Anapidae
| Anapidae | |
|---|---|
 | |
| female Conculus lyugadinus from Okinawa | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Suborder: | Araneomorphae |
| Superfamily: | Araneoidea |
| Family: | Anapidae Simon, 1895 |
| Genera | |
| Diversity[1] | |
| 38 genera, 154 species | |
 | |
Anapidae is a family of rather small spiders with 154 described species in 36 genera.[1] Alternatively the family may include Micropholcommatidae as the subfamily Micropholcommatinae, with a further 66 species and 19 genera.[2] Most species are less than 2 mm long.[3]
In some species (such as Pseudanapis parocula) the pedipalps of the female are reduced to coxal stumps.[3]
Anapidae generally live in leaf litter and moss on the floor of rain forest. Many build orb webs with a diameter of less than 3 cm.[3]
Distribution
Most genera inhabit New Zealand, Australia and Africa. However, several genera occur in Asia (Japan, China, Korea). Only Comaroma simoni and the three species of Zangherella are found in Europe; Gertschanapis shantzi and Comaroma mendocino live in the United States.[4]
Description
Spiders of this family are very small, usually less than two millimeters long, and lack a cribellum. They can have either six or eight eyes, the rear median eyes either reduced or missing. The carapace is modified so that the eyes are raised higher than usual. Color can range from reddish brown to yellowish brown. Both margins of chelicerae have teeth. The legs are short and spineless. The labium has a spur that extends between the chelicerae and can be seen when the chelicerae are spread.[5]
Systematics
Although the Micropholcommatidae were synonymized with this family by Schütt (2003), this move was not followed by all researchers, although accepted in a 2014 review of the systematics of the orb-weaving spiders.[2]
Genera
- Anapis Simon, 1895 — Central to South America
- Anapisona Gertsch, 1941 — Central to South America
- Caledanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — New Caledonia
- Chasmocephalon O. P-Cambridge, 1889 — Australia
- Comaroma Bertkau, 1889 — Europe, USA, China, Korea, Japan
- Conculus Komatsu, 1940 — New Guinea, Korea, Japan
- Crassanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Chile, Argentina
- Crozetulus Hickman, 1939 — Africa
- Dippenaaria Wunderlich, 1995 — South Africa
- Elanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Chile
- Enielkenie Ono, 2007 — Taiwan
- Forsteriola Brignoli, 1981 — Africa
- Gertschanapis Platnick & Forster, 1990 — USA
- Hickmanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Tasmania
- Mandanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — New Caledonia
- Maxanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Australia
- Metanapis Brignoli, 1981 — Africa, Nepal
- Minanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Chile, Argentina
- Montanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — New Caledonia
- Nortanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Australia
- Novanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — New Zealand
- Octanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Australia
- Paranapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — New Zealand
- Pecanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Chile
- Pseudanapis Simon, 1905 — Central and South America, Africa, South Asia, New Guinea, Hong Kong
- Queenslanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Australia
- Risdonius Hickman, 1939 — Australia
- Sheranapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Chile
- Sinanapis Wunderlich & Song, 1995 — China
- Sofanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Chile
- Spinanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Australia
- Tasmanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Tasmania
- Victanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — Australia
- Zangherella Caporiacco, 1949 — Mediterranean
- Zealanapis Platnick & Forster, 1989 — New Zealand
See also
Footnotes
- 1 2 "Currently valid spider genera and species". World Spider Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. Retrieved 2015-10-13.
- 1 2 Hormiga, Gustavo & Griswold, Charles E. (2014). "Systematics, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Orb-Weaving Spiders". Annual Review of Entomology. 59 (1): 487–512. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162046. PMID 24160416.
- 1 2 3 Murphy & Murphy 2000
- ↑ Platnick 2008
- ↑ Song, D.X.; Zhu, M.S.; Chen, J. (1999). The Spiders of China. Hebei University of Science and Techology, Publishing House, Shijiazhuang. p. 149.
References
- Ramirez, M.J. & Platnick, N.I. (1999): On Sofanapis antillanca (Araneae, Anapidae) as a kleptoparasite of austrochiline spiders (Araneae, Austrochilidae). Journal of Arachnology 27(2): 547-549. PDF
- Murphy, Frances & Murphy, John (2000): An Introduction to the Spiders of South East Asia. Malaysian Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur.
- Schütt, K. (2003): Phylogeny of Symphytognathidae. Zoologica Scripta 32: 129–151.
- Platnick, Norman I. (2008): The world spider catalog, version 8.5. American Museum of Natural History.
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