Broad and general accents

The distinction between broad and general accents is a socio-culturo-economic contrast commonly made between different accents of the same language, typically spoken in a single geographical location:

• A broad accent (sometimes equated with a local or vernacular accent) is popularly perceived as very "strong" or "thick", highly recognizable to a particular population (typically within a particular region), and often linguistically conservative;^[1] almost always, it is the accent associated with the traditional speech of the local people or the working class (whether rural or urban) of a given region.
• A general accent is perceived as geographically more widespread, not particularized to a certain population or location, sounding more "neutral" or "weak", and historico-linguistically innovative; it is typically associated with the middle class of a given region, a growing process of standardization or supraregionalization that transcends local boundaries, or more "mainstream" speakers in general.

Sometimes a third category is also distinguished: a cultivated accent that is considered particularly cultured, stylish, affluent, or even contrived, associated with the educated upper class of a given region. All three distinctions are well studied varieties within South African, New Zealand, and Australian English phonology.

Broad and general are not definitively established terms in phonology and phonetics, and thus other terms are commonly used to make the same basic distinction. Irish linguist Raymond Hickey, for example, has classified the broad, traditional accent of Dublin as "local" and the city's collective general accents as collectively "non-local." He has also referred to a particular general, non-local accent common throughout Ireland as "supraregional."^[2] The capitalized term "broad" before a location is common in the United Kingdom for local, traditional, linguistically conservative English accents, such as "Broad Lancashire" or "Broad Yorkshire".^[3] The alleged mainstream English accent of the United States has been called "General American" since the early-mid 20th century.

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