Animal unit

The concept of an animal unit (AU) has traditionally been used in North America to facilitate planning, analysis and administration of forage use by grazing livestock, but the term has also had other applications (in relation to odor control regulation, feedlot size, manure management, etc.). The term has been variously defined by regulation in different jurisdictions, and by livestock management specialists, rangeland resource managers and others. Consequently, when using or interpreting the term, care is needed to ensure that a definition appropriate for the purpose is being used. Most (but not all) definitions are based on the concept that a 1000-pound (454 kg) cow, with or without an unweaned calf, is one animal unit, with such a cow being assumed to consume 26 pounds (about 12 kg) of forage dry matter per day.

Animal unit months (AUMs) in a grazing area (calculated by multiplying the number of animal units by the number of months of grazing) provide a useful indicator of the amount of forage consumed. On public lands in various jurisdictions, authorized use of forage for grazing is commonly expressed in animal unit months.

Grazing livestock

In the USA, the federal grazing fee, which applies to Federal lands in 16 Western states on public lands managed by the BLM and the U.S. Forest Service, is adjusted annually and is calculated by using a formula originally set by Congress in the Public Rangelands Improvement Act of 1978. Under this formula, as modified and extended by a presidential Executive Order issued in 1986, the grazing fee cannot fall below $1.35 per animal unit month (AUM); also, any fee increase or decrease cannot exceed 25 percent of the previous year’s level. (On these federal grazing lands, an AUM is the amount of forage needed to sustain one cow and her calf, one horse, or five sheep or goats for a month.) The grazing fee for 2012 is $1.35 per AUM, the same level as it was in 2011.[1] For a grazing license or permit on Crown land in British Columbia, the grazing fee per authorized AUM is "93% of the average gross sales revenue per kilogram for live beef cattle marketed during the immediately preceding 3 years through the B.C. Livestock Producers Cooperative Association."[2]

For grazing livestock, most differences in definition relate to how animal unit equivalents should be calculated for weights and classes of livestock other than 1000-pound cows. Different approaches have included:

In this commonly applied type of estimation, the number of animal units may be calculated as the ratio of daily forage dry matter mass consumption, in kg, divided by 12 kg (or daily forage dry matter weight consumption, in pounds, divided by 26 pounds), based on the assumption that daily forage dry matter intake by a 1000-pound cow (with or without unweaned calf) is 2.6 percent of body weight. For example, some animal unit calculations used in Texas assume that daily forage dry matter consumption by a 90-pound nanny Spanish goat is 4.5 percent of body weight. Thus the nanny:cow ratio of daily dry matter consumption is estimated at 4.05:26, or about 0.16. This yields the estimate that such a nanny is equivalent to about 0.16 animal units.[3] Rather than being calculated on a precise live mass basis, some estimates of this type have been generalized in tabulations (by species) according to age or sex classes, e.g. mature sheep, 0.2; lamb (weaned to yearling), 0.12; lamb (yearling), 0.15; ram, 0.25.[4]
This simple method is sometimes used for cattle. The number of animal units represented by one or more head of cattle may be calculated by dividing their total body mass in kg by 454 (or dividing their weight in pounds by 1000). Thus an 800-pound steer would be considered equivalent to 0.8 animal units.[4]
In this method, which has been suggested for cattle, the number of animal units represented by an animal can be calculated as the ratio of that individual's body mass (in kg) to the 0.75 power, divided by 454 to the 0.75 power.[5][6] Such a calculation reflects an assumption that feed requirement will be proportional to metabolic body size. (Metabolic body size is commonly defined as body mass, in kg, to the 0.75 power.[7]) Using this method of calculation, an 800-pound steer would be considered equivalent to 0.85 animal units.

Regulatory definitions

Federal land management agencies, such as the Bureau of Land Management and the National Forest Service, may use different standards for setting grazing fees. The Natural Resources Conservation Service uses animal units to estimate manure production and manure nutrient content when designing projects under the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP). The Environmental Protection Agency does not use the term animal units to define size classes for purposes of compliance with effluent limitations for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs). Instead it sets thresholds by specifying the actual number of animals.[8]

Regulatory definitions of animal unit equivalents also vary according to purpose and also vary among jurisdictions. For various species, they are often based on age and sex categories, rather than precise weights. Some examples are:

Other

Special definitions exist for various other applications. For example, for purposes of comparing manure nitrogen and phosphorus contents and manure production for various animal species, the US Natural Resources Conservation Service has used 1000-pound animal units, regardless of animal species.[13]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "BLM Grazing". Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  2. 1 2 British Columbia Reg. 115/2005, Range Regulation.
  3. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-10-11. Retrieved 2012-07-28.
  4. 1 2 Waller, S. S., L. E. Moser and B. Anderson. 1986. A guide for planning and analyzing a year-round forage program. University of Nebraska, Lincoln. Extension publication EC86-113. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2617&context=extensionhist
  5. ↑ Manske, L. L. Animal unit equivalent for beef cattle based on metabolic weight. http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/archive/dickinso/research/1997/animal.htm
  6. ↑ Using the animal unit month (AUM) effectively. Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development. http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex1201
  7. ↑ Subcommittee on Biological Energy, National Research Council. 1981. Nutritional energetics of domestic animals & glossary of energy terms. 2nd revised ed. National Academy Press, Washington. p. 3.
  8. ↑ 40 CFR 122.23
  9. ↑ US Code of Federal Regulations. 25 CFR 161.1.
  10. ↑ US Code of Federal Regulations 9 CFR 1940.312
  11. ↑ 2011 Idaho Code Title 39. Health and Safety. Chapter 79. Local Option Swine Facilities Siting Act 39-7903. Definitions.
  12. ↑ US Court of Appeals for the 6th Circuit, No. 99-1169. Robert T. Richardson v. Township of Brady. http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/opinions.pdf/00a0215p-06.pdf
  13. ↑ Animal manure management, RCA (Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act) issue brief #7, December 1995. http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/technical/nra/rca/?&cid=nrcs143_014211

External links

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