Bromance

A bromance is a close, emotionally intense, non-sexual bond between two men.^[1] It is an exceptionally tight affectional, homosocial male bonding relationship exceeding that of usual friendship,^[2][3] and is distinguished by a particularly high level of emotional intimacy.^[1][4] The emergence of the concept since the beginning of the 21st century has been seen as reflecting a change in societal perception and interest in the theme,^[1][2][3] with an increasing openness of society in the twenty-first century to reconsider gender, sexuality, and exclusivity constraints.^[5]

Etymology

Bromance is a portmanteau of bro or brother and romance. Dave Carnie is credited with coining the term as editor of the skateboard magazine Big Brother in the 1990s to refer specifically to the sort of relationships that develop between skaters who spent a great deal of time together.^[1][6] The term did not attain broad currency until approximately 2005^[1] when the theme became more prominent in the motion picture industry.^[1][4]

Historical

Numerous examples exist of intense homosocial friendships throughout history, between men and also between women; such relationships were common. Romantic friendship, a historical construct with a different homoerotic connotation and social construction, is discussed within that article.

Characteristics

Bromance has been examined from viewpoints such as historiography, discourse analysis, social research, and queer theory in book-length reviews.^[1][7] The emergence of bromance over the past decade has been seen as reflecting how society has collectively changed its perception and interest in the theme.^{[1][2][3][4][7]}

Several characteristics of bromance have been cited. Bromance conveys a male homosocial relationship that goes much further than traditional homosocial practices.^[1] The increased closeness goes beyond being mere friends, to a deep bond that has been characterized as capturing the conceptual edge of "is gay/is not gay".^[1][4] Its emergence as a distinctive conceptual genre and theme in the movie and television industry is seen as reflective of a "broader acceptance of nonheteronormative cultural expressions as well as the prospect of a same-sex intimacy that transcends matters of sexual orientation".^[1] Contemporary cultural circumstances, including the struggle for and attainment of gay marriage equality, and specific elements of the depiction of bromance in movies and television separate it from buddy films, as well as historic romantic friendships, which reflect a different social construction.^{[1][3][4][7][8][9][10]}

According to Chen, society has taken a collective interest in reexamination of some of the traditional constraints on male friendship, and in potentially reshaping the constructs of gender, sexuality, and intimacy.^[5] Bromance provides "a case study of gender, sexuality, and exclusivity constraints in twenty-first century America as they operate in law and beyond. Those constraints in turn speak to the privilege and subordination imbued in this type of relationship, with implications for other types as well."^[5] This is in distinction to the connotations of romantic friendship, a terminology of 20th century historical scholarship that retrospectively described close homosocial relationships, including Boston marriages, which had become less common after potential physical intimacy between non-sexual partners came to be regarded with anxiety in the second half of the 19th century.^[11] On the one hand, social interest in the theme has been seen as driving the film industry, which has then fed back to society at large, exploring peoples' mindsets and addressing acceptance of “other types of relationships" between people.^[12] On the other, some have seen the emphasis on platonic love as a rejection of homoeroticism, or as a deliberate confusion of homosocial with homoerotic relationships.^[13]

Bromance has also been seen as a reflection of greater "discursive expressivity".^[1] The experiences of friendship and masculinity, perhaps due to more open parenting styles from the 1970s, reflect a trend toward more openness emotionally, with increased expressivity.^{[2][7][14][15]} According to sociologist Peter Nardi, "men are less afraid of being perceived as gay. It has become more acceptable for them to show some emotion."^[16] Men are marrying later, if at all, which impacts male bonding.^[16][17] According to the 2010 US Census, the average age of a man's first marriage is 28, up from 23 in 1960; men with more education are waiting until their 30s before getting married.

Gay-straight

While the term has generally been applied to straight relationships, mixed gay-straight relationships with no form of sexual intimacy have also been dubbed bromances. Examples of well-known gay-straight bromances include Ronnie Kroell and Ben DiChiara from the Bravo reality series Make Me a Supermodel, in which the pair was nicknamed "Bronnie",^[18] the relationship on Survivor: Gabon between Charlie Herschel and Marcus Lehman,^[19] and American Idols Kris Allen and Adam Lambert, which was given the name "Kradam".^[20]

Celebrity

A number of celebrity relationships have been popularly characterised as bromances.

Ben Affleck and Matt Damon were described as "perhaps the pioneering bromance in showbiz history,"^[21] which led to a hit off-Broadway play called Matt and Ben.^[22] The relationship between Zachary Quinto and Chris Pine, stars of the 2009 Star Trek film, has been described similarly, in common with their on-screen characters' relationship.^[23]

The close friendship between George Clooney and Brad Pitt was once suggested to be "George's longest lasting affair"^[24] and Clooney's bromantic tendencies served as the basis for an episode of the animated series American Dad! entitled "Tears of a Clooney", in which lead character Stan Smith becomes bromantically involved with Clooney as part of an elaborate revenge plot.

The tight relationship (both on- and off-stage) between Bruce Springsteen and the late E Street Band saxophonist Clarence Clemons has often been described^[25][26][27] as one of the most fitting examples of bromance in Western modern music. This relationship is most notably depicted in Springsteen's song "Tenth Avenue Freeze-Out", from Born to Run (in which Springsteen and Clemons appear respectively under their pseudonyms Bad Scooter and Big Man), as well as in Clemons' autobiography Big Man: Real Life & Tall Tales.^[28]

Professional footballers Eric Dier and Dele Alli, who play together for Tottenham Hotspur and England, have a close relationship that has been described as a bromance.^[29][30]

The Japanese and Korean music industry actively encourages bromance among male celebrities (particularly members of boy bands) as part of the fan service to please the audience.^[31][32]

Film

Buddy films have to a degree been rebranded as bromance films, although critics draw a distinction between the two, noting that a buddy film tends to be more explicitly violent and less open about its latent homosexual content.^[1][33] The intersection between buddy films and what would come to be called the bromance film was noted comedically at least as early as 1978, when National Lampoon ran a parody ad for the football-themed buddy film Semi-Tough, renamed "Semi-Sweet" and featuring an illustration of stars Burt Reynolds and Kris Kristofferson holding hands.^[34]

Prominent examples of bromantic comedy include Judd Apatow's The 40 Year Old Virgin (2005) and Knocked Up (2007), which targeted non-sexual homosocial behavior and masculinity in inventive ways,^[35] David Dobkin's Wedding Crashers (2005),^[4] Zoolander,^[36] Funny People (2009),^[37] John Hamburg's I Love You Man (2009),^[12] Todd Phillips' The Hangover (2009),^[37] and Gordon's Horrible Bosses (2011).^[37]

Although J. R. R. Tolkien's novels predate what could formally be called a "bromance," the portrayal of the relationships between Frodo Baggins and Samwise Gamgee, Meriadoc Brandybuck and Peregrin Took or Gimli and Legolas in the novels and the films have been characterized as bromance.^[38]

The theme remains popular, with different genres looking at the concept in various ways, such as Best of Enemies, a documentary about the 1960s feud between intellectuals Gore Vidal and William F. Buckley.^[39]

Television

Bromance on television has also become more commonplace, with some critics tracing its origins back to such shows as The Odd Couple.^[40] In October 2008, TV Guide placed Gregory House (Hugh Laurie) and James Wilson (Robert Sean Leonard) on the cover, under the headline "Isn't It Bromantic?". Brody Jenner, featured on MTV's reality show The Hills and the subject of bromance discussions for his relationships with castmates Justin Bobby and Spencer Pratt, debuted his own series on the network, called Bromance, on December 29, 2008. The six-episode series features Jenner selecting from amongst competitors to become part of Jenner's "entourage".^[41] In Scrubs, J.D. is a sensitive doctor "completely in touch with his feelings. He's not afraid of showing his best pal Turk how much he loves him."^[42] In one episode, they sing, "Guy love. That’s all it is."^[42] The Good Guys "promotes male bonding while self-consciously acknowledging its homoerotic overtones."^[43] The Independent analyzed the BBC's Sherlock as a bromance, and looked at bromance thematically.^[3] The relationship between Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson as a bromance has been visited elsewhere also.^[44][45]

Other

The cultural concept that bromance connotes particular closeness has been taken up thematically. The concept has been visited in biology,^[46][47][48] as well as an experimental acrobatic video dance piece, Bromance, which explores “... the intimacy of physical interaction between guys; of their 'bromance.'”^[49]

The relationship between George W. Bush and former press secretary Scott McClellan as told in McClellan's book What Happened was called by one reviewer "the tale of one long, failed bromance".^[50] The former premiers of Ontario and Quebec, Dalton McGuinty and Jean Charest, were described as a "burgeoning bromance".^[51][52] Stephen Harper of Canada and Tony Abbott of Australia, and their respective countries, were characterized as a "conservative bromance".^[10][53][54] The term has been used to describe Narendra Modi from India and Barack Obama from the United States during the January 2015 visit,^[55][56][57] and Vladimir Putin from the Russian Federation with Gerhard Schröder from Germany.^[58]

See also

Look up bromance in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• I Love You, Man, a feature film that is centered around the concept of a bromance.
• Boy Meets World, a sitcom wherein the main character, Cory Matthews, has a lifelong bromance with his best friend.
• Male bonding
• Man date
• Romantic friendship
• Boston marriages
• Showmance
• Womance
• Bromantic comedy
• Friendship
• Best friends forever ("BFF"), a term that describes a close friendship typical of teenage girls and young women.

References