Al-Khalisa
| al-Khalisa | |
|---|---|
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The mosque of al-Khalisa, currently a museum for the history of Kiryat Shemona | |
  al-Khalisa | |
| Arabic | الخالصة |
| Name meaning | Pure, sincere[1] |
| Also spelled | al-Khalsa |
| Subdistrict | Safad |
| Coordinates | 33°12′52.47″N 35°34′02.26″E / 33.2145750°N 35.5672944°ECoordinates: 33°12′52.47″N 35°34′02.26″E / 33.2145750°N 35.5672944°E |
| Palestine grid | 203/290 |
| Population | 1,840[2] (1945) |
| Area |
11,280 dunams 11.3 km² |
| Date of depopulation | May 11, 1948[3][4] |
| Cause(s) of depopulation | Influence of nearby town's fall |
| Secondary cause | Whispering campaign |
| Current localities | Kiryat Shemona |
Al-Khalisa was a Palestinian Arab village situated on a low hill on the northwestern edge of the Hula Valley of over 1,800 located 28 kilometers (17 mi) north of Safad. It was depopulated in the 1948 Palestine war.
History
Al-Khalisa was founded by the Bedouin from the 'Arab al-Ghawarina clan, who constituted the bulk the village's population. Under the Ottoman Empire, in 1596, it had a population of 160 and was under the administration of the nahiya ("subdistrict") of Jira, part of Sanjak Safad. It paid taxes on wheat, barley, orchards, beehives, water buffalo, and a water-powered mill.[5]
In 1881, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described al-Khalisa as a village built of stone, surrounded by streams, with a population of 50.[6]
British Mandate era
The houses of the village were built of bricks and basalt stones cut from the hillside. Al-Khalisa had a boys' elementary school which also admitted students from neighboring villages. The residents drew their drinking water from several springs.[3] It was one of five villages in the Galilee to be governed by a village council that administered in local affairs.[7]
The leader of 'Arab al-Ghawarina clan was Sheikh Kamal Hussein, resident of Al-Khalisa, and, according to Meron Benvenisti, he led the raid on Tel Hai in 1920. However, in the years preceding 1948, Sheikh Kamal established close relationships with the Jewish settlers, but, according to Benvenisti, the veterans of Kfar Giladi did not forget or forgive, and cultivated Sheikh Kamal's enemy Emir Faour.[8]
In the 1931 census of Palestine, the population of El Khalisa was 1,369; 1,340 Muslims, 3 Jews and 26 Christians, in a total of 259 houses.[9]
In 1945, its population was 1,840, of which 20 were Christians, and the total land area were 11,280 dunams.[3][10] Of this, 5,586 dunams were irrigated or used for plantations, 3,775 for cereals,[11] while 20 dunams were classified as urban land.[12]
1948, and after
During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, on May 11, 1948, al-Khalisa attempted an "agreement" with the Haganah to save the village from attack, but the Haganah rejected it.[13] Israeli historian Benny Morris reports after this, the villagers felt threatened and fled, while eyewitness accounts state the cause was Safad's fall to Israel on that same day. After its abandonment, Israeli forces moved into al-Khalisa as part of their general offensive in the eastern Galilee. The village's residents stated that after they fled, only the local militia remained, but withdrew after shelling from the Jewish town of Manara and after seeing an armored unit approaching al-Khalisa.[14] Former villagers, interviewed in Tel al-Zaatar camp in Lebanon in 1973, recounted that when they returned to the village;
We found that the Jews had burned and destroyed the houses belonging to Ali Zakayan, Abu Ali Muhammad Hamadih, Mustafa al-Haj Yusif, Issa Muhammad, Ali Salih Ahmad, Muhammad Arab al-Haj Mahmud, Salih Ismail, Sari al-Khadir, Dawud Hussein, Abdul-Raziq Hamid, Qassim Muhammead al-Salih and Ali Hussein Mahmud ... The village was in ruins.[15]
According to Walid Khalidi, 1992, "stone rubble from the houses markes the site. The school and the Mandate government´s office guildings stand abandoned, as does the village mosque and minaret. The level land surrounding the site is cultivated by settlement of Qirat Shemona, while the mountainous areas are either used as pastures or are wooded."[3]
According to Meron Benvenisti, 2000, "the mosque of al-Khalsa, one of the few structures that remain of that Galilee Arab village, is situated in a municipal park in the older section of the Jewish town of Kiryat Shemona. It serves as the local museum dedicated to the memory of townspeople who have fallen in Israel's various wars."[16]
See also
References
- ↑ Palmer, 1881, p. 23
- ↑ Morris, 2004, p. 30
- 1 2 3 4 Khalidi, 1992, p.463.
- ↑ Morris, 2004, p. xvi, village #10. Also gives cause of depopulation.
- ↑ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p.178; cited in Khalidi, 1992, p.463
- ↑ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 88; cited in Khalidi, 1992, p.463.
- ↑ Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, 1945-1946, p.132.
- ↑ Benvenisti, 2000, p. 127
- ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 107
- ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 70
- ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 119
- ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 169
- ↑ Morris, 2004, p. 251
- ↑ Morris, 1987, pp. 120-124 and Nazzal, 1978, pp. 46-48; cited in Khalidi, 1992, p.463.
- ↑ Nazzal, 1978, pp. 47-48.
- ↑ Benvenisti, 2000, p. 291
Bibliography
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Al-Khalisa. |
- A Survey of Palestine, prepared by the British Mandate for UN prior to proposing the 1947 partition plan. Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry. 1945–1946.
- Benvenisti, Meron (2000). Sacred Landscape: The Buried History of the Holy Land Since 1948. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-21154-5.
- Conder, Claude Reignier; Kitchener, H. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Hadawi, Sami (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
- Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- Khalidi, Walid (1992). All That Remains:The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
- Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- Morris, Benny (1987). The Birth of the Palestinian refugee problem, 1947-1949. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-33028-9.
- Morris, Benny (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
- Nazzal, Nafez (1978). The Palestinian Exodus from Galilee 1948. The Institute for Palestine Studies.
- Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Petersen, Andrew (2001). A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology). 1. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-727011-0. (Khalisa, p. 197.)
External links
- Welcome to al-Khalisa
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 2: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- al-Khalisa, from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center
- al-Khalisa Dr. Khalil Rizk.
