Al-Mu'tamid

This article is about the 9th-century Abbasid Caliph of Baghdad. For the 11th-century Abbadid king of Seville, see al-Mu'tamid ibn Abbad.
Al-Mu'tamid
المعتمد

Gold dinar of al-Mu'tamid, minted in 884/5, with the names of al-Muwaffaq and the latter's vizier Sa'id ibn Makhlad (Dhu'l-Wizaratayn)
15th Caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate
Reign 26 June 870 — 15 October 892
Predecessor al-Muhtadi
Successor al-Mu'tadid
Died 15 October 892 (aged 48)
consort Khallafah
Mukhfaranah
Nabt
Dynasty Abbasid
Father al-Mutawakkil
Religion Islam

Abu’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Jaʿfar (ca. 842 – died 15 October 892), better known by his regnal name al-Muʿtamid ʿAlā ’llāh ("Dependent on God"), was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 870 to 892s, though he was a largely a ruler in name only, being sidelined by his brother al-Muwaffaq and eventually his nephew and successor, al-Mu'tadid.

Life

Al-Mu'tamid was a son of Caliph al-Mutawakkil (r. 847–861) and a Kufan slave girl called Fityan.[1] During the reign of his predecessor, his nephew al-Muhtadi, al-Mu'tamid was imprisoned in Samarra. He was released after al-Muhtadi was deposed, and selected by the military as his successor.

Reign and relationship with al-Muwaffaq

The accession of al-Mu'tamid brought an end to the turmoils of the "Anarchy at Samarra", which had begun with the murder of al-Mutawakkil in 861. Caliphal authority in the provinces collapsed during the "Anarchy at Samarra", with the result that by the 870s the central government had lost effective control over most of the Caliphate outside the metropolitan region of Iraq. In the west, Egypt had fallen under the control of the ambitious Turkish soldier Ahmad ibn Tulun, who also had designs on Syria, while Khurasan and most of the Islamic East had been taken over by the Saffarids under Ya'qub ibn al-Layth, who replaced the Abbasids' loyal client state, the Tahirids. Most of the Arabian peninsula was likewise lost to local potentates, while in Tabaristan a radical Zaydi Shi'a dynasty took power. Even in Iraq, a rebellion of the Zanj slaves had began and soon threatened Baghdad itself, while further south the Qarmatians were a nascent threat.[2][3][4] In addition, al-Mu'tamid's position was undermined from within, as during the coups of the previous years real power had come to lie with the elite Turkish troops, and with al-Mu'tamid's brother Abu Ahmad Talha, who, as the Caliphate's main military commander, served as the chief intermediary between the caliphal government and the Turks. When Caliph al-Mu'tazz died in 869, there was even popular agitation in Baghdad in favour of his elevation to Caliph.[5][6]

In contrast to his brother, al-Mu'tamid appears to have lacked any experience of, and involvement in, politics, as well as a power base he could rely on.[7] At the time al-Muhtadi was killed by the Turks in June 870, Abu Ahmad was at Mecca. Immediately he hastened north to Samarra, where he and Musa ibn Bugha effectively sidelined al-Mu'tamid, and assumed control of the government.[8][9] Al-Mu'tamid was thus quickly reduced to a figurehead ruler, which remained the case for the remainder of his reign.[10] Within a short time, Abu Ahmad was conferred an extensive governorate covering most of the lands still under caliphal authority: western Arabia, southern Iraq with Baghdad, and Fars. To denote his authority, he assumed an honorific name in the style of the caliphs, al-Muwaffaq bi-Allah.[8][9] As one of the few vestiges of actual power, al-Mu'tamid retained the right to appoint his own viziers, originally choosing the experienced Ubayd Allah ibn Yahya ibn Khaqan, who had already served al-Mutawakkil. during his tenure, the Caliph retained some freedom of action, but after his death in 877, he was replaced by al-Muwaffaq's secretary, Sulayman ibn Wahb. Ibn Wahb was soon disgraced and replaced as vizier by Isma'il ibn Bulbul. Real power however lay again with al-Muwaffaq's new secretary, Sa'id ibn Makhlad, until his own disgrace and downfall in 885, after which Ibn Bulbul became the sole vizier to both al-Mu'tamid and al-Muwaffaq.[11]

On 20 July 875, al-Mu'tamid formally arranged for the governance of the state and his succession: his underage son Ja'far was given the honorific name al-Mufawwad ila-llah, was named heir-apparent and assigned the western half of the Caliphate—Ifriqiya, Egypt, Syria, the Jazira and Mosul, Armenia, Mihrajanqadhaq and Hulwan— while al-Muwaffaq received the eastern provinces and was named second heir, except for the event that the Caliph died while al-Mufawwad was still a minor. In practice, al-Mufawwad never exercised any real authority, and al-Muwaffaq continued to exercise control over the western provinces as well through his trusted lieutenant Musa ibn Bugha, who was named al-Mufawwad's deputy.[10][12][13] Al-Muwaffaq's power was strengthened by the military threats the Caliphate faced on all fronts, since he commanded the loyalty of the army.[10] In April 876, al-Muwaffaq and Musa ibn Bugha defeated Ya'qub ibn al-Layth's attempt to capture Baghdad at the Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul and saved the Caliphate from collapse.[14][15] The repulse of the Saffarids then allowed the Abbasids to concentrate their resources in suppressing the Zanj Revolt in the south. The Zanj rebels had managed to capture much of lower Iraq, and inflicted several defeats on the Abbasid troops. In 879, al-Muwaffaq's son Abu'l-Abbas, the future Caliph al-Mu'tadid (r. 892–902), was given the command against the Zanj, and in the next year, al-Muwaffaw himself joined the campaign. In a succession of engagements in the marshes of southern Iraq, the Abbasid forces drove back the Zanj towards their capital, Mukhtara, which fell in August 883.[6][16]

Ibn Tulun and al-Mu'tamid's attempted flight to Egypt

At the same time, al-Muwaffaq also had to contend with the ambitions of Ahmad ibn Tulun in the western provinces. Ibn Tulun and the Abbasid regent fell out in 875/6, on the occasion of a large remittance of revenue from Egypt to the central government. Counting on the rivalry between the Caliph and his over-mighty brother to maintain his own position, Ibn Tulun forwarded a larger share of the taxes to al-Mu'tamid instead of al-Muwaffaq: 2.2 million gold dinars went to the Caliph and only 1.2 million dinars to his brother.[17] Al-Muwaffaq, who in his fight against the Zanj considered himself entitled to the major share of the provincial revenues, was angered by this, and by the implied machinations between Ibn Tulun and his brother. Al-Muwaffaq nominated Musa ibn Bugha as governor of Egypt and sent him with troops to Syria, but a lack of funds led to the expedition's failure before even reaching Egypt.[18][13] In a public gesture of support for al-Mu'tamid and opposition to al-Muwaffaq, Ibn Tulun assumed the title of "Servant of the Commander of the Faithful" (mawlā amīr al-muʾminīn) in 878.[17] With the support of al-Mu'tamid, in 877/8 Ibn Tulun managed to be assigned responsibility for the entirety of Syria and the Cilician frontier zone (Thughur) with the Byzantine Empire.[17]

Obverse and reverse of round gold coin with Arabic inscriptions
Gold dinar of Ahmad ibn Tulun, minted in Fustat in 881/2, in the name of al-Mu'tamid, al-Mufawwad, and himself

In 881, Ibn Tulun added his own name to coins issued by the mints under his control, along with those of the Caliph and heir apparent, al-Mufawwad.[19] In the autumn of 882, the Tulunid general Lu'lu' defected to the Abbasids, and the cities of the Thughur rejected Tulunid rule, forcing Ibn Tulun to go once again in person to Syria.[20] Al-Mu'tamid used the moment to escape from his confinement in Samarra, and with a small entourage made for Tulunid domains. Messengers from the Caliph reached Ibn Tulun at Damascus, and the ruler of Egypt halted and awaited the Caliph's arrival with great anticipation: not only would the sole source of political legitimacy in the Muslim world reside under his control, but he would also be able to pose as the "rescuer" of the Caliph from his overreaching brother.[21][19] In the event, however, Sa'id ibn Makhlad managed to alert the governor of Mosul, Ishaq ibn Kundaj, who overtook and defeated al-Mu'tamid and his escort at al-Haditha on the Euphrates. Al-Mu'tamid was brought back to Samarra (February 883), where he was placed under virtual house arrest in the Jawsak Palace. In May/June, he was even moved south to Wasit, where al-Muwaffaq could keep an eye on him in person. Only in March 884 was the powerless Caliph allowed to return to Samarra. In the meantime, he was obliged to denounce Ibn Tulun, and appoint—nominally at least—Ishaq ibn Kundaj as governor of Syria and Egypt.[10][21]

Rise of al-Mu'tadid and death

In 889, al-Muwaffaq fell out with his son, Abu'l-Abbas, for reasons that are unclear, and had him imprisoned. Al-Muwaffaq spent the next two years on campaign in the Jibal. By the time he returned to Baghdad in May 891, al-Muwaffaq was already nearing death. The garrison commander of Baghdad, and the vizier Isma'il ibn Bulbul, hatched a plot to keep Abu'l-Abbas imprisoned and allow power to pass to al-Mu'tamid. Therefore they invited the Caliph and his son were to come the city, which they did. In the event, however, the attempt to sideline Abu'l-Abbas failed, due to his popularity with the soldiers and the common people: the soldiers set him free, and when al-Muwaffaq died on 2 June, Abu'l-Abbas immediately assumed his father's position.[22] Abu'l-Abbas assumed the title of al-Mu'tadid bi-llah and took his father's position in the line of succession after the Caliph and al-Mufawwad. Al-Mu'tamid died in October 892, at the age of about 50, "apparently as a result of a surfeit of drink and food" (Hugh N. Kennedy)". Pushing aside his powerless cousin, al-Mu'tadid took power as caliph.[10][23]

References

  1. ↑ Kennedy 1993, p. 765.
  2. ↑ Mottahedeh 1975, pp. 77–78.
  3. ↑ Bonner 2010, pp. 313–327.
  4. ↑ Kennedy 2001, p. 148.
  5. ↑ Kennedy 2001, pp. 148–150.
  6. 1 2 Bonner 2010, pp. 323–324.
  7. ↑ Kennedy 1993, pp. 765–766.
  8. 1 2 Kennedy 1993, p. 801.
  9. 1 2 Kennedy 2001, p. 149.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Kennedy 1993, p. 766.
  11. ↑ Kennedy 2004, p. 174.
  12. ↑ Waines 1992, pp. 166–167.
  13. 1 2 Bonner 2010, pp. 320–321.
  14. ↑ Bonner 2010, p. 316.
  15. ↑ Bosworth 1975, pp. 113–114.
  16. ↑ Kennedy 2001, pp. 153–156.
  17. 1 2 3 Bianquis 1998, p. 95.
  18. ↑ Bianquis 1998, pp. 95, 98–99.
  19. 1 2 Hassan 1986, p. 279.
  20. ↑ Bianquis 1998, pp. 100–101.
  21. 1 2 Bianquis 1998, p. 101.
  22. ↑ Kennedy 2001, pp. 152–153.
  23. ↑ Bonner 2010, p. 332.

Sources

Al-Mu'tamid
Born: 844 Died: 892
Sunni Islam titles
Preceded by
al-Muhtadi		 Caliph of Islam
Abbasid Caliph
870–892 		Succeeded by
al-Mu'tadid
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