Bristol Castle

Bristol Castle

Bristol Castle from James Millerd's map of Bristol in 1673
Location within Bristol
General information
Town or city Bristol
Country England
Coordinates 51°27′21″N 2°35′18″W / 51.4559°N 2.5883°W / 51.4559; -2.5883
Client William the Conqueror
Design and construction
Architect Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester
Remains of the castle today

Bristol Castle was a Norman castle built for the defence of Bristol. Remains can be seen today in Castle Park near the Broadmead Shopping Centre, including the sally port.

History

The first castle built at Bristol was a timber motte and bailey, presumably erected on the command of William the Conqueror, who owned Bristol. One of William's closest allies, Geoffrey de Montbray, Bishop of Coutances, appears to have had control of the castle in William's name. The Domesday Book notes that he received part of the king's income from the borough. The castle is first mentioned in 1088, when Geoffrey used it as a base in his rebellion against William Rufus.[1]

After William triumphed, the English lands of the rebels were redistributed to his loyal followers. Among them was Robert Fitzhamon, who gained a large swathe of Gloucestershire, including Bristol Castle. His eldest daughter Mabel married Robert, illegitimate son of Henry I. She brought him the honour of Gloucester on the death of her father in 1107.[2] So he is generally known as Robert of Gloucester.

By this time many of the first wave of Norman timber castles were being replaced in stone. Bristol Castle was a fine example with curtain walls and a great keep. It seems that Robert of Gloucester was the man responsible. The castle was built on a strategic site to the east of the town, between the River Avon and the River Frome, which was partly diverted to form the castle moat.[3]

Plan of Bristol Castle

This great fortress was to play a key role in the civil wars that followed the death of Henry I of England. Henry's only legitimate son William drowned in 1120, so Henry eventually declared his one legitimate daughter Matilda his heir. However her cousin, Stephen of Blois usurped the throne on Henry's death in 1135. Matilda's half-brother Robert of Gloucester became her trusted right-hand man – the commander of her troops. Rebels rallied to his castle at Bristol.[4]

Stephen reconnoitred Bristol in 1138 but decided that the town was impregnable. As his chronicler reported: "On one side of it, where it is considered more exposed to siege and more accessible, a castle rising on a vast mound, strengthened by wall and battlements, towers and divers engines, prevents an enemy's approach." [5] After Stephen was captured in 1141, he was imprisoned in Bristol Castle until Robert of Gloucester was also captured and an exchange of prisoners was made.[6]

The castle and title of Earl of Gloucester passed to Robert's son, William. When Henry the Young King and his brother – princes Richard and Geoffrey – rebelled against King Henry II in 1173 Earl William supported their cause. The rebellion was put down the following year, and William was punished by having Bristol Castle confiscated and taken under royal control. Bristol became one of the most important royal castles in the country. Henry III, educated there in his youth, spent lavishly on it, adding a barbican before the main west gate, a gate tower, and magnificent great hall. From 1224, Eleanor of Brittany was strictly confined to the castle under relatively comfortable conditions, with accommodation in the keep.[7]

The two young sons of Dafydd ap Gruffydd, the last princes of Gwynedd, were imprisoned for life in Bristol Castle after Edward I's conquest of Wales in 1283. William le Scrope, Sir John Bussy and Sir Henry Green were executed there without trial in June 1399 by the Duke of Hereford, soon to be King Henry IV of England, after the latter's successful return from exile.[8]

The first detailed description of the castle was written in 1480.[9] By the time the antiquary John Leland visited c.1540, Bristol castle was showing signs of neglect. It had "two courts, and in the north-west part of the outer court there is a large keep with a dungeon, said to have been built of stone brought by the red Earl of Gloucester from Caen in Normandy. In the other court is an attractive church and many domestic quarters, with a great gate on the south side, a stone bridge and three ramparts on the left bank leading to the mouth of the Frome. Many towers still stand in both the courts, but they are all on the point of collapse.".[10] By the sixteenth century the castle had fallen into disuse, but the City authorities had no control over royal property and the precincts became a refuge for lawbreakers. In 1630 the city bought the castle and when the Civil War broke out the city took the Parliamentary side and partly restored the castle. However Royalist troops occupied Bristol and eventually Oliver Cromwell ordered the destruction of the castle.[11]

The castle was demolished in 1656, according to Millerd's map of Bristol (above right). However one octagonal tower survived until it was torn down in 1927. It was sketched by Samuel Loxton in 1907.[12] There are some remains of the banqueting hall incorporated in a building which still exists above ground today, known as the Castle Vaults. In 1938 the Castle Vaults was used as a tobacconists shop.[13]

The castle moat was covered over in 1847[14] but still exists and is mainly navigable by boat, flowing under Castle Park and into the Floating Harbour. The western section is a dry ditch and a sally port into the moat survives near St Peter's Church.

The area was redeveloped for commerce, and later largely destroyed in the 'Bristol Blitz'. It was subsequently redeveloped as a public open space, Castle Park.

A 16-metre (52 ft) long postern tunnel runs underneath the south west part of the castle.[15]

Today

It is a Scheduled Ancient Monument.[16]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
  2. ↑ G.E.C[okayne], The Complete Peerage, 2nd edn. ed. V. Gibbs (London 1910–59).
  3. ↑ S. Watson, Secret underground Bristol (Bristol 1991) ISBN 0-907145-01-9
  4. ↑ Chibnall, Marjorie, "The Empress Matilda" (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), p.83
  5. ↑ Gesta Stephani ed. and trans. K.R. Potter (Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1976), pp. 37–8, 43–4.
  6. ↑ William of Malmesbury, The Historia Novella, trans. K. R. Potter (London : T. Nelson, 1955), p.50.
  7. ↑ Colvin, H. M.; Brown, R. A. (1963), "The Royal Castles 1066–1485", The History of the King's Works. Volume II: The Middle Ages, London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, p. 578–579
  8. ↑ "GREEN, Sir Henry (c.1347-1399), of Drayton, Northants.". History of Parliament. The History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  9. ↑ William Worcestre, The Topography of Medieval Bristol, Bristol Record Society vol. 51 (2000), nos. 396, 422.
  10. ↑ John Leland's Itinerary: Travels in Tudor England, ed. John Chandler (Sutton Publishing: Stroud, 1993), pp. 178–9.
  11. ↑ "History and Archaeology of Castle Park" (PDF). Bristol City Council. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  12. ↑ George Frederick Stone, Bristol As It Was And As It Is (Bristol 1909), p. 99.
  13. ↑ Andrew Foyle & David Martyn, Bristol: City on Show, The History Press, 2012
  14. ↑ "Bristol Castle". Fortified England. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  15. ↑ Wilson, David M; Moorhouse, Stephen (1971). "Medieval Britain in 1970" (PDF). Medieval Archaeology. 15. p. 146. doi:10.5284/1000320.
  16. ↑ "Scheduled Ancient Monuments in Bristol" (PDF). Bristol City Council. Retrieved 7 May 2007.
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