Bay Area Rapid Transit

Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART)

A Pittsburg / Bay Point bound train at Walnut Creek in July 2008.
Overview
Locale	San Francisco Bay Area Counties: Alameda, Contra Costa, San Francisco, and San Mateo
Transit type	Rapid transit
Number of lines	6 lines 5 rapid transit lines 1 AGT line
Number of stations	45 (plus 4 under construction, 9 planned/proposed)
Daily ridership	423,120 weekdays 207,539 Saturdays 151,562 Sundays (FY 2015 average)[1]
Annual ridership	126.0 million (FY 2015)[1]
Chief executive	Grace Crunican
Headquarters	Kaiser Center Oakland, California
Website	Bay Area Rapid Transit
Operation
Began operation	September 11, 1972 (1972-09-11)
Operator(s)	San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District
Character	Fully grade separated with at-grade, elevated and subway sections
Number of vehicles	662 total, with 535 in service;[2] excluding AGT fleet
Train length	4-10 cars[3] (710 feet (216 m) max) 3-cars (AGT)
Headway	15–20 mins (by line); 3–8 mins (between trains at busiest stations)
Technical
System length	104 mi (167 km) (rapid transit)[4] 3.2 mi (5.1 km) (AGT)[4]
Track gauge	5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm)[4] (Indian gauge)
Minimum radius of curvature	120 m (390 ft)
Electrification	Third rail, 1,000 V DC[4][5]
Average speed	35 mph (56 km/h)[4]
Top speed	80 mph (130 km/h);[4] 70 mph (110 km/h)[6] during normal operations
System map

Part of a series of articles on

Overview History Stations Rolling Stock Expansion District Police

Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) is a public transportation system serving the San Francisco Bay Area. The rapid transit elevated and subway system connects San Francisco with cities in the East Bay and the northern portion of San Mateo County. BART's rapid transit system operates 5 routes on 104 miles (167 km) of track, with 44 stations in 4 counties, which are Alameda County, Contra Costa County, City and County of San Francisco, and San Mateo County. Additionally, BART operates a 3.2-mile (5.1 km) AGT line to the Oakland International Airport which adds a 45th station to the system. A further spur line under BART jurisdiction in eastern Contra Costa County will utilize other rail technologies. With an average of 423,120 weekday passengers and 126 million annual passengers in fiscal year 2015,^[1] BART is the fifth-busiest heavy rail rapid transit system in the United States. The name is spoken as an acronym instead of an initialism; it is referred to as "Bart," unlike "B-A-R-T."

BART is operated by the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District, a special-purpose transit district that was formed in 1957 to cover Alameda County, Contra Costa County, and San Francisco County. BART had eventually begun to expand into San Mateo County, starting with the opening of Colma station in 1995, and eventually the extension to the San Francisco International Airport and the Millbrae Caltrain station in 2003.

BART combines the aesthetics and carrying capacity of a metro system with the logistics and pricing model of commuter rail. It is an alternative to highway transportation, especially to avoid traffic on the San Francisco Bay Bridge, which connects San Francisco to Oakland and the East Bay suburbs. As of 2016, the BART system is being expanded to San Jose with the consecutive Warm Springs and Silicon Valley BART extensions.

History

Development and origins

Some of the Bay Area Rapid Transit System's current coverage area was once served by an electrified streetcar and suburban train system called the Key System. This early 20th-century system once had regular trans-bay traffic across the lower deck of the Bay Bridge. By the mid-1950s, that system had been dismantled in favor of highway travel. A new rapid-transit system was proposed to take the place of the Key System during the late 1940s, and formal planning for it began in the 1950s.^[7] Some funding was secured for the BART system in 1959,^[8] and construction began a few years later. Passenger service began on September 11, 1972, initially just between MacArthur and Fremont.^[9]

The new BART system was hailed as a major step forward in subway technology,^[10] although questions were asked concerning the safety of the system^[11] and the huge expenditures necessary for the construction of the network.^[12] All nine Bay Area counties were involved in the planning and envisioned to be connected by BART.

Alameda County, Contra Costa County, and The City and County of San Francisco are the original counties that BART serves. Santa Clara County, San Mateo County, and Marin County were also intended to be part of the system. Santa Clara County Supervisors opted out in 1957, preferring instead to build expressways. In 1961, San Mateo County supervisors voted to leave BART, saying their voters would be paying taxes to carry mainly Santa Clara County residents.^[13] Although Marin County originally voted in favor of BART participation at the 88% level, the district-wide tax base was weakened by the withdrawal of San Mateo County. Marin County withdrew in early 1962 because its marginal tax base could not adequately absorb its share of BART's projected cost. Another important factor in Marin's withdrawal was an engineering controversy over the feasibility of running trains across the Golden Gate Bridge.^[14]

The extension of BART into Marin was forecast as late as three decades after the 1972 start. Initially, a lower level under the Golden Gate Bridge was preferred. In 1970, the Golden Gate Transportation Facilities Plan considered a tunnel under the Golden Gate^[15] or a new bridge parallel to the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge^[16] but neither of these plans was pursued.

Extensions were completed to Colma and Pittsburg/Bay Point in 1996, Dublin/Pleasanton in 1997, SFO and Milbrae in 2003,^[17] and the automated guideway transit spur line that connects BART to Oakland International Airport in 2014.^[18]

Modernization

Bay Area Rapid Transit
Legend
System diagram
eBART Maintenance Yard 2018 Antioch 2018 Pittsburg Center 2018 eBART Transfer 2018 Pittsburg/Bay Point Diablo Range North Concord / Martinez Richmond Maintenance Yard Richmond Concord   Concord El Cerrito del Norte Train Yard   El Cerrito Plaza Pleasant Hill / Contra Costa Centre Walnut Creek North Berkeley Lafayette Downtown Berkeley Orinda Ashby Berkeley Hills Tunnel Rockridge MacArthur southbound transfer 19th St. Oakland northbound transfer 12th St. Oakland City Center Oakland Wye Lake Merritt West Oakland Fruitvale Transbay Tube Coliseum transfer Doolittle Car Barn proposed Embarcadero Oakland Int'l Airport Montgomery Street San Leandro Powell Street Bay Fair transfer Civic Center / UN Plaza Castro Valley San Leandro Hills 16th Street Mission West Dublin / Pleasanton 24th Street Mission Dublin / Pleasanton Glen Park Livermore proposed Hayward transfer Balboa Park South Hayward   Hayward Daly City Maintenance Complex   Union City Colma Fremont Colma Maintenance Yard Lake Elizabeth tunnel Irvington proposed South San Francisco Warm Springs / South Fremont 2016 transfer San Bruno Calaveras proposed Milpitas 2017 S.F. Int'l Airport Berryessa 2017 Millbrae Alum Rock proposed Downtown San Jose proposed Diridon / Arena proposed Santa Clara proposed Santa Clara Maintenance Facility proposed 5 ft 6 in gauge third rail 1,000 V DC Standard gauge DMU eBART Market Street Subway upper level constructed for Muni Metro Cable Liner AGT Coliseum–Oakland International Airport

Since the mid-1990s, BART has been trying to modernize its system.^[19] The fleet rehabilitation is part of this modernization; in 2009, fire alarms, fire sprinklers, yellow tactile platform edge domes, and cemented-mat rubber tiles were installed. The rough black tiles on the platform edge mark the location of the doorway of approaching trains, allowing passengers to wait at the right place to board. All faregates and ticket vending machines were replaced.

In 2007, BART stated its intention to improve non-peak (night and weekend) headways for each line to 15 minutes. The current 20-minute headways at these times is viewed as a psychological barrier to ridership.^[20] In mid-2007, BART temporarily reversed its position stating that the shortened wait times would likely not happen due to a $900,000 state revenue budget shortfall. Nevertheless, BART eventually confirmed the implementation of the plan by January 2008.^[21] Continued budgetary problems halted the expanded non-peak service and returned off-peak headways to 20 minutes in 2009.^[22]

In 2008 BART announced that it would install solar power systems on the roofs of two yards and maintenance facilities in addition to car ports with rooftop solar panels at the Orinda station.^[23] The board lamented not being able to install them at all stations but it stated that Orinda was the only station with enough sun for them to make money from the project.^[23]

In 2012 The California Transportation Commission announced they would provide funding for expanding BART facilities, through the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority, in anticipation of the opening of the Silicon Valley Berryessa Extension. $50 million would go in part to improvements to the Hayward Maintenance Complex.^[24]

Earthquake safety

A 2010 study^[25] shows that along with some Bay Area freeways, some of BART's overhead structures could collapse in a major earthquake, which has a significant probability of occurring within three decades.^[26] Seismic retrofiting has been carried out in recent years to address these deficiencies, especially in the Transbay Tube.

Extensions underway

Construction of eBART in Pittsburg and Antioch is underway as of 2016. The extension to Silicon Valley is under construction in Warm Springs, Milpitas, and Berryessa.

Expansion strategy and proposals

BART's current focus is on improving service and reliability in its core system (where density and ridership is highest), rather than extensions into far-flung suburbia. In 2007, these plans included: a line that would continue from the Transbay Terminal through the South-of-Market, northwards on Van Ness and terminating in western San Francisco along the Geary corridor, the Presidio, or North Beach; a line along the Interstate Highway 680 corridor; and a fourth set of rail tracks through Oakland.^[27] However, BART maps still show a planned extension to Livermore, in the fringe of Alameda County, and the Antioch eBART extension is under construction.

Further expansion has been proposed, contingent upon the allocation of funding. This includes the second phase of the Silicon Valley extension to downtown San Jose and Santa Clara, the Livermore extension, and 'wBART': I-80/West Contra Costa Corridor (extension to Hercules); in addition, at least four infill stations such as Irvington and Calaveras have been proposed.^[28]

As of 2013, long-range plans included a new four-bore Transbay Tube beneath San Francisco Bay that would run parallel and south of the existing tunnel and emerge at the Transbay Transit Terminal to connect to Caltrain and the future California High Speed Rail system. The four-bore tunnel would provide two tunnels for BART and two tunnels for conventional/high-speed rail. The BART system and conventional U.S. rail use different and incompatible rail gauges and different loading gauges.^[4]

Infrastructure

Location of the third rail changes at the station. On the left side of the track in the distance is the emergency walkway — the third rail is across the track from this walkway.

The entirety of the system runs in exclusive right-of-way. BART's rapid transit revenue routes cover 104 miles (167 km) with 44 stations.^[4] On the main lines, approximately 37 miles of lines run through underground sections with 23 miles on elevated tracks. The main system uses a 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) Indian gauge^[4] and mostly ballastless track. Originally utilizing flat-edge rail and wheelsets with cylindrical treads, BART is now switching to conical tread to reduce the noise caused by flange/rail contact and loss of adhesion of one of the wheels on curves.^[29] (A new spur line will utilize conventional 4 ft 8 ¹⁄₂ in (1,435 mm) standard gauge rail in the future.)

DC electric current at 1,000 volts is delivered to the trains over a third rail.^[5] In stations the third rail is on the side away from the passenger platform, except the middle platform at the San Francisco International Airport station. This reduces the danger of a passenger falling on the third rail or stepping on it to climb back to the platform after falling off. On ground-level tracks, the third rail alternates from one side of the track to the other, providing breaks in the third rail to allow for emergency evacuations. Underground tunnels, aerial structures and the Transbay Tube have evacuation walkways and passageways to allow for train evacuation without exposing passengers to contact with the third rail, which is located as far away from these walkways as possible.^[30]

The maximum speed trains can travel is 80 miles per hour (130 km/h),^[4] but BART does not typically operate trains at that speed except to help a train make up time.^[31] The maximum speed BART uses during normal operations is 70 mph.^[6]

Trains length ranges from four cars to a maximum of ten cars, which fills the 700-foot (213 m) length of a platform.^[32] At its maximum length of 710 feet (216 m), BART has the longest trains of any metro system in the United States. The system also features car widths of 10.5 feet (3.2 m) (the same width as a Budd Metroliner), a maximum gradient of four percent, and a minimum curve radius of 394 feet (120 m) on the main lines.^[33]

Systemwide headways are limited due to the merging of four lines through the Transbay Tube and San Francisco, as well as the lack of sidings necessary for overtaking trains.

Many of the original system 1970s-era BART stations, especially the aerial stations, feature simple, Brutalist architecture, while the newer stations are a mix of Neomodern and Postmodern architecture. The additional double tracked four mile long upper deck of the Market Street Subway and its four underground stations were built by BART for the S.F. Municipal Railway as specified by the system's original plan.

An automated guideway transit line and a 45th station were opened in 2014 and utilize off-the-shelf cable car technology developed by DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car: the Cable Liner.

The combination of unique loading gauges and bespoke rail technologies has complicated maintenance of the system, as rolling stock requires custom wheelsets, brake systems, and power systems.^[34]

Routes

All routes go to Oakland, and all but the Richmond–Fremont line go through the Transbay Tube to San Francisco. Most segments of the BART system carry trains of more than one route.

Trains regularly operate on five routes. Unlike most other rapid transit and rail systems around the world, BART lines are generally not referred to by shorthand designations – they are only occasionally referred to officially by color names.^[35] However, future train cars will display line colors more prominently.^[36]

The five BART lines are identified on maps, schedules, and signage in stations by the names of their termini:

•      Richmond–Fremont: Follows a former Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railway right-of-way from Richmond to Berkeley, and a former Western Pacific Railroad right-of-way from Oakland to Fremont. Operates daily.
•      Pittsburg/Bay Point–SFO/Millbrae: Follows California State Route 4, a former Sacramento Northern Railway right-of way, and California State Route 24 from Pittsburg to Oakland, and extends south of Daly City to San Francisco International Airport. This is the longest line in the BART system, which is 55.2 miles (88.8 km) long. It extends from SFO to Millbrae on weeknights and weekends. Operates daily.
•      Fremont–Daly City: Coincides with the Richmond-Fremont line from Fremont to Oakland. Operates until the evenings on weekdays and Saturdays. Line does not operate on Sundays.
•      Richmond–Daly City/Millbrae: Coincides with the Richmond-Fremont line from Richmond to Oakland, and extends south of Daly City to Millbrae following a former Southern Pacific Railroad right-of-way, which is also served by Caltrain beyond San Bruno. Operates until the evenings on weekdays and Saturdays, with the line terminating at Daly City on Saturdays. Line does not operate on Sundays.
•      Dublin/Pleasanton–Daly City: Follows Interstate 580 via Castro Valley to San Leandro, where it coincides with the Fremont-Daly City line at Bay Fair station. Operates daily.

In addition, BART also operates a separate automated guideway transit line:

•      Coliseum–Oakland Int'l Airport: Travels along Hegenberger Road from the Oakland International Airport to Coliseum station. Operates daily.

Discontinued

•      San Francisco: Between the openings of the Market Street Subway on November 5, 1973 and the Transbay Tube on September 16, 1974, a dedicated line was run from Montgomery Street to Daly City. This was discontinued with commencement of through service to Oakland after the opening of the Transbay Tube.
•      Millbrae–SFO Shuttle: When service to the SFO station began on June 22, 2003,^[37] there was originally a shuttle service connecting the Millbrae and SFO stations. This service facilitated a direct rail link between Caltrain and SFO.^[38] The shuttle trains usually had 5 cars and ran every 20 minutes. The shuttle line was discontinued in 2004 due to lack of ridership. BART changed its routing so that existing lines ran to SFO and to Millbrae. Direct service between these two stations is not always available, but they can be reached via transfer.

Automation

BART was one of the first U.S. systems of any size to have substantial automated operations. The trains are computer-controlled via BART's Operations Control Center (OCC) and headquarters at the Kaiser Center in Downtown Oakland and generally arrive with regular punctuality. Train operators duties may include, but are not limited to, the following:

1. Monitors console and radio communications to ensure that vehicles are operating within established guidelines;
2. Observes and detects problems with passengers entering and exiting train doors and takes corrective action; observes and detects hazards on the track, in the station or platforms, or the train itself, reports them to Operations Control Center personnel via radio, and take necessary corrective action;
3. Make announcements to passengers regarding station arrivals, transfer points, delays, and emergencies and answers passenger questions;
4. In yards, on test tracks, turntables and wash facilities, follows directions from Tower personnel and operates console to move trains as directed;
5. Takes prescribed action such as evacuating passengers, administer first aid, and using a fire extinguisher during emergencies;
6. Reports basic equipment malfunctions of mechanical or electrical nature to Operations Control Center; works with foreworkers and technicians to isolate reported problems;
7. Maintains logs of work activities; completes forms to report unusual circumstances and action taken;
8. Uses a variety of communication equipment, including a public address system, two‑way radios and emergency telephones;
9. Monitors and learns to apply changes in operating and emergency procedures;
10. Maintains and upgrades knowledge of policies and procedures as required.

Rolling stock

Exterior of a BART C car at Daly City station

A Demonstration Car (modified C2 car) with a designated bike space in the area normally reserved for passengers in wheelchairs; the front-facing seat on the left-hand side of the car has been removed to accommodate bicycles, in turn, the aisle-facing seat on the right-hand side near the operator's cab has been removed to accommodate wheelchairs. This car also has hand straps.

Manufacturer	Class	Image	Number	Built	Notes
Rohr	A		59	1968–1971
Rohr	B		389	1968–1971
Alstom	C1		150	1987–1989
Morrison-Knudsen	C2		80	1994-1996[39]
Bombardier	D		310	2012–	order being filled/testing
Bombardier	E		465	2012–	order being filled/testing
DCC Doppelmayr	Cable Liner		4		automated guideway transit trainsets
Stadler	GTW		8		diesel multiple units on order

Car types

BART operates four types of cars, built from three separate orders, totaling 662 cars.^[2]

To run a typical peak morning commute, BART requires 579 cars. Of those, 535 are scheduled to be in active service; the others are used to build up four spare trains (essential for maintaining on-time service).^[2][40] At any one time, the remaining 90 cars are in for repair, maintenance, or some type of planned modification work.^[41]

The Coliseum–Oakland International Airport line uses a completely separate and independently operated fleet as it uses cable car-based automated guideway transit technology. It uses four Cable Liner trains built by DCC Doppelmayr Cable Car, arranged as three-car sets, but the system can accommodate four-car trains in the future.

Future railcars

To speed up rider entry and exit at stations, BART is preparing to introduce new 6-door cars. BART contracted Canadian railcar manufacturer Bombardier Transportation with an order for 410 new cars, split into a base order of 260 cars and a first option order of 150 additional cars.^[42][43]

There will be two different types of car configurations for the new fleet; a cab car (D-cars), which will make up 40% of the fleet, or, 310 cars, and a non-cab car (E-cars), which will make up the remainder of the fleet, or, 465 cars.^[44][45] All cars are to be equipped with bike racks, new vinyl seats (54 per car), and a brand new passenger information system which will display next stop information.^[46] The first test car was unveiled in April 2016.^[47] Upon approval, the first 10 cars were expected to be in service in December 2016, and at least 60 by December 2017.^[47] Delivery of all 775 cars is expected to be completed by September 2021.^[48]

The vehicle procurement for eBART includes eight Stadler GTW trains, with two options to purchase six more. The first will be delivered in June 2016.^[49] The Stadler GTW trains are diesel multiple units with 2/6 articulated power units, and are based on models previously used in Austin, Dallas and New Jersey.^[47][50]

Travelling

Hours of operation

Map of evening and Sunday service.

BART has five rapid transit lines; most of each line's length is on track shared with other lines. Trains on each line run every 15 minutes on weekdays and 20 minutes during evenings, weekends and holidays; stations on the section of track between Daly City and West Oakland are serviced by four lines and therefore see 16 trains an hour on each track.

BART service begins around 4:00 am on weekdays, 6:00 am on Saturdays, and 8:00 am on Sundays. Service ends every day near midnight with station closings timed to the last train at station. Two of the five lines, the Fremont–Daly City and Richmond–Daly City/Millbrae lines, do not have evening (after 7:00 p.m. and 9:00 p.m., respectively) or Sunday service, but all stations remain accessible by transfer from the other lines.^[51][52][53] The Coliseum–Oakland International Airport AGT line runs every 6 minutes, with approximately the same operating hours as the five rapid transit lines.

All Nighter bus service runs when BART is closed. 30 out of 44 BART stations are served either directly or within a few blocks. BART tickets are not accepted on these buses, with the exception of BART Plus tickets (which are no longer accepted on AC Transit, Muni, SamTrans, or VTA beginning in 2013), and each of the four bus systems that provide All-Nighter service charges its own fare, which can be up to $3.50; a four-system ride could cost as much as $9.50 as of 2007.^[54]

Fares

Ticket vending machines at the Powell Street Station

Fares on BART are comparable to those of commuter rail systems and are higher than those of most subways, especially for long trips. The fare is based on a formula that takes into account both the length and speed of the trip. A surcharge is added for trips traveling through the Transbay Tube, to Oakland International Airport, to San Francisco International Airport, and/or through San Mateo County, a county that is not a member of the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. Passengers can use refillable paper-plastic-composite tickets,^[55] on which fares are stored via a magnetic strip, to enter and exit the system. The exit faregate prints the remaining balance on the ticket each time the passenger exits the station. A paper ticket can be refilled at a ticket machine, the remaining balance on any ticket can be applied towards the purchase of a new one, or a card is captured by the exit gate when the balance reaches zero; multiple low value cards can be combined to create a larger value card but only at specific ticket exchange locations, located at some BART stations.^[56] The magnetic strip-based technology was developed by Cubic Transportation Systems with a contract awarded in 1974.^[57]

BART relies on unused ticket values on discarded low-value cards for additional revenue, as much as $9.9 million.^[58] The paper ticket technology is identical to the Washington Metro's paper fare card, though the BART system does not charge higher fares during rush hour. Both systems were supplied by Cubic Transportation Systems, with contract for BART being awarded in 1974.

Clipper, a contactless smart card accepted on all major Bay Area public transit agencies, may be used in lieu of a paper ticket.

A standard-fare BART ticket. The initial purchased fare is printed parallel to the magnetic strip, and the card's remaining balance is printed on the left, updated upon each exit.

The minimum fare is $1.95 (except San Mateo County trips) under 6 miles (9.7 km).^[59] The maximum one-way fare including all possible surcharges is $15.70, the journey between San Francisco International Airport and Oakland International Airport. The farthest possible trip, from Pittsburg/Bay Point to Millbrae, costs less because of the $4 additional charge added to SFO trips and $6 additional charge added to OAK trips.^[60] Entering and exiting the same station within three hours accrues an excursion fare of $5.75. Passengers without sufficient fare to complete their journey must use a cash-only AddFare machine to pay the remaining balance in order to exit the station.

BART uses a system of five different color-coded tickets for regular fare, special fare, and discount fare to select groups as follows:^[61]

• Blue tickets – General: the most common type
• Red tickets – Disabled Persons and children aged 4 to 12: 62.5% discount, special ID required (children under the age of 4 ride free)
• Green tickets – Seniors age 65 or over: 62.5% discount, proof of age required for purchase
• Orange tickets – Student: special, restricted-use 50% discount ticket for students age 13–18 currently enrolled in high or middle school
• BART Plus – special high-value ticket with 'flash-pass' privileges with regional transit agencies. Effective January 1, 2013, the SFMTA (Muni), as well as SamTrans and VTA, no longer participate in the BART Plus Program. AC Transit stopped participating in the BART Plus program in 2003. The BART Plus ticket is being phased out in favor of the Clipper system, as the only Bay Area transit agencies that still participate in the BART Plus program do not yet accept Clipper cards.

Unlike many other rapid transit systems, BART does not have an unlimited ride pass, and the only discount provided to the public is a 6.25% discount when "high value tickets" are purchased with fare values of $48 and $64, for prices of $45 and $60 respectively. Amtrak's Capitol Corridor and San Joaquins trains sell $10 BART tickets on board in the café cars for only $8,^[62][63] resulting in a 20% discount. A 62.5% discount is provided to seniors, the disabled, and children age 5 to 12. Middle and high school students 13 to 18 may obtain a 50% discount if their school participates in the BART program; these tickets are intended to be used only between the students' home station and the school's station and for transportation to and from school events. The tickets can be used only on weekdays. These School Tickets and BART Plus tickets have a last-ride bonus where if the remaining value is greater than $0.05, the ticket can be used one last time for a trip of any distance. Most special discounted tickets must be purchased at selected vendors and not at ticket machines. The Bart Plus tickets can be purchased at the ticket machines.

The San Francisco Muni "A" monthly pass provides unlimited rides within San Francisco, with no fare credit applied for trips outside of the city. San Francisco pays $1.02 for each trip taken under this arrangement.^[64]

Faregates with the orange barrier wings retracted for a Spare the Air Day

Fares are enforced by the station agent, who monitors activity at the fare gates adjacent to the window and at other fare gates through closed circuit television and faregate status screens located in the agent's booth. All stations are staffed with at least one agent at all times.

Proposals to simplify the fare structure abound. A flat fare that disregards distance has been proposed, or simpler fare bands or zones. Either scheme would shift the fare-box recovery burden to the urban riders in San Francisco, Oakland and Berkeley and away from suburban riders in East Contra Costa, Southern Alameda, and San Mateo Counties, where density is lowest, and consequently, operational cost is highest.^[65]

Ridership levels

During the fiscal year ending June 30, 2015, BART recorded an average weekday ridership of 423,120, the highest in its history,^[1] making BART the fifth-busiest heavy rail rapid transit system in the United States. During fiscal year 2015, the busiest station was Embarcadero with 45,460 average weekday exits, followed by Montgomery Street with 44,333. The busiest station outside of San Francisco was 12th Street Oakland City Center with 13,921 riders, followed by Downtown Berkeley with 13,744. The least busy station was North Concord / Martinez with 2,766 weekday exits.^[68][69]

BART's one-day ridership record was set on Halloween of 2012 with 568,061 passengers attending the San Francisco Giants' victory parade for their World Series championship.^[72] This surpassed the record set two years earlier of 522,198 riders in 2010 for the Giants' 2010 World Series victory parade.^[73] Before that, the record was 442,100 riders in October 2009, following an emergency closure of the Bay Bridge.^[74] During a planned closure of the Bay Bridge, there were 475,015 daily riders on August 30, 2013, making that the third highest ridership.^[75] On June 19, 2015, BART recorded 548,078 riders for the Golden State Warriors championship parade, placing second on the all-time ridership list.^[70]

BART set a Saturday record of 419,162 riders on February 6, 2016, coinciding with Super Bowl 50 events and a Golden State Warriors game.^[71][76] That easily surpassed the previous Saturday record of 319,484 riders, which occurred in October 2012, coinciding with several sporting events and Fleet Week.^[77] BART set a Sunday ridership record of 292,957 riders in June 2013, in connection with the San Francisco Gay Pride Parade,^[78] surpassing Sunday records set the previous two years when the Pride Parade was held.^[78]

High gasoline prices pushed ridership to record levels during 2012. Prior to 2013, five of BART's top ten ridership days of all time occurred in September and October 2012.^[79][80]

Connecting services

AC Transit bus stop at Bay Fair Station

Two BART stations have connections to Amtrak regional rail services: Coliseum and Richmond. Capitol Corridor trains run from Sacramento to San Jose from both stations. Additionally, Richmond has connections to the San Joaquin and the nationally-serviced California Zephyr.

Caltrain, which provides service between San Francisco, San Jose and Gilroy, has a cross-platform interchange at Millbrae.

Connections to San Francisco's local light rail system, the Muni Metro, are facilitated primarily through the twin-level Market Street subway. Plans from 1960 called for BART trains to traverse the Twin Peaks Tunnel,^[81] but the upper level of the subway was turned over to Muni and both agencies share the Embarcadero, Montgomery, Powell and Civic Center stations. Some Muni Metro lines connect with (or pass nearby) the BART system at the Balboa Park and Glen Park stations.

Complimentary shuttle bus service connects BART to the Altamont Corridor Express (ACE) commuter rail at West Dublin/Pleasanton, Dublin/Pleasanton, and Fremont.

Under-construction extensions will allow for a connection to Santa Clara County's VTA light rail in 2017. Future, unfinalized plans call for further rail connections in San Jose and Santa Clara.

Connecting services via bus

Bus transit services connect to BART, which, while managed by separate agencies, are integral to the successful functioning of the system, including the San Francisco Municipal Railway (Muni), AC Transit, SamTrans, County Connection, and the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District (Golden Gate Transit). Until 1997, BART ran its own "BART Express" connector buses,^[82] which ran to eastern Alameda County and far eastern and western areas of Contra Costa County; these routes were later devolved to sub-regional transit agencies such as Tri Delta Transit and the Livermore Amador Valley Transit Authority (WHEELS) or, in the case of Dublin/Pleasanton service, replaced by a full BART extension.

Other services connect to BART including the Emery Go Round (Emeryville), WestCAT (north-western Contra Costa County), San Leandro LINKS, Napa VINE, Rio Vista Delta Breeze, Dumbarton Express, SolTrans, Union City Transit, and the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority in Silicon Valley.

Several commuter and interregional bus services connect to BART, including the San Joaquin RTD Commuter (Stockton), Tri Delta Transit (Contra Costa County), Greyhound, California Shuttle Bus, Valley of the Moon Commute Club, Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach, and Modesto Area Express BART Express.

Cars

Many BART stations offer parking, however, under-pricing causes station parking lots to overflow in the morning.^[83] Pervasive congestion and under-pricing forces some to drive to distant stations in search of parking.^[84]

BART hosts car sharing locations at many stations, a program pioneered by City CarShare. Riders can transfer from BART and complete their journeys by car. BART offers long-term airport parking through a third-party vendor^[85] at most East Bay stations. Travelers must make an on-line reservation in advance and pay the daily fee of $5 before they can leave their cars at the BART parking lot.

Airports

BART goes to the San Francisco International Airport; connections are available to AirTrain for passengers neither departing nor arriving from the international terminal.

The Coliseum–Oakland International Airport line is an automated guideway transit line that connects from Coliseum station to all terminals at the Oakland International Airport. Unlike similar services at other airports, fares for the line are integrated into the BART fare system, to which the BART ticket faregates for the line are located on the Coliseum station platform. The line's automated guideway transit (AGT) vehicles are cable-propelled, and operate on an elevated guideway 3.2 miles (5.1 km) long. It arrives at Coliseum station every 5 to 20 minutes,^[86] and are designated to transport passengers to OAK in 10–15 minutes.^[18][86]

Facilities

Cell phone and Wi-Fi

In 2004, BART became the first transit system in the United States to offer cellular telephone communication to passengers of all major wireless carriers on its trains underground.^[87] Service was made available for customers of Verizon Wireless, Sprint/Nextel, AT&T Mobility, and T-Mobile in and between the four San Francisco Market Street stations from Civic Center to Embarcadero. In 2009, service was expanded to include the Transbay Tube, thus providing continuous cellular coverage between West Oakland and Balboa Park.^[88] In 2010, service was expanded to all underground stations in Oakland (19th Street, 12th Street/Oakland City Center, and Lake Merritt).^[89] Uninterrupted cellular coverage of the entire BART system is a goal. As of 2012 passengers in both the Berkeley Hills tunnel and the Berkeley subway (Ashby, Downtown and North Berkeley) received cell service. The only section still not covered by cell service is a short tunnel that leads to Walnut Creek BART, and San Mateo County subway stations (including service to SFO and Millbrae).

In 2007, BART ran a beta test of Wi-Fi Internet access for travelers. It initially included the four San Francisco downtown stations: Embarcadero, Montgomery, Powell, and Civic Center. It included above ground testing to trains at BART's Hayward Test Track. The testing and deployment was extended into the underground interconnecting tubes between the four downtown stations and further. The successful demonstration provided for a ten-year contract with WiFi Rail, Inc. for the services throughout the BART right of way.^[90] In 2008 the Wi-Fi service was expanded to include the Transbay Tube.^[91] BART terminated^[92] the relationship with Wi-Fi Rail in December 2014, citing that WiFi Rail had not submitted an adequate financial or technical plan for completing the network throughout the BART system.

In 2011 during the Charles Hill killing and aftermath BART disabled cell phone service to hamper demonstrators.^[93] The ensuing controversy drew widespread coverage,^[94] that raised legal questions about free speech rights of protesters and the federal telecommunications laws that relate to passengers.^[95] In response, BART released an official policy on cutting off cell phone service.^[96]

Library-a-Go-Go

A book vending machine at the del Norte station.

Since 2008 the district has been adding Library-a-Go-Go book vending machines.^[97] The Contra Costa County Library machine was added to the Pittsburg/Bay Point station in 2008.^[97] The $100,000 machine, imported from Sweden, was the first in the nation and was followed by one at the El Cerrito del Norte station in 2009.^[97][98][99] Later in 2011 a Peninsula Library System machine was added at the Millbrae Station.^[97][100]

Organization and management

Governance

The San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District is a special district consisting of Alameda County, Contra Costa County, and the City and County of San Francisco. San Mateo County, which hosts six BART stations, is not part of the BART District. A nine-member elected Board of Directors represents nine districts. BART has its own police force.^[101]

While the district includes all of the cities and communities in its jurisdiction, some of these cities do not have stations on the BART system. This has caused tensions among property owners in cities like Livermore who pay BART taxes but must travel outside the city to receive BART service.^[102] In areas like Fremont, the majority of commuters do not commute in the direction that BART would take them (many Fremonters commute to San Jose, where there is currently no BART service). This would be alleviated with the completion of a BART-to-San Jose extension project and the opening of the Berryessa Station in San Jose.

Budget

In 2005, BART required nearly $300 million in funds after fares. About 37% of the costs went to maintenance, 29% to actual transportation operations, 24% to general administration, 8% to police services, and 4% to construction and engineering. In 2005, 53% of the budget was derived from fares, 32% from taxes, and 15% from other sources, including advertising, station retail space leasing, and parking fees.^[103] BART reported a farebox recovery ratio of 75.67% in February 2016,^[104] up from 2012's 68.2%.^[105] BART train operators and station agents have a maximum salary of $62,000 per year with an average of $17,000 in overtime pay.^[106] (BART management claimed that in 2013, union train operators and station agents averaged about $71,000 in base salary and $11,000 in overtime, and pay a $92 monthly fee from that for health insurance.)^[107]

Comparison with other rail transit systems

BART, like other transit systems of the same era, endeavored to connect outlying suburbs with job centers in Oakland and San Francisco by building lines that paralleled established commuting routes of the region's freeway system.^[108] The majority of BART's service area, as measured by percentage of system length, consists of low-density suburbs. Unlike the Chicago "L" or the London Underground, individual BART lines were not designed to provide frequent local service, as evidenced by the system's current maximum achievable headway of 13.33 minutes per line through the quadruple interlined section in San Francisco. Within San Francisco city limits, Muni provides local light rail surface and subway service, and runs with smaller headways (and therefore provides more frequent service) than BART.

BART could be characterized as a "commuter subway," since it has many characteristics of a regional commuter rail service, somewhat similar to S-Bahn services in Germany, Denmark, Austria and Switzerland, such as lengthy lines that extend to the far reaches of suburbia, with significant distances between stations.^[109][110] BART also possesses some of the qualities of a metro system^[111] in the urban areas of San Francisco and Oakland; where multiple lines converge, it takes on the characteristics of an urban metro, including short headways and transfer opportunities to other lines. Urban stations are as close as one-half mile (800 m) apart, and have combined 2½- to 5-minute service intervals at peak times.

Incidents

Automatic Train Control failure

In the 1970s, three BART engineers developed concerns about the safety of the Automatic Train Control (ATC) system, but were unable to get their supervisors to consider them. Together, they went to the BART Board of Directors. An investigation started, and the BART management retaliated by firing the engineers. Investigation into the ATC and related design and management issues was still underway when, on October 2, 1972, a BART train overran a station due to ATC failure and injured several passengers. During the litigation process, the IEEE filed an amicus curiae brief in support of the engineers, and in 1978 the IEEE recognized the engineers with an ethics award.^[112] The "BART case" is now widely used in courses on engineering ethics.

Fatal electrical fire

In January 1979, an electrical fire occurred on a train as it was passing through the Transbay Tube. One firefighter (Lt. William Elliott, 50, of the Oakland Fire Department) was killed in the effort to extinguish the blaze. Since then, safety regulations have been updated.^[113]

Death of worker James Strickland

On October 14, 2008, track inspector James Strickland was struck and killed by a train as he was walking along a section of track between the Concord and Pleasant Hill stations. Strickland's death started an investigation into BART's safety alert procedures.^[114] At the time of the accident, BART had assigned trains headed in opposite directions to a shared track for routine maintenance. BART came under further fire in February 2009 for allegedly delaying payment of death benefits to Strickland's family.^[115]

Shooting of Oscar Grant III

On January 1, 2009, a BART Police officer, Johannes Mehserle, fatally shot Oscar Grant III.^[116][117]

Eyewitnesses gathered direct evidence of the shooting with video cameras, which were later submitted to and disseminated by media outlets and watched hundreds of thousands of times^[118] in the days following the shooting. Violent demonstrations occurred protesting the shooting.^[119]

Mehserle was arrested and charged with murder, to which he pleaded not guilty. Oakland civil rights attorney John Burris filed a US$25 million wrongful death claim against the district on behalf of Grant's daughter and girlfriend.^[120] Oscar Grant III's father also filed a lawsuit claiming that the death of his son deprived him of his son's companionship.

Mehserle's trial was subsequently moved to Los Angeles following concerns that he would be unable to get a fair trial in Alameda County. On July 8, 2010, Mehserle was found guilty on a lesser charge of involuntary manslaughter.^[121] He was released on June 13, 2011 and is now on parole.^[122]

Shooting of Charles Hill

On July 3, 2011, two officers of the BART Police shot and killed Charles Hill at Civic Center Station in San Francisco. Hill was allegedly carrying a knife.^[123]

On August 12, 2011, BART shut down cellphone services on the network for three hours in an effort to hamper possible protests against the shooting^[124][125] and to keep communications away from protesters at the Civic Center station in San Francisco.^[126] The shutdown caught the attention of Leland Yee and international media, as well as drawing comparisons to the former Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak in several articles and comments.^[127] Antonette Bryant, the union president for BART, added that, "BART have lost our confidence and are putting rider and employee safety at risk."^[128]

Members of Anonymous broke into BART's website and posted names, phone numbers, addresses, and e-mail information on the Anonymous website.^[129][130]

On August 15, 2011, there was more disruption in service at BART stations in downtown San Francisco.^{[131][132][133]} The San Francisco Examiner reported that the protests were a result of the shootings, including that of Oscar Grant.^[134][135] Demonstrations were announced by several activists, which eventually resulted in disruptions to service. The protesters have stated that they did not want their protests to results in closures, and accused the BART police of using the protests as an excuse for disruption.^[136] Protesters vowed to continue their protests every Monday until their demands were met.

On August 29, 2011, a coalition of nine public interest groups led by Public Knowledge filed an Emergency Petition asking the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to declare "that the actions taken by the Bay Area Rapid Transit District (“BART”) on August 11, 2011 violated the Communications Act of 1934, as amended, when it deliberately interfered with access to Commercial Mobile Radio Service (“CMRS”) by the public" and "that local law enforcement has no authority to suspend or deny CMRS, or to order CMRS providers to suspend or deny service, absent a properly obtained order from the Commission, a state commission of appropriate jurisdiction, or a court of law with appropriate jurisdiction".^[137][138]

In December 2011 BART adopted a new "Cell Service Interruption Policy" that only allows shutdowns of cell phone services within BART facilities "in the most extraordinary circumstances that threaten the safety of District passengers, employees and other members of public, the destruction of District property, or the substantial disruption of public transit service".^[139] According to a spokesperson for BART, under the new policy the wireless phone system would not be turned off under circumstances similar to those in August 2011. Instead police officers would arrest individuals who break the law.^[140]

In February 2012, the San Francisco District Attorney concluded that the BART Police Officer that shot and killed Charles Hill at the Civic Center BART station the previous July "acted lawfully in self defense" and will not face charges for the incident. A federal lawsuit filed against BART in January by Charles Hill's brother was proceeding.^[141]

In March 2012, the FCC requested public comment on the question of whether or when the police and other government officials can intentionally interrupt cellphone and Internet service to protect public safety.^[140]

Employee fatalities

On the afternoon of October 19, 2013, a BART employee and a contractor, who were inspecting tracks, were struck and killed near Walnut Creek by a train being moved for routine maintenance. A labor strike by BART's two major unions was underway at the time, which caused a significant disruption to Bay Area commuters' daily lives and cost millions of dollars in lost productivity.^[142] The operator of the train was a BART manager and had been a train operator two decades prior.^[143]

Berkeley Hills Tunnel breakdown

On December 4, 2013, a BART train suffered mechanical braking problems and made an emergency stop in the Berkeley Hills Tunnel near Rockridge station. Eleven people were treated for smoke inhalation.^[144]

See also

References

Further reading

• Owen, Wilfred (1966). The metropolitan transportation problem. Anchor Books. 
• BART: a study of problems of rail transit. California. Legislature. Assembly. Committee on Transportation. 1973. 
• Richard Grefe (1976). A history of the key decisions in the development of Bay Area Rapid Transit. National Technical Information Service. 
• E. Gareth Hoachlander (1976). Bay Area Rapid Transit: who pays and who benefits?. University of California. 
• Cervero, Robert (1998). The transit metropolis: a global inquiry. Island Press. ISBN 1-55963-591-6. 
• University of California (1966). The San Francisco Bay area: its problems and future, Volume 2. University of California. 
• Typographica (October 8, 2005). "BART Wayfinding". Typographica. Typographica. Archived from the original on November 12, 2013. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to BART.

Route map: Bing / Google

• Bay Area Rapid Transit
• Engineering Geology of the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) System, 1964–75
• BART Map/Schedule Map/Schedule using Google Maps API
• BART widget, a self-contained trip planner for Mac OS X Dashboard
• BARTsmart Another BART Widget, featuring BART schedules and news
• Map of BART and rail network in simplified diagrammatic, rather than geographically accurate
• iSubwayMaps.com iPod, alternative predating official BART offering (map only)
• Shuttles serving BART stations at 511.org
• Pictures of BART on world.nycsubway.org
• Network map (real-distance)
• Bay Area Rapid Transit at the Wayback Machine (archived May 17, 1998)

Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART)
Current lines	Richmond–Fremont      Pittsburg/Bay Point–SFO/Millbrae      Fremont–Daly City      Richmond–Daly City/Millbrae      Dublin/Pleasanton–Daly City      Coliseum–Oakland International Airport
Stations	Oakland 12th Street Oakland City Center 19th Street Oakland Coliseum Fruitvale Lake Merritt MacArthur Oakland International Airport Rockridge West Oakland Alameda County (outside Oakland) Ashby Bay Fair Castro Valley Downtown Berkeley Dublin / Pleasanton Fremont Hayward North Berkeley San Leandro South Hayward Union City West Dublin / Pleasanton Under construction Warm Springs / South Fremont (2016) Proposed Irvington Contra Costa County Concord El Cerrito del Norte El Cerrito Plaza Lafayette North Concord / Martinez Orinda Pittsburg / Bay Point Pleasant Hill / Contra Costa Centre Richmond Walnut Creek Under construction Antioch (2018) Pittsburg Center (2018) San Francisco 16th Street Mission 24th Street Mission Balboa Park Civic Center / UN Plaza Embarcadero Glen Park Montgomery Street Powell Street San Mateo County Colma Daly City Millbrae San Bruno San Francisco International Airport South San Francisco Santa Clara County Under construction Berryessa (2017) Milpitas (2017) Planned Alum Rock Calaveras Diridon / Arena Downtown San Jose Santa Clara Maintenance Facilities Antioch Maintenance Yard (eBART) Colma Maintenance Yard Concord Train Yard Doolittle Car Barn Hayward Maintenance Complex Richmond Maintenance Yard
System features	Berkeley Hills Tunnel Fremont Central Park Subway Market Street Subway Ohlone Greenway Transbay Tube Rolling Stock BART Police
Expansion	Silicon Valley BART extension      eBART
Connecting services	Bus AC Transit Amtrak Thruway Bus Services Bear County Connection Dumbarton Express Estuary Crossing Shuttle Eastshore Charter Lines East Bay Paratransit Emery Go-Round Fairfield/Suisun Golden Gate Greyhound Lines Kaiser Shuttle MAX Delta Breeze Muni Links San Joaquin RTD SamTrans VTA Solano Express SolTrans (Benicia Breeze/Vallejo Transit) Tri Delta Union City Napa VINE WestCAT WHEELS Rail Amtrak California Zephyr Amtrak California Capitol Corridor San Joaquin Caltrain Muni Metro F Cable car VTA Light Rail (2017) Ferry Blue & Gold Fleet Golden Gate Ferry San Francisco Bay Ferry
Board of Directors	District 1: Gail Murray District 2: Joel Keller District 3: Rebecca Saltzman District 4: Robert Raburn District 5: John McPartland District 6: Thomas Blalock District 7: Zakhary Mallett District 8: Nicholas Josefowitz District 9: Tom Radulovich (President)
Other	BART history AirBART Bay Area Rapid Transit District Clipper Library-A-Go-Go
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