Beatrice of Savoy

Beatrice of Savoy
Countess of Provence
Tenure December 1220 – 19 August 1245
Born 1205
Died 4 January 1267 (aged 61–62)
Spouse Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence
Issue Margaret, Queen of France
Eleanor, Queen of England
Sanchia, Queen of Germany
Beatrice, Queen of Sicily
Raymond of Provence
House Savoy
Father Thomas I of Savoy
Mother Margaret of Geneva

Beatrice of Savoy (1205 – 4 January 1267)[1] was the daughter of Thomas I of Savoy and Margaret of Geneva. She was Countess consort of Provence by her marriage to Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence.

Family

Her paternal grandparents were Humbert III, Count of Savoy, and Beatrice of Viennois. Her maternal grandparents were William I, Count of Geneva and Beatrice de Faucigny. Beatrice of Savoy's mother, Margaret was betrothed to Philip II of France. While Margaret was travelling to France for her wedding, she was captured by Beatrice's father, Thomas. He took her back to Savoy and married her himself. Thomas' excuse was that Philip II was already married, which was true.

Beatrice was the tenth of fourteen children born to her parents. Her siblings included: Amadeus IV, Count of Savoy; Thomas II of Piedmont; Peter II, Count of Savoy; Philip I, Count of Savoy; Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury; Avita the Countess of Devon; and Margherita of Savoy wife of Hartmann I of Kyburg.

Marriage and issue

Beatrice betrothed on 5 June 1219 to Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence; they married in December 1220. She was a shrewd and politically astute woman, whose beauty was likened to that of a second Niobe by Matthew Paris. Ramon and Beatrice of Savoy had four daughters, who all lived to adulthood, and married kings. Their only son, Raymond died in early infancy.[2]

  1. Margaret, Queen of France (1221–1295), wife of Louis IX of France
  2. Eleanor, Queen of England (1223–1291), wife of Henry III of England
  3. Sanchia, Queen of Germany (1228–1261), wife of Richard, Earl of Cornwall
  4. Beatrice, Queen of Sicily (1231–1267), wife of Charles I of Sicily
  5. Raymond of Provence, died young

Her four daughters

At the English court

In 1242, Beatrice's brother Peter was sent to Provence by Henry III to negotiate the marriage of Sanchia to Richard. Another brother, Philip, escorted Beatrice and Sanchia to the English court in Gascony, arriving in May 1243. There they joined Henry, Eleanor, and their baby, Beatrice of England. Henry was very happy at this occasion and gave many gifts to the various relatives.[3]

In November 1243, Beatrice and Sanchia travelled to England for the wedding.[4] This wedding did much to strengthen the bond between Richard and Henry III. She further strengthened the unity of the English royal family by convincing Henry III to help pay the debts of his sister Eleanor and her husband Simon de Montfort, who had often been at odds with Henry.[5] In January 1244, Beatrice negotiated a loan for her husband from Henry of four thousand marks, offering the king five Provençal castles as collateral.[6]

Dowager Countess

Statue of Beatrice of Savoy in Les Échelles (Savoy, France)
Grave of Beatrice of Savoy in Hautecombe Abbey

When Ramon Berenguer died on 19 August 1245, he left Provence to his youngest daughter, and his widow was granted the usufruct of the county of Provence for her lifetime. Beatrice's daughter and namesake then became one of the most attractive heiresses in medieval Europe. Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor sent a fleet and James I of Aragon sent an army to seize her, so Beatrice placed herself and her daughter in a safe fortress in Aix, secured the trust of its people then sent to the Pope for his protection. The Pope was also a target for Frederick's military incursions in France. In Cluny during December 1245, a secret discussion, between Pope Innocent IV, Louis IX of France, his mother Blanche of Castile, and his brother Charles of Anjou, took place. It was decided that in return for Louis IX supporting the Pope militarily, the Pope would allow Charles of Anjou, youngest brother to the French King, to marry Beatrice of Provence. Mother and daughter were satisfied with this selection.[7] But Provence was to never go to France outright through Charles. It was agreed that if Charles and Beatrice had children, the county would go to them; if there was no issue, then the county would go to Sanchia of Provence. If Sanchia died without an heir, Provence would go to the King of Aragon.

Henry protested the selection, arguing that he had not yet received the full dowry for Eleanor nor his brother for Sanchia. He also still had the castles in Provence against the loan he had made to the former count.[8]

When Charles took over the administration of Provence in 1246, he did not respect Beatrice's rights within the county. She sought the aid of Barral of Baux and the Pope in protecting her rights within the area. The citizens of Marseille, Avignon, and Arles joined this resistance to Capetian control. In 1248, Charles began to seek peace with her so that he could join his brother's crusade. A temporary truce was reached to allow this.[9]

In 1248, she travelled back to England with her brother Thomas, to see their family there.[10]

In 1254, as Louis was returning from his crusade by way of Provence, Beatrice petitioned him for a more permanent resolution of the dispute with Charles. The French queen Margaret joined the petition, noting that Charles had not respected her dowry either. Beatrice travelled with them back to Paris. As the year progressed, Henry and his wife were invited to travel to Paris, and eventually all four daughters joined their mother there for Christmas.[11]

The generally good relationship among the four sisters did much to improve the relationship of the French and English kings. It brought about the Treaty of Paris in 1259, where differences were resolved.[12] Beatrice and all her four daughters participated in the talks.[13] While the family was still gathered, Louis IX finally persuaded Beatrice to surrender her claims and control in Provence in exchange for a sizable pension to be paid to her. Charles also paid back the loan henry had made to the previous count, clearing his claims in the county.[14]

In 1262, Beatrice was part of the family discussion to try again to bring peace between Henry and Simon de Montfort.[15] When Henry was captured in 1264, Beatrice's brother Peter II, Count of Savoy took his army to join the efforts to free the king. He left Beatrice in charge of Savoy while he was gone.[16]

Beatrice outlived her third daughter Sanchia and came close to outliving her youngest daughter Beatrice, who died months after her mother (Beatrice the elder died in January, Beatrice the younger died in September). Beatrice of Savoy died on 4 January 1267.

Notes

  1. ↑ Charles Cawley, Medieval Lands, Savoy
  2. ↑ Cawley, Medieval Lands, Provence
  3. ↑ Cox 1974, p. 116-118.
  4. ↑ Cox 1974, p. 119.
  5. ↑ Goldstone 2007, p. 100-101.
  6. ↑ Cox 1974, p. 119-121.
  7. ↑ Cox 1974, p. 146-149,153.
  8. ↑ Cox 1974, p. 151-152.
  9. ↑ Cox 1974, p. 160-163.
  10. ↑ Cox 1974, p. 169-170.
  11. ↑ Cox 1974, p. 246-249.
  12. ↑ Sanders 1951, p. 88.
  13. ↑ Hilton 2008, p. 206-207.
  14. ↑ Cox 1974, p. 281-282.
  15. ↑ Cox 1974, p. 311.
  16. ↑ Cox 1974, p. 315.

References

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