Alain Baxter

Alain Baxter (born 26 December 1973) is a Scottish skier who was formerly a professional specialising in the slalom discipline. He is best known for failing a drug test after finishing third in the men's slalom of the 2002 Winter Olympics, resulting in him being controversially stripped of the bronze medal. An honest mistake involving the use of a nasal inhaler purchased in the US had led to the presence of a banned substance in Baxter's urine. He was allowed to return to competition, although his appeal to have the medal reinstated failed. He competed in FIS events from 1991–2009 and became known as "The Highlander". In the World Cup events, he achieved eleven top-fifteen finishes and four top-ten results.

Background

Baxter was born in Edinburgh, the son of Iain and Sue Baxter, who were both British Ski Team members. Baxter's father named him after Alan Breck Stewart, a character from the Robert Louis Stevenson novel Kidnapped, that was a rebellious Highlander.^[1] The French spelling led some to believe he was named after the 70s French skiing star Alain Penz.^[2] At 16 years of age, he was selected to the British Alpine Ski Team in 1991.^[3] Baxter's first 10 years of competition were achieved without him having access to any significant funding.^[4] Austrian journalists gave him the sobriquet "The Highlander".^[5] He steadily worked his way through the world rankings, making the top 100 in time for the 1998 Nagano Winter Olympics.^[6] At Nagano he straddled a gate and was disqualified, having been 15th-fastest at the checkpoint just before.^[7]

His best result in World Cup is 4th at Åre 11 March 2001 and he had 3 other top 10 finishes in 2001.^[8] In 2001, at Wengen he finished seventh in the World Cup Slalom, the best performance by a Britain.^[9]

Ahead of the olympics, ski technology was developing rapidly and Baxter's sponsor Head, was struggling to keep up the progress made by other ski manufacturers.^[7]

Salt Lake City Olympics

In the Salt Lake City Olympics of 2002, Baxter made British Olympic history on 23 February by becoming the first British skier to win a medal (Bronze) in alpine skiing. In the men's slalom, Baxter was in eighth place in the first run, then rose to third after the second run.^[10] Before the competition he had dyed his hair in the pattern of the Saltire cross of St Andrew: the flag of Scotland.^[11] The British Olympic Association (BOA) ordered him to remove this symbol of his nationality, because they wanted to project an image of "Britishness", but the blue dye he used to try to obliterate the white saltire was a different shade, and the saltire pattern could still clearly be seen when he won his medal.

Medal controversy

On 1 March, as he was leaving the Olympic village to return home, Baxter was informed by the BOA that a sample he submitted has tested positive for a restricted substance.^[12] Baxter returned home to Aviemore to a hero's welcome and a parade around the town in an open top bus. On 5 March he released a statement revealing details of his failed test.^[13] The International Olympic Committee (IOC) held a two-day hearing in Lausanne.^[14] On 21 March, the IOC announced the decision of their executive board that Baxter was disqualified and was told to return his medal. Baxter returned the medal, for it to be awarded to Austrian Benjamin Raich.^[15]

Baxter had provided a urine sample immediately after the race.^[16] His urine sample contained a trace amount of levomethamphetamine, an levorotary isomer of the banned stimulant methamphetamine. In April 2002 the BOA has announced that they had formally asked the IOC to carry out a split test on Baxter's sample on the basis that there are two forms of the drug.^[17] Although levMethamphetamine had no significant stimulant properties, he was sanctioned by the IOC. Baxter later proved the source of levMethamphetamine was from a Vicks inhaler that he had used in the United States. He had been unaware that the contents were different from those found in the UK version. The International Ski Federation accepted his explanation and on 2 June announced they would require him to serve a ban him of 3 months,^[18][19] on the basis that this was a first offence of unintentionally using a prohibited substance.^[20] This sanction meant he would miss the first month of the 2002-3 World Cup season and an appeal was lodged on 27 June.^[20]

International Ski Federation appeal

The British Ski and Snowboard Federation appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport. The appeal was successful and his ban was overturned. This gave the Baxter camp great hope for the next appeal to have his medal returned.

Olympic appeal

The British Olympic Association assisted with, and publicly funded, an appeal against the loss of his medal. The basis of the appeal was that the form of methamphetamine in the USA Vicks levMethamphetamine is an inactive isomer of methamphetamine.^[21]

Strict liability doctrine

Strict liability doctrine athletes are liable if they inadvertently take any form of potentially performance-enhancing substance, and a large number of athletes have lost medals as a result. Cold cures and other over-the-counter medicines are the most common sources of trace levels of amphetamines and other stimulants.

Court of Arbitration for Sport

In October 2002 his medal appeal was heard by the Court of Arbitration for Sport in Lausanne. His appeal rested on whether levAmphetamine was performance-enhancing, Vicks and other expert witnesses explained that it was a decongestant, and had negligible stimulant properties. The quote was "you could take a bucket of it with minimal effect". Dr Don Catlin maintained that the banned list did not specify isomers so all forms were on the banned list and the strict liability doctrine applied. This was particularly controversial since 100 US athletes who won 19 medals tested positive for stimulants at his laboratory, and were cleared to continue competing, and Dr. Catlin was named as part of a 3-man committee that routinely allowed US Olympians such as Carl Lewis to continue competing despite failing drugs tests.^[22][23] The vast majority of athletes named in Wade Exum's papers tested positive for stimulants found in over-the-counter cold medicines. Most were cleared after explaining that they had taken the substances inadvertently.^[24][25]

The Baxter Appeal team headed by Professor Arnold Becket, a former member of the IOC medical commission, thought Dr Calin's position was "inconsistent". He stated, "The things we are being told about in the USA make me very angry, particularly in relation to Alain Baxter's case. He did not take a banned substance, as levAmphetamine was not on the list, but it was Dr Catlin's evidence which the appeal committee believed."

Baxter lost the appeal.^[21][26] The CAS judgement found that "The panel is not without sympathy for Mr Baxter, who appears to be a sincere and honest man who did not intend to obtain a competitive advantage in the race." Nevertheless, they found that his offence had been committed and as such would not reinstate the medal.^[27] In December 2002, Raich received the bronze medal.^[28]

Return to competion

In 2004 Baxter won his seventh British Slalom title,^[29] a record that was unequalled until Dave Ryding also won a seventh title in 2016.^[30]

While his form never quite reached the same heights as they did in Salt Lake City, Alain Baxter remained the highest ranked and most recognisable male alpine skier in the UK. He was well respected by the more established skiing nations and his talent is the best the UK has ever produced.

He competed in the 2006 Winter Olympics at Turin, where he finished 16th in the slalom.^[31]

In 2008, facing ongoing difficulties for funding, he posed naked for a "tastefully nude" calendar.^[32] Affected by a chronic back injury, he announced his retirement from competitive skiing in April 2009, age 35.^[33]

Following retirement from competition, Baxter runs a ski shop near Glasgow.^[34]

Other sports

He is also a keen player of shinty, and turned out for Kincraig Shinty Club when that club was still active.^[35] Baxter won the 2005 British Superstars event, defeating Du'aine Ladejo who had edged Baxter out for the 2003 title.^[36]

After announcing his retirement from downhill skiing in 2009, Baxter decided to try track-cycling.^[37] He had some assistance from the Scottish Institute of Sport's talent transfer programme.^[38] Baxter made his debut on a track bike racing at Manchester Velodrome on 5 December 2009, at part of the Revolution (cycling series) - Season 6.^[39] He set himself a goal of racing in the Commonwealth Games in 2010 which he unfortunately did not achieve.^[40]

In 2015, Baxter took part in Red Bull Crashed Ice racing events in Belfast and Qebec as part of a Scottish side.^[41][42] He qualified for the final in Quebec but withdrew from the final after sustaining broken ribs.^[42]

Family

His brother, Noel Baxter is also an alpine skier. His cousin Lesley McKenna is a leading professional snowboarder and winner of two World Cups.

Baxter has three children.^[34]

Honours

In 2014, the decision was taken to name a housing development in Aviemore "Baxter's Court" in his honour.^[43]

References

External links

• Alain Baxter's Website