Alfred-Maurice de Zayas

This article is about the human rights expert. For the Cuban President, see Alfredo Zayas y Alfonso.
Professor
Alfred-Maurice de Zayas
JD, PhD

Alfred de Zayas, Potsdam, 2005
United Nations Independent Expert on the Promotion of a Democratic and Equitable International Order
In office
2012–2018
Personal details
Born (1947-05-31) May 31, 1947
Havana, Cuba
Nationality United States
Occupation Human rights expert, law professor, PEN Suisse romand president, and former United Nations official

Alfred-Maurice de Zayas (born May 31, 1947, Havana, Cuba) is an American lawyer, writer, historian, a leading expert in the field of human rights and international law and retired high-ranking United Nations official. Since 2012, he has been Special Rapporteur (appointed by the United Nations Human Rights Council).[1][2]

During its 27th session in September 2014 the Human Rights Council extended his mandate through 2018 pursuant to resolution A/HRC/RES/27/9.[3] De Zayas is currently a professor of international law at the Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations,[4] and formerly worked with the United Nations from 1981 to 2003 as a senior lawyer with the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights,[5][6] Secretary of the Human Rights Committee,[7] and the Chief of Petitions. Zayas practised law in New York and Florida 1970-74 specializing on corporate law [8]

De Zayas' work focuses inter alia on the judicial protection of peoples and minorities.[9] He holds a Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School and a doctorate in modern history from the University of Göttingen in Germany. He has written and lectured extensively on human rights, including the jurisprudence of the United Nations Human Rights Committee,[10][11] the Armenian Genocide,[12][13][14][15][16] the Holocaust[17][18][19][20] the US-run detention centers at Guantanamo Bay,[21][22][23][24][24][25] ethnic cleansing in the former Yugoslavia,[26] the expulsion of Eastern European Germans after the Second World War,[27][28] the invasion of Cyprus by Turkey in 1974,[29][30][31] the rights of minorities,[32] the right to freedom of opinion and expression,[33] and the rights of indigenous peoples.[34] and unfair trade relations [35]

He is an advocate of "the right to homeland" as a universal human right,[36][37][38] of the human right to peace,[39][40] of the establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly and a World Court on Human Rights, and has been active on behalf of the Iranian refugees in Camp Ashraf in Iraq.[41][42]

Since his early retirement from the UN in 2003, de Zayas has become a vocal critic of the 2003 Iraq War[43][44] indefinite detention[45] in Guantanamo, secret CIA prisons, nuclear pollution, asymmetric trade and investment agreements,[46] and extreme poverty.[47]

A resident of Geneva, he was President of the Suisse Romand Centre of International PEN from 2006–09, and in March 2013 was elected president for a further term of three years.[48] From 1990 to 2005 he was president of the United Nations Society of Writers (UNSW) and is currently the editor-in-chief of UNSW’s literary journal Ex Tempore [49]

Biography

De Zayas was born in Havana, Cuba and grew up in Chicago, Illinois. He earned his juris doctor degree from Harvard Law School, then a doctorate of philosophy in modern history from the Georg-August University of Göttingen.[50]

He practiced corporate law in New York and family law in Florida, as a member of the New York and Florida Bars. He was also a Fulbright Fellow at the University of Tübingen in Germany and research fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law in Heidelberg. In 1978–80, he participated in the German-American Schoolbook Commission at the Georg Eckert Institut in Braunschweig, and, in 1980, published a long article on the subject of prejudice and stereotypes in schoolbooks in "Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte".[51]

During the course of his legal and academic career, de Zayas has been a visiting professor of international law and of world history at a number of institutions, including the Graduate Institute of International Studies (Geneva), the DePaul University College of Law (Chicago), the University of British Columbia (Vancouver), the Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations, the Schiller International University (Leysin), the Académie Internationale de Droit Constitutionnel (Tunis), the University of Trier, Santa Clara Law School (California), the Center for Applied Studies in International Negotiations (CASIN) (Geneva), the Felix Ermacora Institute (Vienna), the Raoul Wallenberg Institute (Lund, Sweden), University College Galway (Ireland), the University of Alcala de Henares, Madrid (Spain), and the International Institute of Humanitarian Law (San Remo, Italy).[52] He has been member of doctoral committees at the Institut Universitaire de Hautes Etudes Internationales, the Universities of Amsterdam and Alcalá de Henares and the Geneva School of Diplomacy.

De Zayas regularly publishes op-ed articles and essays in international newspapers and media outlets, including The Guardian,[53] Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Die Welt, Der Spiegel, and Bayernkurier.[54] and the Tribune de Genève. He has made television appearances on round tables and panels for CNN, Russia Today,[55] WDR, and others. He has been a legal and historical consultant to numerous television documentaries in the USA, Canada, the Netherlands and Germany, including the Discovery Channel film on the sinking of the refugee ship "Wilhelm Gustloff", and the Bayerischer Rundfunk documentary, Flucht und Vertreibung.[56]

Scholarly work

De Zayas' work into the expulsion of Germans from their areas in eastern Germany and Eastern Europe at the end of World War II is extensive.[57][58][59][60][61]

In 1975, he published a study in the Harvard International Law Journal, questioning the legality of the expulsion of possibly as many as 15 million Germans from their homes after World War II, invoking the Atlantic Charter, the Hague Conventions, and the Nuremberg Principles.[62] The article was followed by the book Nemesis at Potsdam (Routledge und Kegan Paul, 1977) which focused on the degree of responsibility of the British and Americans for decisions leading to the expulsions of these ethnic Germans.[63] In the same year, an enlarged German edition was published by the legal publisher C. H. Beck, becoming a bestseller. In this book, Zayas took an interdisciplinary approach to the phenomenon of "population transfers" and examined the situation of the ethnic Germans from both a historical and legal perspective [64]

De Zayas was reportedly the first American historian to address this topic.[65] The Deutsche Welle reported in 2007: "He wrote the first scholarly work on German expellees to appear in English, breaking what had long been a taboo topic."[66] The German Federal Minister Heinrich Windelen wrote in the foreword to de Zayas's book Anmerkungen zur Vertreibung: "It is thanks to De Zayas that the debate on The Expulsion has been reopened [...] In the subsequent period, a number of authors have drawn on the work of De Zayas. Thus, he has contributed significantly to the fact that discussion of The Expulsion is no longer considered taboo."[67] As law professor at DePaul University in Chicago, he organized the exhibit "Ethnic Cleansing 1944–1948", (November 1993–February 1994), consisting of over 100 poster-sized Wochenschau, Bundesarchiv and US-Army Signal Corps pictures, as well as paintings by survivors of the expulsion; it was widely visited, and commented on in the Chicago press.[68][69][70] The book is cited in scholarly publications and dissertations[71][72]

His second book, The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau was published in Germany by Universitas/Langen Müller, in 1979, and the English translation by de Zayas himself by the University of Nebraska Press in 1989. This describes some of the work of the Wehrmacht-Untersuchungsstelle, a special section of the legal department of the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, which investigated Allied and German war crimes. Examples include the murder of Ukrainians in Lviv by the NKVD in 1941, the murder of Polish prisoners of war at Katyn in 1940, executions of German prisoners of war by French irregulars in 1944, and the sinking of the German hospital ship Tübingen by the British in 1944.[73]

De Zayas was the first researcher to work with the 226 extant volumes (about half of the total, the rest apparently having been burned in Langensalza, Germany, near the end of the war.[74]). They had been classified documents in the United States and had just been returned by the US National Archives to the German Bundesarchiv. The book was savagely attacked in the media of the Soviet Union and its satellites. Notwithstanding criticism from a few historians in Germany, these two books were well received in the academic community, are used in colleges and universities, and remain in print after thirty years.[75]

The book on the Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau was the product of a four-year project financed by the Institute of International Law of the University of Göttingen and by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft. The final report is available online.[76]

Civic activities

De Zayas was co-president, with Jacqueline Berenstein Wavre, of the Association Suisses et Internationaux de Genève from 1996 to 2006. ASIG was particularly active in the cultural integration of international civil servants into Geneva life, an activity currently carried out by the "Geneva Welcome Centre" at the Villa la Pastorale in Geneva. UN Special vol. 606. also organized numerous round tables at the United Nations and other public events with a view to promoting Switzerland's entry into the United Nations.

On 11 November 1998, ASIG hosted a conference at the Palais des Nations on "Denis de Rougement ou l'art de penser en avant les problèmes". On May 12, 1999, ASIG hosted a conference by Professor Peter Tschopp, Director of the Institut Universitaire de Hautes Etudes Internationales, on "La Suisse et l'ONU" at the Centre d'Accueil Genève Internationale. ASIG hosted roundtables at the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights at the Palais Wilson 2000–2002[77][78][79]

Memberships

De Zayas is a member of numerous professional organizations and non-governmental organizations:

Activism

De Zayas has represented AEDIDH, the International P.E.N., and the International Society for Human Rights at round tables at the United Nations in Geneva.[87] including with Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Professor Jean Ziegler, with the Chairman of the Human Rights Council, Ambassador Luis de Alba, and with the President of the General Assembly Miguel d'Escoto Brockmann.

He is an advocate of the human right to peace and a signatory of the Luarca Declaration on the Human Right to Peace. He contributed to a book on the Human Right to Peace and presented it at a symposium at the University of California at Berkeley in November 2009.[88]

While a staff member at the UN, Zayas was the founder and editor of the series "Selected Decisions of the Human Rights Committee under the Optional Protocol." Before being named rapporteur, he was a regular participant in panels and round tables at the United Nations, where he represented the International Society for Human Rights and PEN International. During the 4th–30th sessions of the Human Rights Council, he has participated in side-events on various issues including the right to development, extreme poverty, the millennium development goals, women's rights, self-determination, indigenous rights, Kashmir, disarmament for development, moderated panels on human dignity and gender equality, and presented the statement of Secretary General Ban Ki Moon on the International Day of Human Rights, September 21, 2007.[89][90][91]

He was a consultant with the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights in Geneva and a member of the board of directors of Unite for Rights, a California-based NGO, which aims at a new human rights convention with effective implementation machinery to promote and protect all human rights, including the "new enabling rights" such as the right to peace, the right to truth, the right to a homeland.[92]

In June 2009, de Zayas published, together with Justice Jakob Th. Möller of Iceland, The Case-Law of the United Nations Human Rights Committee 1977–2008. The first chairperson of the Committee, Andreas Mavrommatis, wrote the preface and the former UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Bertrand Ramcharan, reviewed it in the UN Special of June 2009 (pp. 18–19).[93]

De Zayas co-authored and co-edited International Human Rights Monitoring Mechanisms (with Gudmundur Alfredsson and Bertrand Ramcharan) in 2009.[94]

United Nations Independent Expert

In January 2008, the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights placed his name on the public list of candidates for Special Procedures of the UN Human Rights Council. In 2011, the office of United Nations Independent Expert on the promotion of a democratic and equitable international order was established by Human Rights Council resolution 18/6.[95]

In 2012, de Zayas was elected as the Independent Expert by the Human Rights Council, after being nominated by the President of the council, Laura Dupuy.[1] He presented his first report to the UN Human Rights Council at its 21st session in September 2012, calling for uniform application of international law.[96][97][98] On November 2, 2012, he presented his interim report to the UN General Assembly in New York. Doc. A/67/277. On 10 September 2013 he presented his second report to the Human Rights Council A/HRC/24/38, and, in October 2013 his second report to the GA . A/68/284, to the UN General Assembly exploring initiatives and enforcement mechanisms to further advance a democratic and equitable international order.[99]

On September 10, 2014, his third report, A/HRC/27/51.[99] to the council and On October 27, 2014, he presented his third report to the General Assembly on the right to self-determination (A/69/272)[103][104] In the press release issued the following day, he stated: "The realization of the right of self-determination is essential to maintaining local, regional and international peace and must be seen as an important conflict-prevention strategy".[105] [100] In 2015, the US based magazine of global politics, Foreign Policy, consulted with the UN Independent Expert on the application of the right to self-determination in the Indonesian region of West Papua.[101]

On 10 September 2015 he presented his fourth report to the Council on the adverse human rights impacts of free trade and investment agreements on a democratic and equitable international order, and on October 26, 2015 to the General Assembly on the issue of investor state dispute settlement.[100] The main observations of these reports were reported by news outlets such as Reuters,[102] The Guardian,[103] The Huffington Post,[104] Russia Today (RT),[105] and The Independent.[106]

During his mandate, he addressed multiple contemporary world issues, welcoming the Arms Trade Treaty and urging States to regulate not only trade but also production of arms.[107] For the 2013 World Water Day, he stated: “With the growth of the world population, the global climate change and the need for a greater healthy environment, access to water resources has become a crucial condition for the realization of a democratic and equitable international order.".[108]

In 2015, following a press release, de Zayas urged trade negotiators to address the Doha Round commitments to promote equal and fair trade at the Tenth Ministerial Conference in Nairobi, Kenya,[109] which was reported by India’s The Hindu.[110] He called for the abolition of Investor-State dispute settlement arbitration which accompanies investment agreements stating: “Far from contributing to human rights and development, ISDS has compromised the State's regulatory functions and resulted in growing inequality among States and within them.”[111] The Guardian]] published his op-ed on adverse human rights impacts of free trade and investment agreements.[112]

Literary endeavors

Apart from his scholarly work in the fields of history and law, de Zayas has published poetry in English, French, German, Spanish, and Dutch, has translated the poetry of Rainer Maria Rilke into English, French, and Spanish, and has translated works by Joseph von Eichendorff and Hermann Hesse into English.[113]

As a member of the International Rainer Maria Rilke Society of Sierre, Switzerland, de Zayas published the first English-language translation of Rilke's "Larenopfer", 90 poems dedicated to Rilke's homeland of Bohemia and his home city of Prague[114] [115] Zayas has lectured on Rilke in Austria, Germany, Switzerland and Canada. On May 2, 2011, he delivered a lecture at the Salon du Livre de Genève (Geneva bookfair) on "Rilke, poète de la Heimat"[116]

He has published in the literary journal of the PEN Club Suisse Romande "L'Escarpe" (renamed 2008 "Pages Littéraires) in 2007-08. A member of International PEN since 1989, he was Secretary-General of the Centre Swiss Romande of PEN PEN Club in 2002–06, and its president 2006–10; 2010-13 he was a member of the Centre's executive committee, and in 2013 was again elected President. Zayas was coordinator of the three Swiss PEN Centres Switzerland 2008–10, and again 2013-14.[117]

De Zayas served for fifteen years as president of the United Nations Society of Writers, Geneva. He was the founder of the UN literary review Ex Tempore, which has published 25 issues.[118][119][120][121] In October 2011 he was reelected editor-in-chief of Ex Tempore. On January 21, 2011, the 15th annual Ex Tempore salon was held in Geneva.[122][123][124]

In honour of the Whistler Olympics Zayas read out his poem "Skiing", also published in the February 2010 UN Special.[125] and in the Spring 2010 issue of the UBC literary Journal "Esoteric". On October 14, 2014, the UN Library in Geneva held celebrated the 25th anniversary of the United Nations Society of Writers with a special event devoted to literature and peace.[126] De Zayas has been a member of the Société Genevoise des Ecrivains since 2008 and a member of the Société des Ecrivains Valaisans since 2013.

Prizes

De Zayas received the:

On July 26, 2008, de Zayas was awarded the Cultural Prize (Kulturpreis) of the city of Geislingen (Baden-Württemberg, Germany) for his Rilke and Hesse translations.[129]

De Zayas was awarded the Educator's Award 2011 by the teacher- and civil society organization Canadians for Genocide Education (CGE), on March 31, 2011, at the University of Toronto.[130][131][132]

Selected works

Books

Articles and chapters

Other

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Human Rights Council concludes nineteenth session". Ohchr.org. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  2. ↑ Independent Expert on the promotion of a democratic and equitable international order, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Ohchr.org; accessed December 14, 2015.
  3. ↑ "Mandate of the Independent Expert on the promotion of a democratic and equitable international order" (PDF). Ohchr.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  4. ↑ "Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-06.
  5. ↑ A. de Zayas "Human Rights, United Nations High Commissioner for" in H. Volger (ed.) Concise Encyclopedia of the United Nations, Kluwer, the Hague, 2002, pp. 217–23, favourably reviewed by Ruth Wedgwood in the American Journal of International Law, vol. 99, pp. 284–87, at 285;
  6. ↑ A. de Zayas, "United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights" in Rudolf Bernhardt (ed.) Encyclopaedia of Public International Law, Vol. 4, 2000, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 1129–32
  7. ↑ "Excerpts from the 100th session of the Human Rights Committee on Vimeo". Vimeo.com. 2010-11-14. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  8. ↑ "Biography of Mr. Alfred-Maurice de Zayas". Ohchr.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  9. ↑ Yoram Dinstein, Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Volume 23, 1993, p. 416
  10. ↑ Jakob Th. Möller/Alfred de Zayas, The United Nations Human Rights Committee Case Law 1977-2008, N.P. Engel Publishers, Kehl/Strasbourg, 2009; ISBN 978-3-88357-144-7
  11. ↑ "The Procedures and Case-Law of the United Nations Human Rights Committee" in Carlos Jiménez Piernas, The Legal Practice in International Law and European Community Law, Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden 2007
  12. ↑ "The Principle of Reparation in International Law". Keghart.com. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  13. ↑ Hairenik. "De Zayas: Armenians Have Strong, Legitimate Claim for Reparations". Armenian Weekly. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  14. ↑ A de Zayas (2003). Steven Vardy and Hunt Tooley, ed. "The Twentieth Century's First Genocide". Columbia University Press. pp. 157–80. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  15. ↑ "El Genocidio contra los Armenios y la relevancia de la Convención para la prevención y la sanción del delito de genocidio" with a Prologue by the International Commission of Jurists, Buenos Aires, 2009; ISBN 978-950-895-277-6
  16. ↑ The Genocide Against the Armenians 1915–1923 and the Relevance of the 1948 Genocide Convention, Haigazian University Press, Lebanon 2010.
  17. ↑ Johannes van Aggelen. "Review of "Genocide as State Secret"". Genocidepreventionnow.org. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  18. ↑ Johannes van Aggelena1. "Netherlands International Law Review - A. De Zayas, Völkermord als Staatsgeheimnis: Vom Wissen über die 'Endlösung der Judenfrage' im Dritten Reich, Olzog Verlag, Munich 2011; ISBN 978-3-7892-8329-1". Journals.cambridge.org. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  19. ↑ Shaidle, Kathy (2012-01-11). "The Eternal German Guilt Trip - Taki's Magazine". Takimag.com. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  20. ↑ Von Arnulf Baring (1941-09-29). "Staatsgeheimnis - Kultur". Tagesspiegel.de (in German). Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  21. ↑ "The Status of Guantanamo Bay and the Status of the Detainees" (PDF). University of British Columbia Law Review. 37: 277–342. 2004.
  22. ↑ "Guantánamo, la violation du droit en toute impunité". Tribune de Genève. 17–18. January 2004. p. 4.
  23. ↑ "Les Etats-Unis n'auront pas à répondre de Guantanamo". Tribune de Genève. April 23, 2004.
  24. 1 2 "Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law: Home". Mpepil.com. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  25. ↑ "Wem gehört Guantanamo Bay", Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, December 29, 2003
  26. ↑ "Ethnische Säuberungen und das Internationale Kriegsverbrechertribunal für das ehemalige Jugoslawien" in Archiv des Völkerrechts, Band 35 (1997) pp. 29–72, "Der Krieg im ehemaligen Jugoslawien aus völkerrechtlicher Sicht" in Tilman Zülch (ed.) Ethnische Säuberung, Luchterhand Verlag, 1999
  27. ↑ A. de Zayas, Nemesis at Potsdam, Routledge 1977, 6th revised edition Picton 2003; ISBN 0-89725-360-4, A Terrible Revenge, Palgrave/Macmillan, New York 2006, 2nd revised edition; ISBN 978-1-4039-7308-5, "Vertreibung und Voelkerrecht" in the official catalogue of the exhibit "Flucht Vertreibung Integration", Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 3rd edition, Kerber Verlag 2006; ISBN 3-938025-58-1.
  28. ↑ "Unzulässige Diskriminierung der deutschen Opfer", FAZ.net; February 28, 2011.
    and Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (March 1, 2011), p. 18.
  29. ↑ "Self-determination. Turkish settlers and Cyprus referenda" in Andreas Auer (ed.) A Constitutional Convention for Cyprus, Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Berlin, 2009; ISBN 978-3-86573-423-5
  30. ↑ "Turkey must apologise" Cyprus Weekly, February 25, 2011, p. 14
  31. ↑ Zayas, Alfred de (2006). "The Annan Plan". Cyprus Yearbook of International Relations: 163–79.
  32. ↑ "Minority Rights in the New Millennium", The Geneva Post Quarterly, May 2007, pp. 155–208
  33. ↑ "Netherlands International Law Review - FREEDOM OF OPINION AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: SOME REFLECTIONS ON GENERAL COMMENT NO. 34 OF THE UN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE - Cambridge Journals Online". Journals.cambridge.org. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  34. ↑ "The International Judicial Protection of Peoples and Minorities" in Catherine Brölmann Peoples and Minorities in International Law, Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht 1993, pp. 253–88.
  35. ↑ "UN expert calls for fundamental rethink of global trading system". Ohchr.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  36. ↑ Zayas, Alfred-Maurice de (1975). "International Law and Mass Population Transfers". Harvard International Law Journal: 207–58.
  37. ↑ Zayas, Alfred-Maurice de (1996). "The Right to One's Homeland, Ethnic Cleansing and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia". Criminal Law Journal.
  38. ↑ Heimatrecht ist Menschenrecht. Munich: Universitas. 2001.
  39. ↑ "Expert workshop on the right of peoples to peace" (PDF). Ohchr.org. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  40. ↑ Alfred de Zayas (2010-03-12). "UNSpecial N° 695 — Mai 2010 ¤ UN/ONU". Unspecial.org. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  41. ↑ "Juristes et politiciens réunis dans une conférence à l'ONU à Genève". Ncr-iran.org. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  42. ↑ "Conférence internationale à Genève". Ncr-iran.org. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  43. ↑ "Dieser Krieg ist völkerrechtswidrig". Welt.de. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  44. ↑ Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  45. ↑ "International Committee of the Red Cross". Icrc.org. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  46. ↑ http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=16745&LangID=E
  47. ↑ St. Galler Tagblatt, "Verbrechen gegen den Frieden bestrafen" «Verbrechen gegen Frieden bestrafen», May 14, 2004.
  48. ↑ "PEN - Centre Suisse Romand". Pensuisseromand.ch. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  49. ↑ "Ex Tempore – The Literary Journal of the United Nations Society of Writers". alfreddezayas.com. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  50. ↑ Profile, spiegel.de; accessed 15 December 2015.(German)
  51. ↑ ""Deutsch-amerikanische Schulbuchrevision" Das Parlament, Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, July 14, 1979, pp. 37–47, "Deutsch-amerikanische Schulbuchrevision: 1962 bis 1967, und heute?" Lecture at the Rhein-Ruhr-Klub, Düsseldorf, March 29, 1979, "Verzerrtes Deutschlandbild in Amerika" Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, August 1, 1978, p. 2, "Hässliche Klischees in Schulbüchern" in Der Junge Beamte, November 1980, p. 14
  52. ↑ "San Remo Programme" (PDF). Iihl.org. June 2009. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  53. ↑ "How can Philip Morris sue Uruguay over its tobacco laws?". theguardian.com. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  54. ↑ "La Kollektivschuld et les droits humains", July 22, 2010, p. 2
  55. ↑ Video on YouTube
  56. ↑ "Multimedia - Mr. Alfred de Zayas, Independent Expert on the promotion of a democratic and equitable international order". ohchr.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  57. ↑ Zayas, Alfred-Maurice de: A Terrible Revenge: The Ethnic Cleansing of the Eastern European Germans 1944–1950, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994
  58. ↑ Kittel, Manfred (2007). Die Vertreibung der Vertriebenen. Munich: Oldenbourg Verlag. pp. 119, 158, 164.
  59. ↑ Ahonen, Pertti (2003). After the Expulsion. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 20–21.
  60. ↑ MacDonough, Giles (2007). After the Reich. London, UK: John Murray Publishers. pp. 126, 556, 585 ff. There is a similar lack of documentation in English on events in Czechoslovakia. The best remains Alfred M. de Zayas's Nemesis at Potsdam (London 1979)
  61. ↑ "Miskolc Journal of International Law". Uni-miskolc.hu (in Hungarian). Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  62. ↑ Zayas, Alfred-Maurice de. "International Law and Mass Population Transfers". Harvard International Law Journal. 16: 207–58.
  63. ↑ Zayas, Alfred-Maurice de (1977). Nemesis at Potsdam (PDF). Routledge.
  64. ↑ "de Zayas, Alfred". genevadiplomacy.com. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  65. ↑ Archived 1 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  66. ↑ "Many Descendents of Expellees Reject Traditional Point of View". Dw-world.de. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  67. ↑ Heinrich Windelen, "Foreword" in A. de Zayas, Anmerkungen zur Vertreibung der Deutschen aus dem Osten, W. Kohlhammer, 1993; ISBN 317012580X
  68. ↑ Chicago Sun Times, November 28, 1993.
  69. ↑ "Professor recalls post-WWII atrocities". Chicago Daily Law Bulletin: 3–4. November 19, 1993.
  70. ↑ DePaul University Reporter, Vol. VII, No. 5, January 1994, p. 4
  71. ↑ Dr. Robert Bard, "Historical Memory of the Expulsion of Ethnic Germans in Europe 1944–1947", University of Hertfordshire, July 2009.
  72. ↑ See also symposium held on July 19, 2005 in Berlin, hosted by the Institut für Zeitgeschichte, with the participation of Dr Guido Knopp (ZDF), Prof. Soutou (Sorbonne), Prof Nichols (Oxford) and Alfred de Zayas, pp. 37 et seq. Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. (German)
  73. ↑ "Book Reviews". journals.cambridge.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  74. ↑ Zayas, Alfred-Maurice de, The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939–1945, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA, 1989, pp. xiii–xiv.
  75. ↑ "Books & Editorships". alfreddezayas.com. Archived from alfreddezayas.com/books.shtml the original Check |url= value (help) on 11 April 2005. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  76. ↑ "Java script content" (TXT). Alfreddezayas.com. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  77. ↑ "Article". Tribune de Genève. March 4, 1998. p. 11.
  78. ↑ "Article". Tribune de Genève. February 12, 2000. p. 8.
  79. ↑ "Article". Tribune de Genève. February 7, 2003.
  80. ↑ "UN Round table on human dignity at centre of human rights, moderated by Alfred de Zayas". Heartshomeusa.org. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  81. ↑ "Points-Cœur International". Pointscoeur.org. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  82. ↑ "News". ihraam.org. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  83. ↑ "Europe for Cyprus". neurope.eu. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
  84. ↑ "Luarca Declaration on the Human Race to Peace" (PDF). Fund-culturadepaz.org. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  85. ↑ "Peace as a Human Right". Europenews.dk. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  86. ↑ "International Day of Peace the Luarca Declaration and the Human Right to Peace". divainternational.ch. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
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