Black caiman

Black caiman
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Superorder: Crocodylomorpha
Order: Crocodilia
Family: Alligatoridae
Clade: Jacarea
Genus: Melanosuchus
Gray, 1862
Species: M. niger
Binomial name
Melanosuchus niger
(Spix, 1825)
Synonyms
  • Caiman niger Spix, 1825
  • Champsa nigra (Spix, 1825)
  • Alligator niger (Spix, 1825)
  • Jacare niger (Spix, 1825)
  • Jacaretinga niger (Spix, 1825)

The black caiman (Melanosuchus niger) is a large crocodilian and, along with the American alligator, is one of the biggest extant members of the family Alligatoridae and order Crocodilia. It is a carnivorous reptile that lives along slow-moving rivers, lakes, seasonally flooded savannas of the Amazon basin, and in other freshwater habitats of South America. It is a quite large species, growing to sizes of at least 5 m (16 ft) and possibly up to 6 m (20 ft) in length, which make it the biggest reptile in the Neotropical ecozone.[2][3] As their name implies, the black caiman has a dark coloration, as an adult. In some individuals the dark coloration can appear almost black. However, they have grey to brown banding on the lower jaw. Juveniles have a more vibrant coloration compared to adults with prominent white to pale yellow banding on the flanks that remains present well into adulthood, at least more when compared to other species. The morphology is quite different from other caimans but the bony ridge that occurs in other caimans is present. The head is large and heavy; an advantage in catching larger prey.

The black caiman is the largest predator in the Amazon ecosystem, preying on a variety of fish, reptiles, birds and mammals.[3] They are generalists and apex predators, potentially capable of taking any animal within its range, including other predators.[4] Few ecological studies have been carried out on the species but it can be noted that the black caiman has its own ecological niche that enables coexistence without too much competition. As the largest predator in the ecosystem, it may also be a keystone species, playing an important role of maintaining the structure of the ecosystem.[3] Reproduction takes place in the dry season. Females build a nest mound with an egg chamber, protecting the eggs from predators. Hatchlings form groups called pods, guarded by the presence of the female. These pods may contain individuals from other nests. Once common, it was hunted to near extinction primarily for its commercially valuable hide. It is now making a comeback, listed as Conservation Dependent.[1] Overall a little-known species, it was not researched in any detail until the 1980s, when the leather-trade had already taken its toll.[5] It is a dangerous species to humans and attacks have occurred in the past.[6]

Characteristics

Skeleton

The black caiman has dark-coloured, scaly skin. The skin coloration helps with camouflage during its nocturnal hunts, but may also help absorb heat (see thermoregulation). The lower jaw has grey banding (brown in older animals), and pale yellow or white bands are present across the flanks of the body, although these are much more prominent in juveniles. This banding fades only gradually as the animal matures. The bony ridge extending from above the eyes down the snout, as seen in other caiman, is present. The eyes are large, as befits its largely nocturnal activity, and brown in colour. Mothers on guard near their nests are tormented by blood-sucking flies that gather around their vulnerable eyes leaving them bloodshot.

The black caiman is structurally dissimilar to other caiman species, particularly in the shape of the skull. Compared to other caimans, it has distinctly larger eyes. Although the snout is relatively narrow, the skull (given the species' considerably larger size) is much larger overall than other caimans. Black caiman are relatively more robust than other crocodilians of comparable length. For example, a 3.9 m (13 ft) adult was found to have a considerably heavier and longer skull than a 4.8 m (16 ft) Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus).[7] Young black caiman can be distinguished from large spectacled caiman by their proportionately larger head, as well as by the colour of the jaw, which is light coloured in the Spectacled caiman and dark with three black spots in the black caiman.[5]

Size

A swimming black caiman.

The black caiman is one of the largest extant reptiles. It is the largest predator in the Amazon basin and possibly the largest member of the family Alligatoridae. Most adult black caimans are 2.8 to 4.26 metres (9.2–14 ft) in length, with a few old males growing larger than 5 m (16 ft) and exceeding a weight of 400 kg (880 lb).[8][9] Sub-adult male specimens of around 2.5–3.35 m (8.2–11.0 ft) will weigh roughly 95–100 kg (209–220 lb), around the same size as a mature female, but will quickly increase in bulk and weight. Mid-sized mature males of 3.5–4 m (11–13 ft) weigh approximately 300 kg (660 lb).[10][11] Another sampling of subadult males found them to range in length from 2.1 to 2.8 m (6.9 to 9.2 ft), averaging 2.45 m (8.0 ft), and that they weighed from 26 to 86 kg (57 to 190 lb), averaging 48 kg (106 lb).[12] The black caiman broadly overlaps in size with the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), although it is on average larger at maturity. In some areas (such as the Araguaia River) this species is consistently reported at 4 to 5 metres (13–16 ft) in length, much larger than the alligator (which rarely even reaches 4 meters), although specimens this size are uncommon. Several widely reported but unconfirmed (and probably largely anecdotal) sources report that the black caiman can grow to over 6 m (20 ft) in length and weigh up to 1,100 kg (2,400 lb).[4][5] In South America, two other crocodilians reportedly reach similar sizes: the American Crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) and the Orinoco Crocodile (C. intermedius).

Biology and behaviour

Hunting and diet

Black caiman are apex predators with a generalist diet, and can take virtually any terrestrial and riparian animal found throughout their range. Similar to other large crocodilians, black caiman have even been observed catching and eating smaller species, such as the spectacled caiman and sometimes cannibalizing smaller individuals of their own kind. Hatchlings mostly eat small fish, frogs, and invertebrates such as crustaceans and insects, but with time and size graduate to eating larger fish, including piranhas, catfish, and perch, which remain a significant food source for all black caiman. Dietary studies have focused on young caimans (due both to their often being more common than large adults and to their being easier to handle), the largest specimen examined for stomach contents in one study being only 1.54 m (5.1 ft) notably under sexually mature size, which is at a minimum 2 m (6.6 ft) in smaller females. Although diverse prey is known to be captured by young black caimans, dietary studies have shown snails often dominate the diet of young caiman, followed by quite small fish.[13][14][15][16] Various prey will be taken by availability, includes snakes, turtles, birds and mammals, the latter two mainly when they come to drink at the river banks. Mammalian prey mostly include common Amazonian species such as various monkeys, sloths, armadillos, pacas, agoutis, coatis, and capybaras. Larger specimens can virtually take any South American terrestrial or riparian vertebrate unfortunate enough to encounter them. Large prey can include other species of caiman, deer, peccaries, tapirs, anacondas, giant otters,[17] and domestic animals including pigs, cattle, horses and dogs. Although it was reported about rare fatal attacks on cougars or even jaguars, very little evidence exists of such predation and cats are likely to avoid ponds with black caimans.[18][19] Where capybara and white-lipped peccary herds are common, they are reportedly among the most common prey item for large adults.[7][20] Evidence has suggested fairly large river turtles can be counted among the prey of adult black caiman, the bite force of which is apparently sufficient to shatter a turtle shell.[21] Scars on Amazon river dolphins suggest they may occasionally be attacked by black caimans.[22] Compared to the smaller caiman species, the black caiman more often hunts terrestrially at night, using its acute hearing and sight.[5] As with all crocodilian species, their teeth are designed to grab but not chew, so they generally try to swallow their food whole after drowning or crushing it. Large prey that cannot be swallowed whole are often stored so the flesh will rot enough to allow the caiman to take bites out of the flesh.

Adult

Reproduction

At the end of the dry season, females build a nest of soil and vegetation, which is about 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) across and 0.75 meters (2.5 feet) wide. They lay up to 65 eggs (though usually somewhere between 30 and 60), which hatch in about six weeks, at the beginning of the wet season, when newly flooded marshes provide ideal habitat for the juveniles once hatched.[5] The eggs are quite large, averaging 144 g (5.1 oz) in weight.[9] Unguarded clutches (when the mother goes off to hunt) are readily devoured by a wide array of animals, regularly including mammals such as South American coatis (Nasua nasua) or large rodents, egg-preying snakes and birds such as herons and vultures. Occasionally predators are caught and killed by the mother caiman.[5] Hatching is said to occur between 42 and 90 days after the eggs are laid.[5] It is well documented that, as with other crocodilians, caimans frequently move their young from the nest in their mouths after hatching (whence the erroneous belief that they eat their young), and transport them to a safe pool. The mother will assist chirping, unhatched young to break out of the leathery eggs, by delicately breaking the eggs between her teeth. She will try to look after her young for several months but the baby caimans are largely independent and most do not survive to maturity. Baby black caimans are subject to predation even more regularly after they hatch, facing many of the same mesopredators, as well any other crocodilian (including those of their own species), large snake or large, carnivorous fish that they encounter. Predation is so common that black caimans count on their young to survive via safety in numbers.[5] The female black caiman only breeds once every 2 to 3 years.

Interspecific predatory relationships

Many predators, including various fish, mammal, reptile and even amphibian species, feed on caiman eggs and hatchlings. Once the black caiman attains a length of a few feet, it has few natural predators. Large anacondas may take an occasional young caiman of this species. The jaguar (Panthera onca), being a known predator of all other caiman species, is the only primary predatory threat to juvenile black caimans. Mature black caimans have no natural predators, as is true of other similarly-sized crocodilian species given the size, weight, thick hide and immense strength.[8]

Conservation status and threats

Humans hunt black caimans for leather or meat. This species was classified as Endangered in the 1970s due to the high demand for its well-marked skin. The trade in black caiman leather peaked from the 1950s to 1970s, when the smaller but much more common spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus) became the more commonly hunted species. Local people still trade black caiman skins and meat today at a small scale but the species has rebounded overall from the overhunting in the past.[9] The fact that black caimans lay, on average, around 40 eggs has helped them recover to some degree.[9] Perhaps an equal continuing threat is habitat destruction, since development and clear-cutting is now epidemic in South America. Spectacled caimans have now filled the niche of crocodilian predator of fish in many areas. Due to their greater numbers and faster reproductive abilities, the Spectacled populations are locally outcompeting black caimans, although the larger species dominates in a one-on-one basis.[5] Persistent management is needed to control caiman-hunting and is quite difficult to enforce effectively.[9] After the depletion of the black caiman population, piranhas and capybaras, having lost perhaps their primary predator, reached unnaturally high numbers. This has, in turn, led to increased agricultural and livestock losses.[5]

Compounding the conservation issues it faces, this species occasionally preys on humans.[23] Most tales are poorly documented and unconfirmed but, given this species' formidable size, predation on humans can be fatal.[6][24][25]

References

  1. 1 2 Ross, J.P. (2000). "Melanosuchus niger". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2000: e.T13053A3407604. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
  2. ↑ Black Caiman (Melanosuchus niger). Crocodilian Specialist Group. Retrieved on 2013-04-13.
  3. 1 2 3 Melanosuchus niger Black caiman. Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved on 2013-04-13.
  4. 1 2 Black Caiman, Black Caiman Skull. Dinosaurcorporation.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-23.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Crocodilian Species – Black Caiman (Melanosucus niger). Crocodilian.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-23.
  6. 1 2 Sideleau, B., & Britton, A. R. C. (2012). "A preliminary analysis of worldwide crocodilian attacks", pp. 111–114 in Crocodiles. Proceedings of the 21st Working Meeting of the Crocodile Specialist Group, Manila, Philippines. IUCN. Gland, Switzerland, Manila, Philippines.
  7. 1 2 Potts, Ryan J. Endangered Reptiles and Amphibians of the World – II. The Black Caiman, Melanosuchus niger, Vermont Herpetology.
  8. 1 2 Da Silveira, Ronis; Ramalho, Emiliano E.; Thorbjarnarson, John B.; Magnusson, William E. (2010). "Depredation by Jaguars on Caimans and Importance of Reptiles in the Diet of Jaguar". Journal of Herpetology. 44 (3): 418–424. doi:10.1670/08-340.1.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Thorbjarnarson, J.B. (2010). Black Caiman Melanosuchus niger. pp. 29–39 in Crocodiles. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. 3rd ed., S.C. Manolis and C. Stevenson (eds). Crocodile Specialist Group: Darwin. iucncsg.org
  10. ↑ French Guiana. kwata.net (2003).
  11. ↑ MELANOSUCHUS NIGER (Black Caiman). LONG DISTANCE (Joao Valsecchi) – Academia.edu. Mamiraua.academia.edu. Retrieved on 2012-08-23.
  12. ↑ Cardoso, A. M.; De Souza, A. J.; Menezes, R. C.; Pereira, W. L.; Tortelly, R (2013). "Gastric Lesions in Free-Ranging Black Caimans (Melanosuchus niger) Associated With Brevimulticaecum Species". Veterinary Pathology. 50 (4): 582–4. doi:10.1177/0300985812459337. PMID 22961885.
  13. ↑ Horna, J. V.; Cintra, R. & Ruesta, P. V. (2001). "Feeding ecology of black caiman Melanosuchus niger in a western Amazonian forest: The effects of ontogeny and seasonality on diet composition". Ecotropica. 7: 1–11.
  14. ↑ Horna, V.; Zimmermann, R.; Cintra, R.; Vásquez, P.; Horna, J. (2003). "Feeding ecology of the black caiman (Melanosuchus niger) in Manu National Park, Peru". Lyonia. 4: 65–72.
  15. ↑ Marioni, B.; Da Silveira, R.; Magnusson, W. E.; Thorbjarnarson, J. (2008). "Feeding behavior of two sympatric caiman species, Melanosuchus niger and Caiman crocodilus, in the Brazilian Amazon". Journal of Herpetology. 42 (4): 768–772. doi:10.1670/07-306R1.1.
  16. ↑ Reynolds, N., & Conservation, B. W. (2008). Dietary competition between the black caiman (Melanosuchus niger) and the spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus) within the Lago Preto Reserve, Peru. DI512 Dissertation.
  17. ↑ Hunter, Luke (2011) Carnivores of the World. Princeton University Press, ISBN 9780691152288
  18. ↑ Black Caiman – AC Tropical Fish.
  19. ↑ Black Caiman. Adapting Eden. Retrieved on 2015-09-25.
  20. ↑ Foth, C.; Bona, P.; Desojo, J. B. (2015). "Intraspecific variation in the skull morphology of the black caiman Melanosuchus niger (Alligatoridae, Caimaninae)". Acta Zoologica. 96 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1111/azo.12045.
  21. ↑ de la Ossa, J.; Vogt, R. C.; Ferrara, C. R. (2010). "Melanosuchus niger (Crocodylia: Alligatoridae) as opportunistic turtle consumer in its natural environment". Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal. 2 (2): 244–252.
  22. ↑ Martin, A. R.; Da Silva, V. M. F. (2006). "Sexual dimorphism and body scarring in the boto (Amazon river dolphin) Inia geoffrensis". Marine Mammal Science. 22 (1): 25–33. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.2006.00003.x.
  23. ↑ Jornal Hoje – Bióloga atacada por jacaré na Amazônia luta pela preservação da espécie. G1.globo.com (2010-08-04). Retrieved on 2013-01-11.
  24. ↑ Welcome To The Official Mark O'shea Website. Markoshea.tv. Retrieved on 2012-08-23.
  25. ↑ Haddad Jr, V; Fonseca, W. C. (2011). "A fatal attack on a child by a black caiman (Melanosuchus niger)". Wilderness & Environmental Medicine. 22 (1): 62–4. doi:10.1016/j.wem.2010.11.010. PMID 21377122.

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