Bahá'í symbols

Calligraphy of the Greatest Name

Bahá'í symbols are symbols that have been used, or are used, to express identification with the Bahá'í Faith. While the five-pointed star is the symbol of the religion,[1] being used to represent the human body and Messengers of God, more common symbols include the nine-pointed star, the Greatest Name, and the Ringstone symbol, representing perfection, and the Messengers of God.

Five-pointed star

An unidentified tablet in the Báb's handwriting.
An unidentified tablet in the Báb's handwriting.

The five-pointed star, or haykal (Arabic: temple‎‎) is the symbol of the Bahá'í Faith as mentioned by Shoghi Effendi, head of the Bahá'í Faith in the first half of the 20th century: "Strictly speaking the 5-pointed star is the symbol of our Faith, as used by the Báb and explained by Him."[1] The five-pointed star has been used as the outline of special letters or tablets by both the Báb and Bahá'u'lláh.[2]

Haykal is a loan word from the Hebrew word hēyḵāl, which means temple and specifically Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem. In Arabic, the word also means the body or form of something, particularly the human body.[3] In the Bahá'í tradition, the haykal was established by the Báb — who told of Bahá'u'lláh's coming — who represented the haykal as a five-pointed star representing the human body as a head, two hands, and two feet.[3][4] The Báb wrote many letters, tablets, prayers and more in the shape of a five-pointed star, including some that included many derivatives of the word Bahá’ (see below).[5][6]

In Bahá'u'lláh's writings, specifically the Súriy-i-Haykal (Tablet of the Temple), while the meaning of temple remains present, the haykal is used mainly to mean the human body, but particularly the body of the Manifestation of God — a messenger from God — and the person of Bahá'u'lláh himself.[3] In the Tablet, the haykal is also used to refer to the word of God, which is revealed by the Manifestations of God.[7] He also says in the same Tablet:

"O Living Temple! We have, in very truth,...ordained Thee to be the emblem of My Cause betwixt the heavens and the earth..."[8]

The Greatest Name

The word Bahá’

In Islamic belief God has 99 names, and in some Islamic traditions it is believed that there is a special hidden 100th name, which is the greatest.[9] In Bahá'í belief the Greatest Name is Bahá’ (بهاء), translated as "glory" or "splendour".[9] Many symbols of the Bahá'í Faith derive their significance from the word Bahá’, and it is the root word used in many other names and phrases including Bahá'í (a follower of Bahá'), Bahá'u'lláh (Glory of God), `Abdu'l-Bahá (Servant of Glory), Yá Bahá'u'l-Abhá (O Thou Glory of the Most Glorious), and Alláh-u-Abhá (God is Most Glorious).

Calligraphy of the Greatest Name

Bahá'u'lláh often referred to Bahá'ís in his writings as "the people of Bahá’", and in addition, the Báb sent a tablet to Bahá'u'lláh with 360 derivatives of the word Bahá’.[2][10] Along with daily prayers, Bahá'ís are encouraged to recite the phrase "Alláh-u-Abhá" 95 times in a form of meditation.[11]

Arabic letters in the Greatest Name

The symbol known as Greatest Name is an Arabic calligraphic rendering of "Yá Bahá'u'l-Abhá" (يا بهاء الأبهى usually translated as "O Thou the Glory of the Most Glorious!"). This rendering was originally drawn by the early Bahá'í calligrapher Mishkín Qalam,[9] and later adopted by Bahá'ís everywhere.

Since the symbol refers more directly to the Name of God and of the Messenger of God, than any other symbol in the Bahá'í Faith, it is not generally used in a casual manner or to adorn the personal artifacts that are put to common use.[12] The symbol can usually be seen in Bahá'í homes and rings that are produced on a limited scale.[12]

Nine-pointed star

According to the Abjad system of Isopsephy, the word Bahá' has a numerical equivalence of 9, and thus there is frequent use of the number 9 in Bahá'í symbols.[9] The most commonly used symbol connected to the number 9 is the nine-pointed star; there is no particular design of the nine-pointed star that is used more often than others. While the star is not a part of the teachings of the Bahá'í Faith, it is commonly used as an emblem representing "9", because of the association of number 9 with perfection, unity and Bahá’.

The number 9 also comes up several times in Bahá'í history and teachings. On the significance of the number 9, Shoghi Effendi wrote:

"Concerning the number nine: the Bahá'ís reverence this for two reasons, first because it is considered by those interested in numbers as the sign of perfection. The second consideration, which is the more important one, is that it is the numerical value of the word "Bahá’"…
"Besides these two significances the number nine has no other meaning. It is, however, enough to make the Bahá'ís use it when an arbitrary number is to be chosen."[13]

Its use on gravestone markers was approved by Shoghi Effendi, then head of the religion, in 1944.[14]

Ringstone symbol

Ringstone symbol
Ringstone symbol on jewelry

The ringstone symbol was designed by `Abdu'l-Bahá, Bahá'u'lláh's son and successor, and as its name implies, is the most common symbol found on rings worn by Bahá'ís, but it is also used on necklaces, book covers, and paintings. It consists of two stars (haykal) interspersed with a stylized Bahá’. The lower line is said to represent humanity and the world of creation, the upper line the world of God, and the middle line represents the special station of Manifestation of God and the world of revelation; the vertical line is the Primal Will or Holy Spirit proceeding from God through the Manifestations to humanity.[15] The position of Manifestation of God in this symbol is said to be the linking point to God. The two stars or haykals represent Bahá'u'lláh and the Báb.[16]

Symbolic language

Nightingale, symbolizing Bahá’u’lláh, by calligrapher Mishkín-Qalam.

The writings of Bahá’u’lláh contain many allegories and symbolic language, often taken from nature (e.g. the sun, clouds, trees, rivers, oceans, valleys, mountains, gardens, birds etc.), referring to spiritual principles. Christopher Buck analyses a selection of six key scenarios (the Promised One, the Covenant, illumination, lover and the beloved, the Maid of Heaven, the crimson ark and the Holy Mariner) and six root metaphors (physician, wine/water of life, mirror/gems, the journey, lote-tree/Sinai, paradise).[17] Other analysis has been done by Bahá’í scholars John Hatcher,[18] William Collins,[19] and Ruhiyyih Khanum.[20]

A true understanding of the multiple meanings in the sacred texts can only be reached by a purification of the heart, together with the guidance of the Manifestations of God and their appointed interpreters. Bahá’ís are free to hold to their own understanding of the texts, as long as they do not force it on others, realize that their understanding is limited, and that they all follow the binding authority of the appointed interpreters.[21][22]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Effendi 1973, p. 52
  2. 1 2 Riggs 1981, pp. 126
  3. 1 2 3 Walbridge, pp. 165–169
  4. ↑ Faizi 1968, pp. 19
  5. ↑ Riggs 1981, pp. 70
  6. ↑ Faizi 1968, pp. 9
  7. ↑ Taherzadeh 1984, pp. 134
  8. ↑ Bahá'u'lláh (2002) [1868]. The Summons of the Lord of Hosts. Haifa, Israel: Bahá'í World Centre. p. 21. ISBN 0-85398-976-1.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Smith, Peter (2000), "greatest name", A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith, Oxford: Oneworld Publications, pp. 167–168, ISBN 1-85168-184-1
  10. ↑ Lambden, Stephen (1993), "The Word Bahá': Quintessence of the Greatest Name", Bahá'í Studies Review, 3 (1)
  11. ↑ Smith, Peter (2000), "prayer", A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith, Oxford: Oneworld Publications, pp. 274–275, ISBN 1-85168-184-1
  12. 1 2 Hornby 1983, pp. 267–268
  13. ↑ On behalf of Shoghi Effendi, published in Hornby 1983, p. 414
  14. ↑ Universal House of Justice (January 24, 1999). "The Nine-Pointed Star: History and Symbolism". Bahá'í Library Online. Retrieved Sep 14, 2014.
  15. ↑ On behalf of Shoghi Effendi, published in Hornby 1983, p. 269
  16. ↑ `Abdu'l-Bahá, published in Hornby 1983, p. 269
  17. ↑ Buck, Christopher (1999). Paradise and Paradigm. SUNY Press. pp. 181–225. ISBN 9780791497944.
  18. ↑ Hatcher, J.S. (1997). The Ocean of His Words: A Reader's Guide to the Art of Bahá'u'lláh. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-87743-259-7.
  19. ↑ Collins, William (1990). "Sacred Mythology and the Bahá'í Faith" (PDF). Journal of Bahá'í Studies. 2 (4): 1–15.
  20. ↑ Rabbani, Ruhiyyih (1984). The Desire of the World: Materials for the Contemplation of God and His Manifestation for This Day. George Ronald, Oxford, UK. Includes a list of names of God and titles of Bahá'u'lláh in the Bahá'í writings.
  21. ↑ Smith, Peter (2000), "interpretation", A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith, Oxford: Oneworld Publications, p. 227, ISBN 1-85168-184-1
  22. ↑ Saiedi, Nader (2000). Logos and Civilization - Spirit, History, and Order in the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh. USA: University Press of Maryland and Association for Baha'i Studies. p. 152. ISBN 1883053609.

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bahá'í symbols.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 10/24/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.