Lithuanian book smugglers

Motiejus Valančius, one of the main supporters of the Lithuanian press during the ban
Jurgis Bielinis, one of the most famous book-smugglers

In the late 19th century, smugglers transported Lithuanian language books printed in the Latin alphabet into Lithuanian-speaking areas of the Russian Empire, defying a ban on such materials in force from 1865 to 1904. Opposing imperial Russian authorities' efforts to replace the traditional Latin orthography with Cyrillic, and transporting printed matter from as far away as the United States to do so, the book smugglers (Lithuanian: knygnešys, or plural knygnešiai, Polish: kolporterzy książek) became a symbol of Lithuanians' resistance to Russification.

History

After the Polish-Lithuanian insurrection of 1863, the Russian Imperial government intensified its efforts to Russify the Lithuanian population and alienate it from its historic roots, including the Roman Catholic faith, which had become widespread during the years of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

During the summer of 1863 Tsar Alexander II issued Temporary Rules for State Junior Schools of the Northwestern Krai, ruling that only Russian-language education would be allowed there. In 1864, the Governor General of the Vilnius Governorate, Mikhail Muravyov, ordered that Lithuanian language primers were to be printed only in the Cyrillic alphabet. Muravyov's successor, Konstantin Kaufman, in 1865 banned all Lithuanian-language use of the Latin alphabet. In 1866, the Tsar issued an oral ban on the printing or importing of printed matter in Lithuanian. Although formally, the order had no legal force, it was executed de facto until 1904. During this time, there were approximately fifty-five printings of Lithuanian books in Cyrillic.

Most of the Latin-alphabet Lithuanian-language books and periodicals published at the time were printed in Lithuania Minor and then smuggled into Lithuania. When caught, the book smugglers were punished by fines, banishment, and exile, including deportation to Siberia. Some were simply shot in the head while crossing the border or executed on the spot.

List of confiscated Lithuanian books in 1896

In 1867, Motiejus Valančius, the Bishop of Žemaitija, began to covertly organize and finance this printing abroad and sponsored the distribution of Lithuanian-language books within Lithuania. In 1870, his organization was uncovered with the help of Prussian authorities, and five priests and two book smugglers were exiled to remote areas of Russia. Other book smugglers carried on his work.

During the final years of the ban, an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 books were smuggled in annually. About one-third of them were seized by authorities. Lithuanian books reached every settlement in Lithuania, and many legal institutions served as undercover transfer points for the books. A number of secret organizations distributed the books throughout Lithuania, including Sietynas, Atgaja, Teisybė, Prievarta, Aušrinė, Atžala, Lizdas, Akstinas, Spindulys, Svirplys, Žiburėlis, Žvaigždė, and Kūdikis.

The bans lack of success was recognized by the end of the 19th century, and in 1904, under the official pretext that the minorities within the Russian Empire needed to be pacified after the Russo-Japanese War, the ban on Lithuanian-language publications was lifted.

In 1905, soon after the ban was lifted, one of the book smugglers, Juozas Masiulis, opened his own bookstore in Panevėžys. This bookstore is still operational, and a chain of bookstores operates in Lithuania under his name.[1]

This historical episode was widely suppressed during the years when Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, book smugglers were honored in Lithuania with museums, monuments, and street names. A statue dedicated to "The Unknown Book Smuggler" stands in Kaunas.

The book smugglers were an important part of the Lithuanian National Revival. Book smuggler Jurgis Bielinis, who created a secret distribution network for banned Lithuanian books, was born on 16 March 1846, a date commemorated in Lithuania as the Day of the Book Smugglers (Knygnešio diena).

Book smuggler societies

Society Location Years active Members[2]
Of Motiejus Valančius Kovno Governorate 1867–70 ?
Of Martynas Sederavičius Sudargas; active in Samogitia and Suvalkija Early 1870s – beg. of the 20th century ?
Of Garšviai Garšviai; active in Panevėžys and Ukmergė regions 1883–95 5–7
Atgaja (Refresh) Šiauliai region 1889–95 3–11
Šviesa Bookstore (Light ) Jurgežeris, Kalvarija District 1880 ?
Rural Society of Plowmen Šiauliai region 1891 ?
(no name) Panevėžys region 1892 9
(no name youth) Panemunė volost, Marijampolė 1892 ?
Nemunėlis and Apasčia Biržai region 1893–? 7–?
Teisybė (Truth) 1893 – after 1896 5–15
Aušrinė Kovno Governorate 1893–94 7
Prievarta (Coersion) 1894 ?
Darželis (Little Garden) Krikliniai 1894–95 16
Atžala (Offshoot) Grinkiškis 1894 6–10
Sietynas (Pleiades) Marijampolė district 1894–97 70
Žiburėlis (Little Beacon) Panevėžys region? 1897 5–15
(no name) Marijampolė district 1898 15
(no name) Kovno Governorate 1899 27
Žvaigždė (Star) Panemunėlis 1900–02 20
Lithuanian Youth Raseiniai region 1900–01 15
Spindulys (Ray) Marijampolė district 1900 ?
Artojai (Plowmen) Marijampolė 1901–05 13–48
Aušrelė (Little Dawn) Panemunėlis 1900–03 5–15
Union of Lithuanian Farmers Aukštaitija 1901 13–20
(no name) Kovno Governorate 1902 ?
Mužikėlis (Peasant) Kairiai 1903 ?
Vienybė (Unity) Kairiai 1903–05 5–7

See also

References

  1. ↑ Čiplytės, Joana Vigos (2005) Juozas Masiulis: knygnešys ir knygininkas Žara, Vilnius, ISBN 9986-34-140-X (in Lithuanian)
  2. ↑ Merkys, Vytautas (2016). "Knygnešių organizacijos". In Manelis, Eugenijus; Račis, Antanas. Lietuvos istorija. Enciklopedinis žinynas (in Lithuanian). II. Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. p. 859. ISBN 978-5-420-01765-4.

External links

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