Black college football national championship

The black college football national championship is a mythical national championship won by the best historically black college (HBCU) football team(s) in the United States. There has been some criticism of this title on the grounds that the schools in the various polls compete in different levels of competition (e.g., National Collegiate Athletic Association Division II vs. the FCS level of Division I).[1] Also, HBCUs have successfully challenged majority white schools for football championships for decades now, within the framework of both NCAA and National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics competition; this includes Associated Press, United Press International, NCAA, and NAIA-sponsored titles for the 1962, 1973, 1978, 1990, 1992, and 1995 seasons, as well as runner-up finishes in 1963, 1983, 1991, 1994, and 2012.

The first football game between HBCU schools was played on December 27, 1892. On that day Johnson C. Smith defeated Livingstone. As it was the only game played by HBCU schools that year, Johnson C. Smith's team could no doubt claim to be that season's HBCU national champions by default. However, the earliest known claim to such a title was Livingstone's 1906 team, then led by Benjamin Butler "Ben" Church.[2]

Initially, starting in 1920, an HBCU national champion was simply declared by the Pittsburgh Courier at the end of the season. The following year others more directly associated with the schools themselves made their own attempts to crown a champ, coordinating their efforts under the auspices of the Champion Aggregation of All Conferences. The CAAC's initiative was fostered by Paul Jones, who reported the champion annually in his column in Spalding's Intercollegiate Football Guide.[3] However, HBCUs eventually began to gravitate over to the NAIA because it offered numerous athletic competition options while also openly welcoming schools of varying demographic backgrounds as members.[4] At present most HBCUs are now members of the NCAA.

Attempts have been made over the years to determine a non-mythical national champion with an actual football game contested by leading teams among HBCUs throughout the United States. The Orange Blossom Classic was often billed as such a game, but Florida A&M, as its annual host, was guaranteed a spot in this game and was not always of national championship-caliber each year that it was played between 1933 and 1978 (indeed, the Rattlers were even accused of taking advantage of a system where most selectors named their national champions before the postseason; if the Rattlers were not named champs by any selector before the postseason, they still got a second chance at the claim by winning the Orange Blossom Classic[5]).

The Pelican Bowl, a bowl game that attempted to match up the conference champions from the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference and the Southwestern Athletic Conference, was one such example, but this venture failed to draw enough attendance and lasted only a few years in the 1970s. Similarly, the Heritage Bowl was played in the 1990s featuring teams from the MEAC and SWAC, but this bowl game has not been held since 1999 and was often snubbed by the conference champions in lieu of the NCAA's Division I-AA playoffs.

The two conferences began negotiations in 2010 to create a successor called the "Legacy Bowl"—not to be confused with the later exhibition game with the same name—to begin during the 2011 postseason, but it was voted down by MEAC officials.[6] However, in 2015 the first Celebration Bowl was played pitting the champions of both conferences.

Noteworthy team accomplishments include the sixteen championships won all-time by Tennessee State and the five won consecutively by Central State from 1986–1990 (all five of which were coached by Billy Joe). Florida A&M has won titles in seven different decades. Noteworthy coaching accomplishments include the nine championships won by Joe (seven at Central State and two at Florida A&M), John Merritt (one at Jackson State and eight at Tennessee State), and Eddie Robinson (all nine at Grambling State). Rod Broadway has won titles at three different schools (two at North Carolina Central and one each at Grambling and North Carolina A&T).

While black national champions have been crowned regularly in football for nearly a century, the concept has never fully caught on with other sports. Men's basketball briefly had a similar movement. In 1941 Southern, coached by the famed football coach Ace Mumford, defeated North Carolina Central, 48–42, in the National Invitational Intercollegiate Basketball Tournament. This tournament was held because the National Invitational Tournament would not invite majority black schools at the time. NCCU was also named national champions that same year by the Associated Negro Press.[7] In late 1947 National Championships, Inc. announced that they would soon begin hosting a postseason basketball tournament for HBCUs.[8] Jet magazine later sponsored an HBCU basketball poll.[9] In much more recent years, various websites have named champions for basketball and baseball. BlackCollegeBaseball.com, for example, has named several black national champions for baseball, including North Carolina A&T and Southern jointly in 2005 and Prairie View A&M in 2006. Bethune-Cookman also defeated Alcorn State in a special postseason series in 2011.

Selectors

Selector Name Seasons Eligible teams
"Sheridan Poll"[10]
  PC
  NPC
  SBN
  AURN
Jake Gaither National Championship Trophy[11]
  Pittsburgh Courier
  New Pittsburgh Courier
  Sheridan Broadcasting Network
  American Urban Radio Networks
1920–present[10]
  1920–1965
  1966–1978
  1979[12]–1990
  1991–present 		all HBCU teams
ADW Atlanta Daily World & 100% Wrong Club–W. A. Scott II Memorial Trophy (1953–1992,[13] 2010);[14] Coca-Cola National Historical Black College Football Championship Award (1993–2009)[13] 1953[15]–2010[14]
(1970 and 2010 champions are not available) 		all HBCU teams
AFRCB Air Force Reserve Celebration Bowl 2015–present MEAC and SWAC champions only
ANP Associated Negro Press & Pigskin Huddle 1948–1960
(1955–1957 champions are not available) 		all HBCU teams
ASW American Sports Wire 1990–2013[16] NCAA Division I–FCS Subdivision HBCU teams only[17]
B-CP Boxtorow & Black Athlete Sports Network–Coaches Poll 2009–present[18] all HBCU teams
B-MP Boxtorow & Black Athlete Sports Network–Media Poll 2007–present[18] all HBCU teams
BAA Baltimore Afro-American 1947[19]–1948,[20] 1953[5] all HBCU teams
BCSP Black College Sports Page & Major Broadcasting Cable 1994–present[21]
(1994–1999 champions are not available) 		all HBCU teams
CAAC Champion Aggregation of All Conferences[3] & William Lawrence "Paul" Jones 1921–1949[21]
(1921–1928, 1930–1932, and 1936–1949 champions are not available) 		all HBCU teams
CB Chocolate Bowl 1935[22] all HBCU teams[22]
CC Colored Championship 1920,[23] 1923[24] all HBCU teams
DCCC-M Dr. Cavil's Classic Cuts & SWAC Page Network–Major Division Poll 2002–present[25]
(2002 champion is not available) 		NCAA Division I–FCS Subdivision HBCU teams only
DCCC-MM Dr. Cavil's Classic Cuts & SWAC Page Network–Mid-Major Division Poll 2002–present[25]
(2002–2003 champions are not available) 		NCAA Division II and NAIA HBCU teams only
HB Heritage Bowl 1994 * MEAC and SWAC champions only
HBCUS-PFP HBCUSports.com–Playoff Fan Poll 2014–present all HBCU teams[26]
HBCUS-UP HBCUSports.com–Ultimate Poll 2015–present all HBCU teams[27]
HSRN-I Heritage Sports Radio Network–Conaway Cup (for Division I teams)[28] 2011–present[28] NCAA Division I–FCS Subdivision HBCU teams only[28]
HSRN-II Heritage Sports Radio Network–Conaway Cup (for Division II[28] and NAIA[29] teams) 2011–present[28] NCAA Division II[28] and NAIA[29] HBCU teams only
J Jet 1973–1987 all HBCU teams
JM Johnny McLendon (used the Dickinson System) 1953[30] all HBCU teams
LAFCF Los Angeles Football Classic Foundation–Eddie G. Robinson Trophy[31] 1988[31] all HBCU teams
MBN Mutual Black Network 1972–1977
(1973 champion is not available) 		all HBCU teams[32]
NB National Bowl 1947[33] all HBCU teams[8]
PB Pelican Bowl 1972, 1974–1975 * MEAC and SWAC champions only
PCW Pigskin Club of Washington—William G. "Billy" Coward Award[34] 2006–present[34] all HBCU teams
"Vulcan Bowl"
  SB
  VB

Steel Bowl
Vulcan Bowl
1940–1941 **
  1940[35]
  1941[36] 		SIAC champion and "all members of conferences allied with the SIAC" only[36]

Notes: *—the Pelican Bowl (played 1972 and 1974–75) and Heritage Bowl (played 1991–99) were intended as black national championship games matching the outright champions or top-seeded co-champions of the MEAC and SWAC conferences, but in practice the top seeds often declined their automatic bids to participate in the NCAA playoffs instead—only the 1972, 1975, and 1994 games matched the top seeds of both conferences as originally intended, although the Pelican Bowl is known to have been promoted as a black national championship game all three seasons;[37][38][39][40][41][42] **—the Steel Bowl/Vulcan Bowl (played after the 1940–48 and 1951 seasons) is known to have been promoted as a black national championship game after the 1940 and 1941 seasons

Yearly national championship selections

Season Champion(s) Record Coach Selector(s) Note(s)
1920 Howard 7–0–0 W. Edward "Ed" Morrison CC, PC
Talladega 5–0–1 Jubie Bragg PC
1921 Talladega 6–0–1 Jubie Bragg PC
Wiley 7–0–1 Jason Grant PC
1922 Hampton 6–1–0 Gideon Smith PC
1923 Howard 7–0–1 Louis L. "Lou" Watson CC
Lincoln–Pennsylvania 5–1–2 James H. Law CC
Virginia Union 6–0–1 Harold D. Martin PC
1924 Paul Quinn 8–0–1 Little Long PC
Tuskegee 9–0–1 Cleve Abbott PC
1925 Howard 6–0–2 Louis L. "Lou" Watson PC
Tuskegee 8–0–1 Cleve Abbott PC
1926 Howard 7–0–0 Louis L. "Lou" Watson PC
Tuskegee 10–0–0 Cleve Abbott PC
1927 Bluefield State 8–0–1 Harry Jefferson PC
Tuskegee 10–0–1 Cleve Abbott PC
1928 Bluefield State 8–0–1 Harry Jefferson PC
Wiley 10–0–1 Pop Long PC
1929 Tuskegee 9–0–0 Cleve Abbott CAAC,[43] PC
1930 Tuskegee 11–0–1 Cleve Abbott PC
1931 Wilberforce 9–0–0 Harry Graves PC
1932 Wiley 9–0–0 Pop Long PC
1933 Kentucky State 4–3–0 Henry Kean CAAC[44]
Morgan State 9–0–0 Ed Hurt PC
1934 Kentucky State 9–0–0 Henry Kean CAAC,[44] PC
1935 Kentucky State 9–1–0 Henry Kean CAAC[44]
Texas College 9–0–2 Ace Mumford CB, PC
1936 Virginia State 7–0–2 Harry Jefferson PC
West Virginia State 8–0–0 Adolph P. "Ziggy" Hamblin PC
1937 Morgan State 7–0–0 Ed Hurt PC
1938 Florida A&M 8–0–0 William M. "Big Bill" Bell, Sr. PC
1939 Langston 9–0–0 Zip Gayles PC
1940 Morris Brown 10–1–0 Artis P. Graves PC, SB
1941 Langston 10–1–0 Zip Gayles VB record includes forfeited game (was 9–1–1)[45]
Morris Brown 8–1–0 Billy Nicks PC
1942 Florida A&M 9–0–0 William M. "Big Bill" Bell, Sr. PC
1943 Morgan State 5–0–0 Ed Hurt PC
1944 Morgan State 6–1–0 Ed Hurt PC
1945 Wiley 10–0–0 Pop Long PC
1946 Morgan State 8–0–0 Ed Hurt PC
Tennessee State 10–1–0 Henry Kean PC
1947 Shaw 10–0–0 Howard K. "Brutus" Wilson NB, PC
Tennessee State 10–0–0 Henry Kean BAA, PC
1948 Central State 9–1–1 Gaston F. "Country" Lewis BAA
Southern 12–0–0 Ace Mumford ANP,[46] BAA, PC
1949 Morgan State 8–0–0 Ed Hurt PC
Southern 10–0–1 Ace Mumford ANP,[47] PC
1950 Florida A&M 8–1–1 Jake Gaither PC
Southern 10–0–1 Ace Mumford ANP,[47] PC
1951 Morris Brown 10–1–0 Edward J. "Ox" Clemons PC
North Carolina A&T 7–1–1 William M. "Big Bill" Bell, Sr. ANP[48]
1952 Florida A&M 8–2–0 Jake Gaither ANP,[49] PC
Lincoln-Missouri 8–0–1 Dwight T. Reed PC
Texas Southern 10–0–1 Alex Durley PC
Virginia State 8–1–0 Sylvester R. "Sal" Hall PC
1953 Florida A&M 10–1–0 Jake Gaither BAA
Prairie View A&M 12–0–0 Billy Nicks ADW,[50] ANP,[5] PC
Tennessee State 8–0–1 Henry Kean JM
1954 Florida A&M 8–1–0 Jake Gaither ADW,[51] PC
Prairie View A&M 10–1–0 Billy Nicks ADW,[51] PC
Southern 10–1–0 Ace Mumford ADW,[51] PC
Tennessee State 10–1–0 Henry Kean ADW,[51] ANP,[52] PC
1955 Grambling State 10–0–0 Eddie Robinson ADW,[53] PC
1956 Tennessee State 10–0–0 Howard Gentry ADW,[54] PC
1957 Florida A&M 9–0–0 Jake Gaither ADW,[55] PC
1958 Prairie View A&M 10–0–1 Billy Nicks ADW,[51] ANP,[56] PC retired W. A. Scott II Memorial Trophy as first three-time winner[51]
1959 Florida A&M 10–0–0 Jake Gaither ADW,[57] ANP,[58] PC
1960 Southern 9–1–0 Ace Mumford ADW,[59] ANP,[60] PC
1961 Florida A&M 10–0–0 Jake Gaither ADW,[61] PC
1962 Florida A&M 9–1–0 Jake Gaither ADW[61] retired W. A. Scott II Memorial Trophy as first three-time winner since the previous trophy had been retired;[62]
won AP Small College Poll National Championship
Jackson State 10–1–0 John Merritt PC
1963 Prairie View A&M 10–1–0 Billy Nicks ADW,[63] PC
1964 Prairie View A&M 9–0–0 Billy Nicks ADW,[62] PC
1965 Tennessee State 9–0–1 John Merritt ADW,[64] PC
1966 Tennessee State 10–0–0 John Merritt ADW,[65] NPC
1967 Grambling State 9–1–0 Eddie Robinson ADW,[66] NPC
Morgan State 8–0–0 Earl Banks NPC
1968 Alcorn State 9–1–0 Marino Casem ADW,[67] NPC
North Carolina A&T 8–1–0 Hornsby Howell NPC
1969 Alcorn State 8–0–1 Marino Casem ADW,[68] NPC
1970 Tennessee State 11–0–0 John Merritt NPC
1971 Tennessee State 9–1–0 John Merritt ADW,[69] NPC
1972 Grambling State 11–2–0 Eddie Robinson ADW,[70] MBN,[71] NPC, PB record includes forfeited game (was 10–2–0)[72]
1973 Tennessee State 10–0–0 John Merritt ADW,[73] J,[74] NPC retired W. A. Scott II Memorial Trophy as first three-time winner since the previous trophy had been retired;[73]
won AP and UPI NCAA Division II Poll National Championships;
had players ruled ineligible for NCAA Division II Playoffs and declined bid[75]
1974 Alcorn State 9–2–0 Marino Casem NPC
Grambling State 11–1–0 Eddie Robinson ADW, J,[76] MBN,[77] NPC, PB
1975 Grambling State 10–2–0 Eddie Robinson ADW, J,[78] MBN,[79] NPC record includes forfeited game (was 11–1–0)[80]
Southern 9–3–0 Charlie Bates PB
1976 South Carolina State 10–1–0 Willie Jeffries ADW, J,[81] MBN,[82] NPC
1977 Florida A&M 11–0–0 Rudy Hubbard ADW, J,[83] MBN,[84] NPC
Grambling State 10–1–0 Eddie Robinson NPC
South Carolina State 9–1–1 Willie Jeffries NPC
1978 Florida A&M 12–1–0 Rudy Hubbard ADW, J,[85] NPC won NCAA Division I-AA Playoff National Championship
1979 Tennessee State 8–3–0 John Merritt ADW, J,[86] SBN
1980 Grambling State 10–2–0 Eddie Robinson ADW, J,[87] SBN
1981 South Carolina State 10–3–0 Bill Davis ADW, SBN
Virginia Union 11–1–0 Willard Bailey J[88]
1982 South Carolina State 9–3–0 Bill Davis ADW
Tennessee State 9–0–1 John Merritt J,[89] SBN record does not include voided games (was 10–1–1)[90]
1983 Central State 12–1–0 Billy Joe J[91]
Grambling State 8–1–2 Eddie Robinson SBN
Tennessee State 8–2–1 John Merritt ADW
1984 Alcorn State 9–1–0 Marino Casem ADW, SBN
Tennessee State 11–0–0 Bill Thomas J[92]
1985 Hampton 10–2–0 Fred Freeman J[93]
Jackson State 8–3–0 W. C. Gorden ADW, SBN
1986 Central State 10–1–1 Billy Joe ADW, J,[94] SBN
1987 Central State 10–1–1 Billy Joe J,[95] SBN
Howard 0–10–0 Willie Jeffries ADW record includes forfeited games (was 9–1–0)[96]
1988 Central State 11–2–0 Billy Joe ADW, LAFCF, SBN
1989 Central State 10–3–0 Billy Joe ADW, SBN
1990 Central State 11–1–0 Billy Joe ADW, SBN won NAIA Division I Champion Bowl National Championship
North Carolina A&T 9–2–0 Bill Hayes ASW
1991 Alabama State 11–0–1 Houston Markham, Jr. ADW, ASW, AURN
1992 Central State 12–1–0 Billy Joe ADW won NAIA Division I Champion Bowl National Championship
Grambling State 10–2–0 Eddie Robinson ASW, AURN
1993 Howard 11–1–0 Steve Wilson ADW, AURN[97]
Southern 11–1–0 Pete Richardson ASW
1994 Hampton 10–1–0 Joe Taylor AURN
South Carolina State 10–2–0 Willie Jeffries ADW, ASW,[98] HB
1995 Southern 11–1–0 Pete Richardson ADW, ASW, AURN
1996 Howard 10–2 Steve Wilson ADW, AURN[99]
Jackson State 10–2 Big Daddy Carson ASW
1997 Southern 11–1 Pete Richardson ADW, ASW, AURN
1998 Florida A&M 11–2 Billy Joe ASW, AURN
Southern 9–3 Pete Richardson ADW
1999 North Carolina A&T 11–2 Bill Hayes ADW, ASW, AURN
2000 Grambling State 10–2 Doug Williams ASW
Tuskegee 12–0 Rick Comegy ADW, AURN, BCSP[100]
2001 Florida A&M 7–4 Billy Joe ADW
Grambling State 11–0 Doug Williams ASW, AURN, BCSP[100] record includes forfeited game (was 10–1)[101]
Tuskegee 11–1 Rick Comegy BCSP[100]
2002 Bethune-Cookman 11–2 Al Wyatt BCSP[102]
Grambling State 11–2 Doug Williams ADW, ASW, AURN, BCSP[102]
2003 Southern 12–1 Pete Richardson ADW, ASW, AURN, BCSP,[103] DCCC-M[104]
2004 Albany State 11–1 Mike White ADW, BCSP,[105] DCCC-MM[106]
Hampton 10–2 Joe Taylor ASW, AURN, DCCC-M[107]
2005 Grambling State 11–1 Melvin Spears AURN, BCSP,[108] DCCC-M[109]
Hampton 11–1 Joe Taylor ADW, ASW
North Carolina Central 10–2 Rod Broadway DCCC-MM[110]
2006 Hampton 10–2 Joe Taylor ASW, BCSP,[111] DCCC-M[112]
North Carolina Central 11–1 Rod Broadway ADW, AURN, BCSP,[111] DCCC-MM,[112] PCW
2007 Delaware State 10–2 Al Lavan ASW, DCCC-M[113]
Tuskegee 12–0 Willie Slater ADW, AURN, B-MP, BCSP,[114] DCCC-MM,[115] PCW
2008 Grambling State 11–2 Rod Broadway ADW, ASW, AURN, B-MP, BCSP,[116] DCCC-M,[117] PCW
South Carolina State 10–3 Buddy Pough BCSP[116]
Tuskegee 10–1 Willie Slater DCCC-MM[118]
2009 Prairie View A&M 9–1 Henry Frazier ASW, BCSP,[119] DCCC-M[120]
South Carolina State 10–2 Buddy Pough ADW,[121] AURN, B-CP, B-MP, BCSP,[119] PCW
Tuskegee 10–2 Willie Slater DCCC-MM[122]
2010 Albany State 11–1 Mike White AURN, BCSP,[123] DCCC-MM,[124] PCW
Bethune-Cookman 10–2 Brian Jenkins ASW, B-CP, B-MP
Texas Southern 0–3 John "Johnnie" Cole DCCC-M[125] record does not include vacated games (was 9–3)[126]
2011 Alabama State 8–3 Reggie Barlow DCCC-M[127]
Norfolk State 9–3 Pete Adrian ASW, B-CP, HSRN-I[28]
Winston-Salem State 13–1 Connell Maynor AURN, B-MP, BCSP,[128] DCCC-MM,[127] HSRN-II,[28] PCW
2012 Arkansas–Pine Bluff 10–2 Monte Coleman ASW, B-CP, HSRN-I[129]
Bethune-Cookman 9–3 Brian Jenkins AURN
Tennessee State 8–3 Rod Reed DCCC-M[130]
Winston-Salem State 14–1 Connell Maynor B-MP, BCSP,[131] DCCC-MM,[130] HSRN-II,[132] PCW
2013 Bethune-Cookman 10–3 Brian Jenkins B-CP, B-MP, DCCC-M,[133] PCW
Tennessee State 10–4 Rod Reed ASW, AURN, BCSP,[134] HSRN-I[132]
Winston-Salem State 10–2 Connell Maynor DCCC-MM,[135] HSRN-II[132]
2014 Alcorn State 10–3 Jay Hopson AURN, B-CP, B-MP, BCSP,[136] DCCC-M,[135] HSRN-I[135]
Virginia State 10–2 Latrell Scott DCCC-MM,[135] HBCUS-PFP[26] HSRN-II[135]
2015 North Carolina A&T 10–2 Rod Broadway AFRCB, AURN,[137] B-CP,[138] B-MP,[138] BCSP,[139] DCCC-M,[140] HBCUS-UP,[27] HSRN-I[29]
Tuskegee 10–3 Willie Slater DCCC-MM,[140] HSRN-II[29]

National championships by school

School National championships Seasons
Tennessee State 16 1946, 1947, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1965, 1966, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1984, 2012, 2013
Florida A&M 14 1938, 1942, 1950, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1977, 1978, 1998, 2001
Grambling State 14 1955, 1967, 1972, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1983, 1992, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2008
Tuskegee 12 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1929, 1930, 2000, 2001, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2015
Southern 11 1948, 1949, 1950, 1954, 1960, 1975, 1993, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2003
Central State 8 1948, 1983, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1992
Howard 7 1920, 1923, 1925, 1926, 1987, 1993, 1996
Morgan State 7 1933, 1937, 1943, 1944, 1946, 1949, 1967
South Carolina State 7 1976, 1977, 1981, 1982, 1994, 2008, 2009
Hampton 6 1922, 1985, 1994, 2004, 2005, 2006
Prairie View A&M 6 1953, 1954, 1958, 1963, 1964, 2009
Alcorn State 5 1968, 1969, 1974, 1984, 2014
North Carolina A&T 5 1951, 1968, 1990, 1999, 2015
Bethune-Cookman 4 2002, 2010, 2012, 2013
Wiley 4 1921, 1928, 1932, 1945
Jackson State 3 1962, 1985, 1996
Kentucky State 3 1933, 1934, 1935
Morris Brown 3 1940, 1941, 1951
Virginia State 3 1936, 1952, 2014
Winston-Salem State 3 2011, 2012, 2013
Alabama State 2 1991, 2011
Albany State 2 2004, 2010
Bluefield State 2 1927, 1928
Langston 2 1939, 1941
North Carolina Central 2 2005, 2006
Talladega 2 1920, 1921
Texas Southern 2 1952, 2010
Virginia Union 2 1923, 1981
Arkansas–Pine Bluff 1 2012
Delaware State 1 2007
Lincoln–Missouri 1 1952
Lincoln–Pennsylvania 1 1923
Norfolk State 1 2011
Paul Quinn 1 1924
Shaw 1 1947
Texas College 1 1935
West Virginia State 1 1936
Wilberforce 1 1931

References

  1. ↑ "The SBN Black College Football Poll is Worthless". HBCU Sports Blog. September 16, 2008. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008.
  2. ↑ "Images From The Past: Ben B. Church". theblackcollegefootballmuseum.org. Retrieved September 25, 2016.
  3. 1 2 Gerald L. Smith, Karen Cotton McDaniel, & John A. Hardin (ed.). "Jones, Paul William Lawrence". The Kentucky African American Encyclopedia (p. 287).
  4. ↑ "About the NAIA". naia.org. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 Sam Lacy (December 19, 1953). "From A To Z". Baltimore Afro-American (p. 21).
  6. ↑ Sedrick Durr. "SWAC vs MEAC Postseason Bowl Game—Again?". jacksonadvocateonline.com. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
  7. ↑ Milton S. Katz (2007). "Breaking Through: John B. McLendon, Basketball Legend and Civil Rights Pioneer". books.google.com (p. 34).
  8. 1 2 "The Event: 1st National Championship Football Game (ad)". Baltimore Afro-American (p. 15). November 8, 1947.
  9. ↑ "Black College Basketball: Top 20 Black Colleges". Jet (p. 50). March 18, 1976.
  10. 1 2 "Football Championship Subdivision Records" (PDF). fs.ncaa.org (p. 87).
  11. ↑ "40th Annual Black College All-American Weekend a success". newpittsburghcourieronline.com. March 17, 2014. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
  12. ↑ "Black top 10". Baton Rouge Morning Advocate (sec. C, p. 2). October 30, 1979.
  13. 1 2 "Awards". 100percentwrong.org. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
  14. 1 2 Hal Lamar (February 4, 2012). "Hal Lamar's Blog: The Economy's Latest Victim—The 100% Wrong Club of Atlanta". onnidan.com. Retrieved January 13, 2016.
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  17. ↑ "NCAA Division I Black College Football Poll". usatoday30.usatoday.com. 2002. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
  18. 1 2 "Alcorn State voted HBCU national champions: Coaches and Media agree". boxtorow.com. Retrieved December 20, 2015.
  19. ↑ "Tenn. Wins '47 National Grid Crown". Baltimore Afro-American (p. 15). December 13, 1947.
  20. ↑ "1948 Sports Champs (table)". Baltimore Afro-American (sec. First News, p. 8). January 1, 1949.
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  24. ↑ "Colored Universities Football Game Championship". genealogyimagesofhistory.com. 1923. Retrieved September 23, 2016.
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  26. 1 2 Kendrick Marshall (December 10, 2014). "Virginia State Wins HBCU Sports Football National Championship Fan Poll". hbcusports.com. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
  27. 1 2 "North Carolina A&T Tops Ultimate HBCU Top 25 Football Poll". hbcusports.com. December 21, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "HSRN announces The Conaway Cup award". theciaa.com. January 6, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2015.
  29. 1 2 3 4 "North Carolina A&T, Tuskegee Finish Season With No.1 Ranking In HSRN Poll". hbcusports.com. December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 23, 2015.
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  31. 1 2 "Central State Marauders, 'Tank' Younger Feted in L.A.". Jet (p. 49). May 22, 1989.
  32. ↑ "Black Grid Poll: Tigers stay on top, HU fourth". Washington Afro-American–Washington Tribune Red Star Ed. (p. 18). September 27, 1975.
  33. ↑ Fred Leigh (December 13, 1947). "Shaw Rips S.C. State In D.C.: Bears' 2nd Quarter Tallies Decide Tilt, CIAA Champs Fizzle On Early Drives Then Fight Gallanty to Hold Lead". Baltimore Afro-American (p. 17).
  34. 1 2 "The Pigskin Club of Washington, Inc.: 75th Anniversary Awards Dinner" (PDF). Pigskin Club of Washington: William G. "Billy" Coward Award—National Black College Football Champions (p. 34).
  35. ↑ "Negro Elevens In Steel Bowl". New London, Conn. Evening Day (p. 11). January 1, 1941.
  36. 1 2 "Vulcan Bowl Game Set". Tuscaloosa News (p. 11). November 7, 1941.
  37. ↑ "First Annual Pelican Bowl (game program)". 1972.
  38. ↑ "Grambling Wins And Claims Title". New York Times. December 3, 1972.
  39. ↑ "Grambling in Pel Bowl Today". Baton Rouge Morning Advocate (sec. C, p. 3). December 7, 1974.
  40. ↑ "Williams Propels Grambling To 28–7 Pelican Bowl Win". Baton Rouge Sunday Advocate (sec. C, p. 3). December 8, 1974.
  41. ↑ Joyce Davis Robinson (December 28, 1975). "Pelican Fans: Sugar Bowl Sign an Insult". New Orleans Times–Picayune (sec. 1, p. 34).
  42. ↑ Tom Aswell (December 29, 1975). "Jaguars Rally To Win Pelican Bowl By 15–12". Baton Rouge State–Times (sec. D, p. 2).
  43. ↑ "Blackcolleges". picssr.com. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
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  47. 1 2 "Pigskin Huddle". Baltimore Afro-American (p. 16). December 16, 1950.
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  50. ↑ "100 Per Cent Wrong Club Honors Sports Figures". Jet (p. 54). February 4, 1954.
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Prairie View Formally Presented W. A. Scott II Memorial Trophy: Moss H. Kendrix Principal Speaker At PV Grid Banquet". Memphis World. February 28, 1959.
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  54. ↑ "Calhoun To Be Honored By Atlanta Group". Durham Carolina Times (p. 5). December 15, 1956.
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  66. ↑ James D. Heath (December 30, 1967). "1967 Atlanta Daily World All-America Football Team, Grambling College Tigers Named Nat'l Champions". Memphis World.
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  68. ↑ "Atlanta 100% Wrong Club Picks Right Winners". Jet (p. 48). February 12, 1970.
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  71. ↑ "Grambling black nat'l champs". Pittsburgh Courier (p. 9). December 23, 1972.
  72. ↑ "Grambling Yearly Results". cfbdatawarehouse.com. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
  73. 1 2 "Trophy Retired (caption)". Durham Carolina Times (sec. B, p. 7). March 23, 1974.
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  77. ↑ "Final Ranking". Pittsburgh Courier (p. 9). December 14, 1974.
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  79. ↑ "Grambling Heads Number of Players On All-America Football Team". Durham Carolina Times (p. 7). January 31, 1976.
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  81. ↑ Frank Bannister (December 16, 1976). "Top 20 Black Colleges". Jet (p. 50).
  82. ↑ "Bro. Stanley Clinkscale Enters S.C.S.U. Athletic Hall of Fame". greenvillesckappas.com. February 22, 2013. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
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  126. ↑ "Texas Southern Faces 2013 & 2014 Postseason Ban". businessinsider.com. October 9, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
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