Australian National Maritime Museum

Australian National Maritime Museum

Aerial photograph of the Australian National Maritime Museum, as seen from Sydney Tower
Location within Sydney
Established	1991 (1991)
Location	Darling Harbour, Pyrmont, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Coordinates	33°52′09″S 151°11′55″E / 33.869167°S 151.198611°E / -33.869167; 151.198611Coordinates: 33°52′09″S 151°11′55″E / 33.869167°S 151.198611°E / -33.869167; 151.198611
Type	Maritime museum
Director	Kevin Sumption (2012–present)
Chairperson	Peter Dexter AM
Architect	Philip Cox, Richardson Taylor & Partners
Owner	Australian Government; via the Department of Communications and the Arts
Public transit access	Town Hall rail (30 minute walk)  Pyrmont Bay Sydney Explorer bus Sydney Buses
Website	anmm.gov.au

The Australian National Maritime Museum (ANMM) is a federally operated maritime museum in Darling Harbour, Sydney. After considering the idea of establishing a maritime museum, the federal government announced that a national maritime museum would be constructed at Darling Harbour, tied into the New South Wales State government's redevelopment of the area for the Australian bicentenary. The museum building was designed by Philip Cox, and although an opening date of 1988 was initially set, construction delays, cost overruns, and disagreements between the state and federal governments over funding responsibility pushed the opening back to 1991.

One of six museums directly operated by the federal government, the ANMM is the only one located outside of the Australian Capital Territory. The museum is structured around seven main galleries, focusing on the discovery of Australia, the relationships between the Australian Aborigines and the water, travel to Australia by sea, the ocean as a resource, water-based relaxation and entertainment, the naval defence of the nation, and the relationship between the United States of America and Australia. The last gallery was funded by the United States government, and is the only national museum gallery in the world funded by a foreign nation. Four additional gallery spaces are used for temporary exhibits. Three museum ships – the HM Bark Endeavour Replica, the destroyer HMAS Vampire, and the submarine HMAS Onslow – are open to the public, while smaller historical vessels berthed outside can be viewed but not boarded.

History

Of the six museums operated directly by the Federal government (the ANMM, the Australian War Memorial, the National Museum of Australia, the National Gallery of Australia, the National Portrait Gallery, and Questacon), the ANMM is the only one located outside the Australian Capital Territory.^[1] The museum is administered by the Department of Communications and the Arts on behalf of the Australian Government.

Development

In June 1985, the federal government announced the establishment of a national museum focusing on Australia's maritime history and the nation's ongoing involvement and dependence on the sea.^[2] Proposals for the creation of such a museum had been under consideration over the preceding years.^[3] After lobbying by New South Wales Premier Neville Wran, the decision was made to situate the new museum at Darling Harbour, and construct it as part of the area's redevelopment.^[2][3] The building of the ANMM was seen by both the federal and New South Wales State governments as an important feature of the redevelopment, as it would be a major drawcard, and help fuel the commercial success of the precinct.^[4]

Side view of the ANMM building

The museum building was designed by Philip Cox, Richardson Taylor & Partners.^[5] The roof was shaped to invoke the image of billowing sails: the corrugated metal roof stands over 25 metres (82 ft) tall on the west side, but drops significantly on the east.^[5]

During development, the museum ran into a series of difficulties. In March 1998, the three top members of the ANMM interim council were sacked by the federal government and replaced.^[3] Later in the year, the Department for the Arts informed the museum that its staff would be reduced by 30% and it would undergo budget cuts, forcing the ANMM to rely on contracted security and conservation staff, along with volunteer guides and attendants.^[3] The acceptance of a US$5 million grant for a dedicated gallery showing the links between the US and Australia resulted in the displacement of much of the staff and research areas.^[3] Most of these were later established in the nearby Wharf 7 building.

The museum was initially slated to open in 1988, but by October that year, construction delays had pushed the planned opening date to September 1989, and the project was already $12.5 million over the $30 million budget.^[3] Construction was completed on 17 November 1989; the cost of the museum's construction had increased to $70 million, and although the Federal government was willing to pay the initial $30 million, there were disagreements between the state and federal governments over who had to supply the additional $40 million.^[6] It was resolved that New South Wales was responsible for the additional funding, and in October 1990, the museum building was handed over to the Federal government.^[7] The ANMM was opened on 30 November 1991.^[1]

Operating history

In order to achieve commercial sustainability, the ANMM was directed by the federal government to institute entry fees:^[8] the second Australian national museum to do so after Questacon was opened in 1988.^[9] The entry fee for the museum itself was dropped in 2004 (although access to the museum ships was still charged), then was re-added in December 2011.^[10]

During the museum's first ten years of operation, 3.3 million visitors attended.^[1]

In 2010, London's The Sunday Times listed the ANMM in its "World's 10 Coolest Museums".^[10]

At the start of 2014, the ANMM announced that is would build a pavilion to showcase exhibits related to the Royal Australian Navy.^[11] The pavilion, which will be located near the museum's naval vessels, will be built between July 2014 and September 2015.^[11]

Galleries and vessels

Galleries

Permanent exhibitions at the museum are focused around six gallery spaces:

Navigators

Originally called "Discovery of Australia", this gallery looks at discovery, exploration, and charting of Australia's coastline by the Dutch, British, and French, as well as trade between the Indonesians and Australian Indigenous people before European discovery.

Eora-First People

Australian Aborigines and their relationship with the water.

Passengers

Looks at the journeys made to Australia by various groups, from the original settlers to war brides, refugees, and cruise ship visitors.

Watermarks

Celebrates "Australia's love affair with the water" in terms of recreation and entertainment.^[1] The gallery was opened in December 2001, with major focal points including the yacht Blackmores First Lady (which was used by Australian Kay Cottee when she became the first woman to sail solo, nonstop, unassisted around the world), the coxless four rowing shell used by the Oarsome Foursome at the 1992 Summer Olympics, and a vessel from the Darwin Beer Can Regatta.^[1][12] The space previously hosted the America's Cup-winning yacht Australia II as the centrepiece of the "Tall Gallery", but the yacht, owned by the Australian Government and not the ANMM, was transferred to the Western Australian Maritime Museum in late 2000.^[13]

Navy

The role of the Royal Australian Navy (and before that, the Royal Navy's Australian Squadron) in the defence of the nation. Includes the "Sydney Series"; models and histories of the four Australian warships named after the city of Sydney.

Australia–US relationship

The gallery looks at the links and commonalities between Australia and the US.^[14] A US$5 million endowment to the ANMM was the United States' gift for Australia's bicentenary, making the Australia-USA Gallery the only gallery in a national museum funded by a foreign nation.^[14] The gallery itself was designed by the Burley Katon Halliday firm.^[5]

The original lenses from the Tasman Island Lighthouse; centrepiece of the Tasman Light Gallery. The Westland Wessex helicopter in the background is suspended above the Navy Gallery

In addition, there are four other gallery spaces in the museum. The Tasman Light gallery contains the original lenses from the Tasman Island Lighthouse,^[15] and is used for temporary photographic exhibitions and as hireable space for functions. The other three galleries (two along the eastern side of the top level, and a third offset from the main body of the museum) are used separately or together to host temporary exhibitions.

Other items on display inside the museum, but not associated with any particular gallery, include Spirit of Australia, the Water Speed Record-holding motorboat, and an anchor from HMS Sirius, flagship of the First Fleet.

Museum ships

The ANMM's collection of museum ships focuses on three vessels that are open for public inspection: the HM Bark Endeavour Replica, the destroyer HMAS Vampire, and the submarine HMAS Onslow. In addition, the 19th century barque James Craig is moored nearby and can be toured with a museum ticket.

The three main vessels in the ANMM ship collection, the HM Bark Endeavour Replica, the destroyer HMAS Vampire, and the submarine HMAS Onslow, on display at the wharves outside the museum

During the mid-1980s, it was proposed that a replica of explorer James Cook's ship, HM Bark Endeavour be constructed for the museum.^[16] Funding for construction was initially provided by the Bond Corporation, and construction began at the start of 1988.^[17] However, in 1990, the company ran into financial difficulties, and construction was unable to continue until a charitable trust was established in 1991 to complete and operate the replica Endeavour.^[18] The vessel was completed in 1994, and spent the next ten years sailing around Australia and the world before ownership was transferred to the ANMM in 2005.^[19]

The Daring-class destroyer HMAS Vampire is the only ship of her class to be preserved, and was the last gun-destroyer to serve in the Royal Australian Navy.^[20] Vampire was commissioned into the RAN in 1959, and served until 1986.^[20] The destroyer was loaned to the ANMM on its opening in 1991, and was transferred completely to museum ownership in 1997.^[20][21] The Oberon-class submarine HMAS Onslow was introduced into RAN service in 1969.^[22] She was operated until early 1999, and was given to the ANMM that year.^[23] Despite no longer being in naval commission, Vampire and Onslow have permission to fly the Australian White Ensign.^[24] Prior to Onslow's acquisition, the former Russian submarine Foxtrot-540 was on display at the museum from 1995 to 1998.^[25] The submarine had been purchased in 1994 by a group of Australian businessmen, and was placed on display for the duration of the lease purchase contract, after which the submarine was relocated to California.^[25]

Some of the small vessels on display at the Australian National Maritime Museum. Foreground (left to right): refugee vessel Tu Do, racing yacht Akarana (without masts), pearling lugger John Lewis, ketch Kathleen Gillett, naval officer's launch MB 172, and a museum workboat. In the background are the lightvessel Carpenteria, the barque James Craig, and the original Cape Bowling Green Lighthouse.

Other vessels on display (but not open for public boarding) include:

• HMAS Advance, one of twenty Attack-class patrol boats built by the RAN during the 1960s to patrol Australia's northern waters.^[20] Advance served from 1968 until 1988, then was transferred to the ANMM.^[20] The patrol boat is in operational condition.^[20]
• Akarana, a New Zealand racing yacht built to compete in Australia's centenary races, and restored as New Zealand's bicentenary gift.^[26]
• Bareki, the last timber-built tugboat in service with the NSW Maritime Services Board.^[27] The tugboat was built in 1962, and primarily used for dredging and towing work between Port Kembla and Newcastle.^[27] Bareki serves as the museum's active tugboat.^[27]
• The lightship Carpentaria, an unmanned lightvessel (effectively a floating lighthouse) built during 1916 and 1917.^[26] The vessel operated in the Gulf of Carpentaria, off Sandy Cape, Queensland, and in Bass Strait during a career which ended in 1983.^[28] In 1987, the vessel was donated to the ANMM collection.^[28]
• John Louis, one of the last pearling luggers to operate in Australian waters.^[26]
• Kathleen Gillett, a double-ended ketch built for an Australian sailor from designs by Colin Archer, a Norwegian man who spent time in Australia as a farmer before returning to Norway and becoming a naval architect.^[29] The yacht competed in the first Sydney to Hobart race, and was the second Australian yacht to circumnavigate the globe.^[29] The vessel ended up in Guam, was purchased by the Norwegian government in 1987, and restored as Norway's bicentennial gift.^[30]
• MV Krait, a fishing trawler used during World War II for Operation Jaywick, a commando operation to scuttle Japanese vessels in Singapore harbour.^[20] She was sold off after the war and used as a workboat for the Indonesian timber trade, but was rediscovered by Australian special forces veterans in 1962.^[20] Krait was acquired by the Australian War Memorial, then transferred on loan to the ANMM in 1988.^[20]
• Sekar Aman, an Indonesian perahu.^[27]
• Tu Do, a Vietnamese vessel used by 31 South Vietnamese refugees to reach Darwin in 1975, following the end of the Vietnam War.^[27] Tu Do was acquired by the ANMM in 1990.^[27]
• MB 172, a former officer's launch built by the RAN in 1937, and used primarily in Darwin.^[27] The vessel is active, and used to transport museum staff and guests.^[27] The vessel unofficially carries the name Epic Lass, as the launch's restoration was sponsored by Epiglass.^[31]

Other facilities

The 1874-built Cape Bowling Green Lighthouse, originally located at Cape Bowling Green, near Townsville, Queensland,^[28] was relocated to the ANMM site in 1987.^[28]

The Vaughan Evans Library is the research library attached to the ANMM, and is a collecting agency on maritime matters.

The Welcome Wall is a bronze wall located on the northern side of the museum, which lists the names of immigrants who arrived by sea to settle in Australia. Having a name engraved on the wall requires an application to the ANMM, and the paying of a fee.^[32] As of the end of 2011, the wall contained 24,000 names.^[10]

A Harding safety lifeboat and davit is fitted on the water's edge.^[31] This lifeboat, of a design commonly used aboard offshore drilling platforms and tanker ships, is used by the Sydney Institute of TAFE for maritime training.^[31]

Citations

References

Books

• Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (1991). Year Book Australia, 1991. 74. Australian Bureau of Statistics. OCLC 221660900. 
• Coombes, John (2006). Tall Ships: The Sixteen Square Riggers of Australia and New Zealand. Wollombi, NSW: Exisle Publishing. ISBN 978-0-908988-84-6. OCLC 85019816. 
• Gunton, George (1996). Travellers in Time: Living History in Australia. Yarram, VIC: Oceans Enterprises. ISBN 0-9586657-0-2. OCLC 38391126. 
• MacMahon, Bill (2001). The architecture of East Australia: an architectural history in 432 individual presentations. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN 3-930698-90-0. OCLC 759695215. 
• NSTC (1989). National Science and Technology Centre Report of Activities 1988–89. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. ISBN 0-644-10772-3. 
• Shaw, Lindsey (2005). HMAS Onslow: cold war warrior. Sydney, NSW: Australian National Maritime Museum. ISBN 0-9751428-4-4. OCLC 225390609. 
• Shaw, Lindsey (2007). HMAS Vampire: Last of the big guns (2nd ed.). Sydney, NSW: Australian National Maritime Museum. ISBN 978-0-642-51867-5. OCLC 271312410. 
• Witcomb, Andrea (2004). Re-Imagining the Museum: Beyond the Mausoleum. Museum Meanings. Routledge. ISBN 0-203-36102-4. OCLC 50166657. 

News and journal articles

• Casey, Annie (3 May 1999). "Onslow finds new home". Navy News. Retrieved 20 September 2008. 
• Cornford, Phillip (5 February 2000). "Cottee sells First Lady to museum". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 15. 
• "Go west: Australia II heads for home". The Sydney Morning Herald. 27 October 2000. p. 3. 
• Hundley, Paul (September 2010). "USA Gallery Revisited". Signals. Australian National Maritime Museum (92): 45–8. 
• Meacham, Steve (3 December 2001). "How the museum boss got engaged". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 14. 
• Meacham, Steve (16 November 2011). "Museum sets a course for the future". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 18 November 2011. 
• Mendelssohn, Joanna (15 October 1999). "Maritime Museum has that sinking feeling". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 13. 
• O'Brien, Geraldine (3 October 1990). "Finally, smooth sailing for museum". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 5. 
• Totaro, Paola (29 November 1989). "Museum no-one wants to pay for". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 14. 
• Walsh, Don (April 1998). "Soviet sub penetrates Sydney Harbour!". Proceedings. United States Naval Institute. 124 (4): 105. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Australian National Maritime Museum.

• Official website of the Australian National Maritime Museum
• Australian National Maritime Museum at Sydney.com
• "Australian National Maritime Museum – Vessels". Australian National Maritime Museum. Retrieved 13 October 2014. 
• Australian National Maritime Museum at Google Cultural Institute