Albert Shanker

Albert Shanker (September 14, 1928 – February 22, 1997) was president of the United Federation of Teachers from 1964 to 1985 and president of the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) from 1974 to 1997.

Early life

Shanker was born on Manhattan’s Lower East Side (New York City)^[1] to a Russian Jewish immigrant family. As a toddler, his family moved to Long Island City, in Queens.^[2]

His father, Morris, delivered newspapers and his mother, Mamie, worked in a knitting factory. The experience of watching his mother work 70-hour weeks made Shanker aware from an early age that there was a need for societal changes.

Shanker read several newspapers daily as a young boy, with an interest in philosophy. His idols were Franklin D. Roosevelt, Clarence Darrow, civil-rights leader Bayard Rustin, and American philosopher Sydney Hook.^[3]

In 1946, Shanker graduated from Stuyvesant High School,^[4] where he was the head of the debate team, and went to the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana. He joined the Congress of Racial Equality. Shanker picketed segregated movie theaters and restaurants and was a member of the Young People's Socialist League and chairperson of the Socialist Study Club.^[3] In 1949, he graduated with honors and enrolled in Columbia University. In order to earn money while writing his dissertation, Shanker became a substitute teacher at Public School 179 on Manhattan's upper West Side.

Founding the United Federation of Teachers

Shanker took a year off after graduating from college and taught mathematics at an East Harlem school from 1952 to 1959. He began his tenure as a union organizer in 1959 to help organize the Teacher's Guild, a New York City affiliate of the American Federation of Teachers that was founded by John Dewey in 1917. Eventually, the Teacher's Guild merged with New York City's High School Teacher's Association to form the United Federation of Teachers (UFT) in 1960. During the 1960s, Shanker received national attention and considerable criticism for his aggressive union leadership and skillful negotiation of salary increases for New York City teachers. He left his teaching job to become a full-time union organizer. He felt that a teachers' union would be more effective if it were united with a common set of goals. In 1964, Shanker succeeded Charles Cogen as the UFT president, a position he held until 1985. In 1967 and again in 1968, he served jail sentences for leading illegal teachers' strikes. The New York City teacher's strike of 1968 closed down almost all New York City schools for 36 days.

Perhaps Shanker is best known for opposing community-control leaders in the Ocean Hill-Brownsville district of New York City, which led to the 1968 strike after white teachers were dismissed from the school district by the recently appointed black administrator.^[5][6]

For more than a decade, Shanker wrote more than 1,300 columns in The New York Times and essays in other publications. Accompanied by a small photograph of Shanker, the Times columns, titled "Where We Stand," sought to clarify the union's position on matters of public interest.

Activist legacy

Despite Shanker's organizing efforts and the 15 days that he would spend in jail due to his organization activities, he was branded a racist by critics.^[7] Yet he would persist in building the United Federation of Teachers and would be elected president of the American Federation of Teachers in 1974. He was re-elected every two years until his death.

In 1975, the UFT authorized a five-day strike, leading to allegedly saving New York City from bankruptcy after Shanker asked the Teachers' Retirement System to invest $150 million in municipal bonds.

On September 21, 1981, Shanker had dinner with Leon B. Applewhaite, a personal friend and one of the three members of the Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA). Applewhaite was involved in deciding whether to uphold the decertification of the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization for the strike they had called in August of that year. During the dinner, Shanker urged Applewhaite not to decertify the union, an action which plainly violated the prohibition on the ex parte contact contained in the federal Administrative Procedure Act. Although the contact was not ultimately found to have legal consequences, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals criticized Shanker's behavior in their review of the FLRA's decision. (See 685 F.2d 547.)

In 1988, Shanker was the first to propose charter schools in the U.S. He was inspired by a visit to a public school in Cologne, Germany, in which teams of teachers had considerable control over how the school was run, and about what and how to teach. They stayed with each class of students for six years. The schools were integrated by ethnic and economic origins, and were originally intended to focus on the neediest students, drop-outs and those most likely to drop out soon.^[8]

In 1993, Shanker turned against the charter school idea when he realized that for-profit organizations saw it as a business opportunity and were advancing an agenda of school privatization.^[8] Indeed, the charter schools that were finally established in the U.S. were different from Shanker's vision. "On average, charter schools are even more racially and economically segregated than traditional public schools," according to an opinion piece in the New York Times explaining Shanker's views.^[9]

Opponents of the Vietnam war have criticized Shanker and other AFL-CIO leaders for supporting the war in Vietnam and other anti-Communist aspects of U.S. foreign policy.^[10][11]

Later years

Shanker was a visiting professor at Hunter College and Harvard University during the 1980s. He continued to work toward organizing teachers throughout his life and attempted to bridge the AFT with the National Education Association, which he never saw happen. In 1991, U.S. President George H. W. Bush appointed him as a member of the original Competitiveness Policy Council.

Shanker died of bladder cancer and was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1998 by U.S. President Bill Clinton.^[12]

Quotations

"Public schools played a big role in holding our nation together. They brought together children of different races, languages, religions, and cultures and gave them a common language and a sense of common purpose. We have not outgrown our need for this; far from it." ("Where We Stand," March 3, 1997)^[13]

“There is no more reason to pay for private education than there is to pay for a private swimming pool for those who do not use public facilities.”^[14]

“It is as much the duty of the union to preserve public education as it is to negotiate a good contract.”^[15]

"It's dangerous to let a lot of ideas out of the bag, some of which may be bad. But there's something that's more dangerous, and that's not having any new ideas at all at a time when the world is closing in on you." (Speech to the AFT QuEST Conference, 1985)^[16]

Disputed quote

The quote,

"When schoolchildren start paying union dues, that’s when I’ll start representing the interests of school children."^[17]

is often attributed to Shanker.

The Albert Shanker Institute attempted to find the source of this quote, and concluded that "we cannot demonstrate conclusively that Albert Shanker never made this particular statement... but, we believe the quote is fiction." The first appearance, which those at the Institute could find, was in the Meridian (Mississippi) Star newspaper, August 13, 1985, but no source is included in the article.^[18]

In popular culture

• There is a reference to Albert Shanker in the Woody Allen movie Sleeper (1973).^[19] The protagonist is transported to the future, where he is told that the old world was destroyed when "a man named Albert Shanker got hold of a nuclear warhead."

See also

• Albert Shanker Institute
• United Federation of Teachers (bio)^[19]

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Braun, Robert J., Teachers and Power: The Story of the American Federation of Teachers, New York City: Simon & Schuster, 1972. ISBN 0-671-21167-6
• Buhle, Paul, "Albert Shanker: No Flowers," New Politics, vol. 6, no. 3, Summer 1997. (Accessed October 15, 2006)
• Gibson, Rich. "The AFT and Albert Shanker," Black Radical Congress, November 6, 2000. (Accessed October 15, 2006)
• Gordon, Jane Anna, Why They Couldn't Wait: A Critique of the Black-Jewish Conflict Over Community Control in Ocean-Hill Brownsville, 1967-1971. Oxford, UK: RoutledgeFalmer, 2001. ISBN 0-415-92910-5
• Kahlenberg, Richard D., Tough Liberal: Albert Shanker and the Battles Over Schools, Unions, Race, and Democracy, New York City: Columbia University Press, 2007. ISBN 0-231-13496-7
  • An excerpt from "The Agenda that Saved Public Education," American Educator, fall 2007, pp. 4–10.
  • Review in Slate
• Mungazi, Dickson A., Where He Stands: Albert Shanker of the American Federation of Teachers, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995. ISBN 0-275-94929-X
• NY Times Obituary
• Podair, Jerald, The Strike That Changed New York: Blacks, Whites, and the Ocean Hill-Brownsville Crisis, Princeton, New Jersey: Yale University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-300-08122-7
• Schierenbeck, Jack, "Part 6: Al Shanker's Rise to Power," Class Struggles: The UFT Story, United Federation of Teachers, AFT, AFL-CIO, February 16, 1996. (Accessed October 15, 2006)
• Selden, David, Teacher Rebellion. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1985. ISBN 0-88258-099-X

External links

• Albert Shanker Institute
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Quotations from Albert Shanker
• United Federation of Teachers official website
• A film clip "The Open Mind - A View from the Top (1986)" is available at the Internet Archive
• Albert Shanker Personal Papers
• AFT Office of the President's: Albert Shanker