Black-throated loon
| Black-throated loon | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Gaviiformes |
| Family: | Gaviidae |
| Genus: | Gavia |
| Species: | G. arctica |
| Binomial name | |
| Gavia arctica (Linnaeus, 1758) | |
| Subspecies | |
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| Range of G. arctica Breeding range Wintering range | |
The black-throated loon (Gavia arctica) is a migratory aquatic bird found in the northern hemisphere. The species is known as an Arctic loon in North America and the black-throated diver in Eurasia. Its current name is a compromise proposed by the International Ornithological Committee.[2]
Taxonomy
The black-throated loon was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th-century work, Systema Naturae.[3] The genus name Gavia comes from the Latin for "sea mew", as used by ancient Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder.[4] The specific arctica is Latin for northern or arctic.[5]
Description
Breeding adults are 58 to 77 cm (23 to 30 in) in length with a 100 to 130 cm (39 to 51 in) wingspan, shaped like a smaller, sleeker version of the great northern diver.[6] Body mass is reportedly from 2–3.4 kg (4.4–7.5 lb).[7] They have a grey head, black throat, white underparts and chequered black-and-white mantle. Non-breeding plumage is drabber with the chin and foreneck white. Its bill is grey or whitish and dagger-shaped. In all plumages, a white flank patch distinguishes this species from all other divers including the otherwise almost identical Pacific diver.
Distribution
It breeds in Eurasia and occasionally in western Alaska. It winters at sea, as well as on large lakes over a much wider range.
Behaviour
This species, like all divers, is a specialist fish-eater, catching its prey underwater. It flies with neck outstretched. It feeds on fish, insects, crustaceans and amphibians.
The calls include a yodelling high-pitched wail and harsh growls, similar but lower pitched than Pacific loon.
See the family Gaviidae for more details on general behaviour.
Miscellaneous
The black-throated diver is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.
Instructions for constructing and deploying artificial floating islands to provide black-throated divers with nesting opportunities are given in Hancock (2000).
In 2007, RSPB Scotland and the Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) stated that it was surprised by an increase in the last 12 years in the breeding figures in the UK for the red-throated diver and the rarer black-throated diver of 16% and 34% respectively due to the anchoring of 58 man-made rafts in lochs. Both species decreased elsewhere in Europe.
The black-throated diver is the current school emblem of Achfary Primary School.
Dr Mark Eaton, an RSPB scientist, traced the drop in overall numbers to warming of the North Sea which reduced stocks of the fish on which they feed.[8]
References
Citations
- ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "Gavia arctica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
- ↑ Gill, F.; Wright, M.; Donsker, D., eds. (2009). "IOC World Bird List (v 2.2)". Retrieved 3 September 2009.
- ↑ (Latin) Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae [Stockholm]: Laurentii Salvii.
- ↑ Johnsgard, Paul A. (1987). Diving Birds of North America. University of Nevada–Lincoln. ISBN 0-8032-2566-0.
- ↑ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 53. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
- ↑ "Arctic Loon". enature.com. eNature. 2011. Archived from the original on 2 January 2010.
- ↑ Dunning Jr., John B., ed. (1992). CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
- ↑ "Rise in divers mystifies experts". BBC NEWS. 7 September 2007.
Bibliography
- Hancock, Mark (2000). "Artificial floating islands for nesting Black-throated Divers Gavia arctica in Scotland: construction, use and effect on breeding success". Bird Study. 47 (2): 165–175. doi:10.1080/00063650009461172.
- Peter (1988). Seabirds (2nd ed.). London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7470-1410-8.
- Field Guide to the Birds of North America. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society. 2002. ISBN 0-7922-6877-6.
Identification
- Appleby, R.H.; Madge, S.C.; Mullarney, Killian (1986). "Identification of divers in immature and winter plumages". British Birds. 79 (8): 365–391.
- Birch, A.; Lee, C.T. (1997). "Field identification of Arctic and Pacific Loons". Birding. 29: 106–115.
- Birch, A.; Lee, C.T. (1995). "Identification of the Pacific Diver - a potential vagrant to Europe". Birding World. 8: 458–466.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gavia arctica. |
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Wikispecies has information related to: Gavia arctica |
- Flicker Field Guide Birds of the World Photographs
- Black-throated Diver Gavia arctica at BTO BirdFacts
- Profile Arctic Loon at avibirds.com
- Arctic Loon - A Field Guide to Birds of Armenia
- BirdLife species factsheet for Gavia arctica
- "Gavia arctica". Avibase.
- "Black-throated Diver media". Internet Bird Collection.
- Arctic Loon photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
- Audio recordings of Black-throated loon on Xeno-canto.
