..95z1803P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.261803.
  179. Besson, D.; et al. (1986). "Search for monoenergetic photons from Υ(1S)→γ+X". Physical Review D. 33: 300–302. Bibcode:1986PhRvD..33..300B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.33.300.
  180. Alam, M.; et al. (1989). "Search for a neutral Higgs boson in B-meson decay". Physical Review D. 40 (3): 712–720. Bibcode:1989PhRvD..40..712A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.40.712.
  181. Alam, M.; et al. (1983). "Search for axion production in ϒ decay". Physical Review D. 27 (7): 1665–1667. Bibcode:1983PhRvD..27.1665A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.27.1665.
  182. Gentile, T.; et al. (1987). "Search for magnetically charged particles produced in e+e annihilations at √s =10.6 GeV". Physical Review D. 35 (3): 1081–1084. Bibcode:1987PhRvD..35.1081G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.35.1081.
  183. Balest, R.; et al. (1995). "Υ(1S)→γ+noninteracting particles". Physical Review D. 51 (5): 2053–2060. Bibcode:1995PhRvD..51.2053B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.51.2053.
  184. Bowcock, T.; et al. (1989). "Search for the production of fractionally charged particles in e+e annihilations at s=10.5 GeV". Physical Review D. 40: 263–266. Bibcode:1989PhRvD..40..263B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.40.263.
  185. Savinov, V.; et al. (2001). "Search for a Scalar Bottom Quark with Mass 3.5-4.5 GeV/c2". Physical Review D. 63 (5). arXiv:hep-ex/0010047Freely accessible. Bibcode:2001PhRvD..63e1101S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.63.051101.
  186. Ammar, R.; et al. (2001). "Search for the Familon via B± π±X0, B± K±X0, and B0 K0
    S
    X0 Decays". Physical Review Letters. 87 (27). arXiv:hep-ex/0106038Freely accessible. Bibcode:2001PhRvL..87A1801A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.271801.
  187. Berkelman (2004) p. 21
  188. AIP Study p. 116
  189. AIP Study p. 115
  190. AIP Study p. 117
  191. Berkelman (2004) p. 131
  192. Berkelman (2004) p. 130
  193. Collaboration Directory
  194. Berkelman (2004) p. 132
  195. Berkelman (2004) p. 95
  196. Ammar, R.; et al. (1997). "A Measurement of the Michel Parameters in Leptonic Decays of the Tau". Physical Review Letters. 78 (25): 4686–4690. Bibcode:1997PhRvL..78.4686A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.4686.
  197. SPIRES author list
  198. Adams, G.; et al. (2007). "χc0 and χc2 Decays into η η, η η', and η' η' Final States". Physical Review D. 75 (7). arXiv:hep-ex/0611013Freely accessible. Bibcode:2007PhRvD..75g1101A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.75.071101.

References

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 9/23/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.